海南石灰岩植被与生物多样性保护与管理

海南岛石灰岩分布少,只占全岛陆地面积的3.5%,其中发育出典型喀斯特植被生境的主要分布在昌化江流域的俄贤岭、猴猕岭等地区,及本岛南部保亭、三亚与五指山交界的马嘴岭、毛感等地区.以上地区的石灰岩植被保存相对完整,部分地区还分布有原始热带雨林,其余基本为热带次生天然林.过去由于没有专门深入地了解其重要性,海南石灰岩森林多年来一直被忽略.但近几年研究显示这种独特的生境孕育了丰富的生物多样性,包括一些石灰岩生境特有物种.海南为中国唯一的热带省份,保护海南石灰岩生境与生物多样性因此有非常重要的保育意义;文中初步介绍了海南石灰岩生境与生物多样性保育已开展的工作和取得的成绩,并提出了一些保护管理工作面临的问题和困难.     

海南石灰岩地区陆生贝类多样性现状和保护策略

海南岛石灰岩资源保有量与我国其他省区相比较为匮乏.随着海南社会经济发展和城市化建设速度加快,石灰岩资源快速消耗,对石灰岩地区生物多样性构成了威胁.本研究对海南的陆生贝类多样性现状进行了调查和分析,对这些物种进行了濒危程度的评估.结果表明,人为干扰程度低的石灰岩露头点拥有最高的贝类多样性和物种的特有性,从而具有较高的物种保护价值.文中建议对东方县俄贤岭和保亭县毛感仙安石林两处的石灰岩露头点及其周边缓冲区进行优先保护.     

海南俄贤岭地区陆生脊椎动物简报

俄贤岭是海南岛面积最大片、垂直落差最大的石灰岩喀斯特地区,林相高大茂密,是海南最为典型、保存得最好的热带石灰岩原始林区.由于位处偏僻,过往对当地动植物了解不多,随着近年的深入调查,发现植物和无脊椎动物非常丰富,特有物种繁多.但是对俄贤岭及邻近地区的陆生脊椎动物所知极少,我们在2004～2006年间对俄贤岭及邻近地区进行多次简短考察,并在2007年3月进行了一次大型考察,记录到陆生脊椎动物(不含翼手目及鸟类)共12目21科32属33种;其中不乏国家保护动物如水鹿Cervus unicolor、珍稀物种如马来豪猪Hystrix brachyura及海南特有种如霸王睑虎Goniurosaurus bawanglingensis等.就我们简短的调查结果表明,虽然偷猎行为并未完全禁绝,俄贤岭仍保留了较丰富的脊椎动物资源,极具保护价值,有必要尽快加大保护力度.     

海南俄贤岭地区兰科植物报告

俄贤岭是海南岛最大片的石灰岩区,区内森林保存完好,植被类型多样,兰科植物也很丰富.经过近年的多次调查,在俄贤岭及邻近地区记录到兰科植物39属,85种;其中不乏海南蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis hainanensis)、五唇兰(Doritis pulcherrima)、独占春(Cymbdium eburneum)等珍稀种类.调查表明俄贤岭兰科植物极具保护价值,但人为干扰严重,有必要尽快成立保护区以保存当地丰富珍贵的兰花资源.     

海南石灰岩生态系统的蝙蝠

报道自2001年至2005年于海南省石灰岩地区进行的一系列简单调查所发现的17种蝙蝠,包括了海南省的一个新记录管鼻蝠属一种(Murina sp.).限于某些属的分类地位存在争议,我们未能确定海南岛的蝙蝠物种总数,但全省共有翼手目约33种.海南岛的蝙蝠大多数都与洞穴有着极为密切的联系,而石灰岩地区就是它们极为重要的栖息地.由于各种不同的威胁因素,包括被捕捉作食用、采矿和旅游带来的洞穴破坏,海南岛的大部分蝙蝠种类都受 到了威胁,其中有三分之一的种类属于中国动物红皮书所划分的易危种类.假如海南要保持本岛的哺乳类动物组成,那么对海南岛的蝙蝠及其栖息地采取严格保护措施,以及对它们开展综合性的研究都是迫切需要的.     

湖南石灰岩特有植物的初步研究

经野外调查采集,查阅标本,初步整理了湖南石灰岩植物名录,计１１３科、２５５属、４２４种．通过比较、分析,湖南境内仅分布于石灰岩生境的植物种类有６８种,主要分布在湘南的石灰岩丘陵区．区系地理分析表明,湘南石灰岩植物可视为滇黔桂或华南至西南石灰岩植物的一部分．针对目前国内多数学者对石灰岩特有植物多以某一地域范围来确定而又出入较大的情况,指出：“石灰岩特有植物”一词用于某一地域较合适,而对石灰岩生境高度适应的种类,即完全分布于石灰岩,不见于酸性土的种类,采用“石灰岩专有种”一词是可行的,并提出了一些石灰岩专有植物．     

海南石灰岩植被的分布与保育概况

在野外调查统计的基础上,阐述了海南石灰岩植被的分布、植被的基本特征和植被类型概况,初步给出6种主要植被类型和7种群系.最后对植被的保育进行分析,并给出对策.     

我省石灰岩地区造林绿化初探

对我省石灰岩地区概况、气候特点及其社会经济状况、林业生产情况作了介绍;并对石灰岩地区的土壤、森林植被特点、地貌类型作了分析,认为石灰岩山地有它独特的生态环境,为了提高造林绿化成效,树种选择应注意3点事项,造林应采用4点技术措施;最后就石灰岩地区造林绿化的问题提出了几点意见和建议。     

晋东南地区雨水资源高效利用研究

结合石灰岩地区的实际,根据国内外近年集雨利用的研究和实践,提出了3种雨水集蓄利用技术,印就地拦蓄利用技术、雨水富集叠加利用技术和覆盖抑制蒸发利用技术,并就山西省晋东南地区的雨水集流工程的高效开发与利用进行了介绍,为石灰岩地区更好地开发与利用雨水提供参考.     

石灰岩山地不同生境淡竹的养分特征及其生理适应

[目的]石灰岩山地土壤高度异质、养分分布不均,探寻石灰岩山地优势种淡竹(Phyllostachys glauca McClure)养分分配特征及低P适应机制,为喀斯特植被管理和植物资源利用提供理论参考.[方法]通过对赣西北石灰岩山地连续土、半连续土和零星土3种土被生境淡竹林设置样地进行调查,测定并分析淡竹各构件N、P含...     

Sciences,knowledges, and the practice of forestry

We address the question of how credible knowledge that will contribute to more effective forest policy and management can be produced. We argue that some forest-related knowledge-producing practices of professional scientists and of local people are similar, and given the differences in the knowledge they produce, we explore how they might be used productively together to create better understandings of forests with resulting better forestry practice and policy. Using a case study of participatory forest ecology research, we demonstrate that when professional (conventional) scientists do research in collaboration with local experts (civil scientists), the resulting knowledge can be more accurate and more policy relevant than they could produce doing research on their own or only with other conventional scientists.     

Restoration of the mangrove vegetation in the Mahanadi delta,Orissa, India

In India, mangroves occupy 6740 km² of which the Mahanadi delta andBhitarkanika mangrove forests of Orissa cover 191.44 km², most of whichhas been severely overexploited. World wide concern to conserve mangrovesnecessitated propagation of mangroves to re-establish them on barren andswampy land along tidal creeks around Paradeep port of Orissa. Avicenniaofficinalis, Aegiceras corniculatum, Bruguiera parviflora, B. sexangula,Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Heritiera fomes, Kandelia candel,Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia apetala were vegetatively propagated andplanted over 10 ha of degraded salt-marshy wetlands of Mahanadi delta inpure and mixed stands depending on the intensity and the frequency of tidalinundation at the experimental site. Survival was significantly higher(80%) in S. apetala followed by A. officinalis, R. mucronata, K.candel and H. fomes (70–75%). S. apetala recorded the maximumgrowth in height (3.0 m after 2 years) whereas C. decandra showed theminimum growth (0.5 m). Growth performance was better with plants in mixedstands than the plantation with single species. This gives us hope topropagate and re-establish mangroves for conservation in scientificallymanaged plantations in a physiologically arid environment.     

Biodiversity,exotic plant species,and herbivory: The good,the bad,and the ungulate

Invasion of natural ecosystems by exotic plant species is a major threat to biodiversity. Disturbance to native plant communities, whether natural or management induced, is a primary factor contributing to successful invasion by exotic plant species. Herbivory by both wild and domestic ungulates exerts considerable impact on structure and composition of native plant communities. Intensive herbivory by ungulates can enhance exotic plant invasion, establishment, and spread for three reasons: (1) many exotic plants are adapted to ground disturbances such as those caused by ungulate feeding, trampling, and movements; (2) many exotic plants are adapted for easy transport from one area to another by ungulates via endozoochory and epizoochory; (3) many exotic plants are not palatable or are of low palatability to ungulates, and consequently, their survival is favored as ungulates reduce or eliminate palatable, native plants. Ungulate herbivory is a chronic, landscape-scale disturbance capable of influencing plant communities as much as episodic events such as fire. Consequently, ungulate herbivory has the potential to facilitate the invasion and establishment of exotic plants in the interior Pacific Northwest where ungulates occupy nearly every ecosystem. Moreover, ungulate herbivory has intensified in many ecosystems, owing to the addition of domestic ungulates with that of existing, wild ungulates, coupled with the reduction or elimination of migratory movements and predators that previously regulated wild ungulate populations and influenced their distributions. Despite the observational evidence for ungulate herbivory as a strong facilitator of exotic plant invasion and establishment, current knowledge of cause–effect relations is severely limited by a lack of manipulative experiments. Most studies have been observational, unreplicated, and lack the experimental controls needed to eliminate or account for confounding sources of variation. Heightened attention to conservation of biodiversity will increase the importance of managing ungulates in balance with the plant communities that support them.     

Diversity,abundance, and structure of tree communities in the Uluguru forests in the Morogoro region,Tanzania

Uluguru forests are globally recognized as important biodiversity hotspots, but anthropogenic pressure threatens their value. This study examined species diver-sity, abundance, and structure of trees i...     

大连市环境与社会、经济、人口、资源重心演变路径分析

采用重心法分析了大连市环境与社会、经济、人口、资源的空间变化规律,结果表明:大连市经济发展正向着高效能、低能耗、低排放的增长模式转变,环境治理日益得到重视,产生环境污染的能源结构仍然以煤炭为主,污染重心逐步远离经济重心和人口重心。各区市县在环保投资方面投入较均衡,废气污染减排取得成效,中心城区是环境污染排放和社会经济发展的高密度区域。     

三峡库区消落带土壤氮磷钾、pH值和有机质变化

在三峡库区消落带设置固定监测样地,研究消落带首次经历水库水位涨落后土壤氮磷钾含量、pH值和有机质含量的变化特征.结果表明:受三峡水库水位涨落影响,消落带0～10,10～20和20～30cm土层的速效氮含量下降41.53％～59.87％,速效磷含量下降5.26％～36.76％,速效钾含量下降3.55％～45.56％,全氮含量下降9.52％～40.00％,土壤有机质含量下降7.62％～37.83％,全磷和全钾含量基本上没有变化,土壤pH值略有变化,变幅为1.73％～9.58％.     

应用白僵菌防治靖远松叶蜂的研究

利用病原菌防治害虫是森林可持续发展的重要途径。本研究采用2003年4月从山西省灵丘县下关林区油松林内采集的越冬油松毛虫DendrolimustabulaeformisTsaietLiu幼虫的僵虫尸,经实验室分离、培养和鉴定后得到的白僵菌Beauveriabassiana菌株,用2×108孢子/mL、2×107孢子/mL和2×106孢子/mL3种浓度的孢子液对靖远松叶蜂DiprionjingyuanensisXiaoetZhang幼虫分别进行室内和林间感染,试验结果显示:室内感染4龄幼虫校正致死率分别为83.37%、78.82%、62.05%,LT50分别为5.794d、6.237d、7.603d;感染5龄幼虫校正死亡率分别为68.23%、59.1%、45.79%,LT50分别为7.244d、8.414d、12.274d;林间感染幼虫校正死亡率分别为65.26%、54.21%、38.23%,LT50分别为16.788d、19.187d、30.2d。结果表明靖远松叶蜂幼虫校正死亡率与白僵菌孢子液浓度呈正相关,与LT50呈负相关,与龄期呈负相关。     

水,生命之源

尽管地球上70％的面积覆盖着水,但我们的蓝色星球依然干渴。据预测,到2025年世界将近一半的人口会生活在缺水的地区。中国人均水资源不到世界平均水平的1/4,水资源问题更为严峻。3月22日,“世界水日”和“中国水周”到来的时候,我们人类的生命之源——水将再度成为世人关注的焦点。     

Endemism of plants in the Uluguru Mountains,Morogoro, Tanzania

A survey was conducted to determine richness of Vascular Endemic Plants of the Uluguru Mountains in Morogoro, Tanzania. Strict and near-endemic species were identified and their habits, habitats and altitudinal ranges were indicated. About 108 strict endemic plant species were identified in the Uluguru Mountains. Most of the endemic species are shrubs followed by herbs, trees and climbers, and are confined to the families Rubiaceae (38 species in 11 general), Orchidaceae (13 species in 7 general) and Balsaminaceae (11 species in 1 genus). The major habitat for endemic species is the montane rain forest on the windward side ranging between 1200 and 2450 m a.s.l. The major areas where the Uluguru endemics are concentrated are the forests of Bondwa/Lupanga followed by Lukwangule/Chenzema and then Bunduki and Mgeta. These areas are therefore the major hotspots for the endemism in the Uluguru Mountains. The information presented in this paper will contribute to the conservation and management of the biodiversity of the Uluguru Mountains.     

Land-use changes in the small watershed of the Loess Plateau,hilly-gully region,China

As more and more farmland is converted to forestry, the need for effective decision support regarding the use of land in the fragile ecological environment of the Loess Plateau hilly-gully area. The Luoyugou watershed was chosen as the study area to calculate the single dynamic degree, integrated dynamic degree, and change indexes of land use, as well as the land-use type transition matrix. This was done by interpreting the TM and SPOT images of the Luoyugou watershed in 1986, 1995, and2004 and making statistical analysis. The results of ou statistical analysis show that the conversion of slope farm land to terrace and forest land plays a dominant role in land-use changes in the Luoyugou watershed from 1986 to2004. The land-use changes are mainly driven by popula tion growth, socio-economic development, consume spending, and investment in forest ecology.