三聚氰胺脲醛树脂改性酚醛树脂胶粘剂的研究

采用常规合成的脲醛(UF)或酚醛(PF)树脂胶对多层胶合板贴面时，很容易出现开胶或透胶现象。本研究采用三聚氰胺脲醛(MUF)树脂对PF树脂进行改性，生产浅色改性PF胶粘剂，探讨了MUF与PF树脂摩尔比、混合比、热压条件等对胶液的粘度、缩合度、稳定性、胶层颜色及胶合质量的影响。结果表明，改性后的浅色酚醛树脂胶粘剂筘存性好、固化后胶层近似木材本色、高强耐水、耐候，用来压制的多层实木复合地板可达到GB9846．1～12-88Ⅰ类胶合板要求。     

改性酚醛树脂胶合高含水率单板

采用常规酚醛树脂胶压制多层结构胶合板时，单板含水率通常要求在８％以下，本项研究通过缩合物的共混－共缩聚方法，采用间苯二醛树脂对酚醛树脂进行改性，探讨了间苯二酚树脂的加入量、酚醛树脂摩尔比、混合比，热压条件等对胶液的粘度，缩合度、稳定性，固化时间，及胶合质量的影响，结果表明，当单板含水率提高到１６％￣１８％时，生产的结构胶合板物理力学性能指标达到了ＧＢ９８４６．１￣１２－８８对Ⅰ类胶合板的要求，并大     

酚醛树脂改性的亚硫酸盐废液胶粘剂应用研究

概述了利用造纸废液替代４０％苯酚合成酚醛树脂改性亚硫酸盐废液胶粘剂的机理，并压制了１类胶合板，探讨了废液浓度、助剂加量、酚醛树脂摩尔比、缩合度、热压条件等对胶液粘度、稳定性、胶合质量的影响。     

落叶松栲胶改性酚醛树脂应用研究

落叶松栲胶改性酚醛树脂应用研究刘光远，时君友，姚大地，王喜军，刘永章（吉林林学院吉林１３２０１１）（东北林产工业公司蛟河１３２５００）关键词栲胶，改性，混合比，胶合板，胶合强度我国利用落叶松榨胶制取单宁胶粘剂已有很多研究。７０年代，中国林业科学研究院...     

纤维素纳米纤维增强增韧酚醛树脂及其竹材胶合界面性能研究北大核心

针对酚醛树脂胶黏剂固化后脆性大,极易在竹材-树脂胶合界面形成应力集中,进而导致竹材胶合界面开裂问题,以纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF)和纤维素纳米晶须(CNW)为填料,通过用量的调控,以增韧酚醛(PF)树脂,改善竹材胶合界面性能,进而提高界面胶接强度。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术手段对改性前后酚醛树脂的性能和微观结构进行表征,并对竹胶合试件进行了胶合强度测试和胶合界面破坏形貌观察。结果表明:添加CNF和CNW虽不参与酚醛树脂胶黏剂固化过程,但对固化行为有一定影响,且对酚醛树脂有良好的增韧效果,进而能有效提高PF树脂与竹材界面胶接强度。当添加酚醛树脂胶黏剂固体含量0.5 wt%的CNF时,改性效果最优,PF树脂胶接试件的干、湿强度达到最大值,分别为13.56 MPa和7.61 MPa。本研究所采用的方法可有效改善竹材胶合制品界面性能,防止竹材胶合界面开裂,为提高竹材耐久性、拓展其应用范围提供良好的思路和借鉴。     

酚化木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂的制备及性能表征

在碱性条件下,酸性木质素先经苯酚处理,再用于对酚醛树脂进行改性,制备得到木质素改性酚醛树脂(LPF)胶黏剂,考察了木质素用量、苯酚处理时间及温度、苯酚处理木质素时氢氧化钠水溶液用量(第一批次氢氧化钠)、酚醛物质的量比对LPF胶黏剂性能的影响。研究结果表明:在木质素用量25%、苯酚处理时间2 h、苯酚处理温度80℃、第一批次氢氧化钠水溶液用量8%、苯酚与甲醛的物质的量比1.0∶2.0时,LPF胶黏剂的胶合强度为1.57 MPa,较未经改性的酚醛树脂(PF)胶黏剂的1.35 MPa提高了16.3%,游离苯酚为0.58%,比PF的0.72%降低了19.4%,游离甲醛0.16%、固体质量分数51.2%、pH值11.4、黏度80 mPa·s、贮存期为60天。FT-IR分析表明:LPF在2893和1213 cm~(-1)处吸收峰明显减弱,表明木质素分子中甲氧基部分脱落;在1505、1320、1114和875 cm~(-1)处吸收峰消失,表明合成酚醛树脂过程中,木质素中的磺酸基消失;在1018 cm~(-1)处的吸收峰明显增强,表明有新的醚键生成。     

丁腈橡胶粉改性酚醛树脂泡沫的性能与微观结构研究

应用丁腈橡胶粉(NBRP)对酚醛树脂进行改性,再与其他助剂复合在70℃制备改性酚醛泡沫材料.分析了NBRP的改性方式对酚醛泡沫材料性能的影响,进一步讨论了NBRP前期改性加入量对酚醛泡沫机械性能、易碎性能、燃烧性能和泡孔微观结构的影响.研究表明:NBRP前期改性酚醛泡沫性能优异,其中添加量2％时综合性能最佳,这为丁腈橡胶粉改性酚醛树脂提供了科学依据.     

纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂的初步研究

以纤维素乙醇木质素、苯酚、甲醛为原料,氢氧化钠为催化剂,制备了纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂,研究了木质素替代苯酚的工艺以及对胶黏剂性能的影响。研究发现:当木质素替代率为30%时,纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂胶合强度达到国家Ⅰ类板要求,甲醛释放量达到Eo级,且成本低、胶合强度好、低毒环保,可广泛用于制备室外级人造板。     

低成本酚醛树脂胶黏剂研究进展

近年来关于低成本酚醛树脂方面的研究较多。笔者从尿素、植物油、植物蛋白、植物多酚等作为降低酚醛树脂成本的原料方面,总结了近年来国内外降低酚醛树脂胶黏剂成本的研究进展,并提出充分利用植物多酚的生物降解性和可再生性,对开发低成本的改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂具有广泛的前景。     

桐油改性酚醛树脂的研究（Ⅰ）──合成、机理与结构表征

通过桐油和苯酚在催化剂存在下的反应，然后再在碱性催化剂存在下与甲醛反应制得一种桐油改性甲阶酚醛树脂，探讨了反应的机理。利用化学分析、元素分析和凝胶渗透色谱分析对第一步反应进行了研究，发现１摩尔桐油大体上可与６摩尔苯酚发生反应，反应过程中同时存在桐油自聚和降解现象，随着初始苯酚／桐油摩尔比的降低，该现象更为明显。利用紫外光谱、红外光谱和￣１ＨＮＭＲ等分析手段对桐油－苯酚反应产物和桐油改性酚醛树脂的结构进行了表征，证明桐油与苯酚反应属于共轭三烯对酚核的烷基化反应，或酚核对共轭三烯的亲核取代反应，酚核取代位置为酚羟基的对位或邻位，酚羟基未参加反应，在改性酚醛树脂骨架上引入了桐油分子链。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.