甘草叶片光合生理特征分析

通过对乾安地区人工栽培的甘草其叶片光合作用日变化曲线变化情况的测算研究,表明甘草叶片净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,日间最大值出现在正午前后,平均净光合速率10.46±0.25μmol·m-2s-1左右;计算得知,甘草叶片光补偿点(LCP)=722.61μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点(LSP)=53.22μmol·m-2s-1,光合速率最大值(Pmax)=20.7516μmol·m-2s-1,表观量子效率(Q)=0.031。     

短梗大参叶片光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数日变化

在自然环境下测定了短梗大参净光合速率和叶绿素荧光动力参数的日进程.结果表明:短梗大参光合速率日变化呈不对称的双峰曲线,有明显的"午休"现象;第一个峰值出现时间在8:00,净光合速率达到4.26 umol.m-2·s-1第二个峰值出现在16:00,净光合速率达到3.05 pmol·m-2·s-1.Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo都表现出先上升后下降又上升的趋势,光合作用受到暂时抑制,但光合机构并没有受到损伤.     

不同种源东部白松苗期光合作用研究

为选择适合辽宁地区生长的东部白松种源,研究了东部白松不同种源苗期的光合效率。结果表明：东部白松净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰型。8：00时,不同种源的净光合速率为7.83～17.96μmol.m-2.s-1,蒸腾速率为2.63～6.33 mmol.m-2.s-1。10：00时,不同种源的净光合速率为3.58～18.60μmol.m-2.s-1,蒸腾速率为1.92～6.68 mmol.m-2.s-1。方差分析表明,不同种源的东部白松净光合速率和蒸腾速率均差异明显。相关性分析表明,生长指标和光合作用指标之间表现为正相关,其中当年树高生长量同净光合速率和蒸腾速率相关性较高,说明光合作用指标可作为东部白松东部种源选择的依据。     

6个油茶物种的光合特性

为了更好地对油茶种质资源加以利用,于10月份使用Li6400便携式光合作用测定系统对定植于广西南宁的普通油茶、香花油茶、博白大果油茶、广宁红花油茶、日本红山茶和南荣油茶共6个油茶物种的光合特性进行了研究。结果表明,不同物种光合特性存在较大差异。其中,普通油茶光合效率最高,日平均净光合速率达到7.24μmol.m-2s-1,日平均净光合速率最小的宛田红花油茶光合速率仅为普通油茶的51.52%,日平均净光合速率由大到小依次为普通油茶、香花油茶、博白大果油茶、广宁红花油茶、日本红山茶、宛田红花油茶。在模拟光辐射条件下,6个油茶物种最大净光合速率在8.4～10.5μmol.m-2s-1之间,普通油茶最高,宛田红花油茶最低;普通油茶的光补偿点仅为15.50μmol.m-2s-1,利用弱光的能力最强;香花油茶的光饱和点为499.7μmol.m-2s-1,利用强光的能力最强。     

在CO2浓度加富条件下马尾松针叶的生理生态响应

研究了在3种不同CO2浓度(360 μmol·mol-1、800 μmol·mol-1、1 200 μmol·mol-1)下马尾松针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在当前CO2(360 μmol·mol-1)浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别为3.46 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.273 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.0254 mmol·m-2·s-1,针叶的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为:(1 800±2) μmol·m-2·s-1和(24±2) μmol·m-2·s-1.当CO2加富到1 200 μmol·mol-1时,针叶的光饱和点降低了200 μmol·m-2·s-1,而光补偿点增加了4 μmol·m-2·s-1.在光照强度为50～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,不同CO2浓度下的水分利用率平均值分别为:1 200 μmol·mol-1浓度下的19.163 μmol·mmol-1,800 μmol·mol-1浓度下的12.912 μmol·mmol-1,360 μmol·mol-1浓度下的11.192 μmol·mmol-1.短期的CO2加富降低了植物叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度,而植物的水分利用效率则上升.     

美洲黑杨无性系苗期光合生理特性研究

研究了9个美洲黑杨无性系的光合生理特性,为优良新无性系的选育提供参考。采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统测定美洲黑杨的光合作用日变化及其光响应曲线,利用非直角双曲线Farquhar模型、二次曲线及直线方式拟合光响应曲线,分析比较光响应特征参数及影响净光合速率因子。结果表明:各无性系的净光合速率均具有明显的日变化规律,tn01-78、tn01-38、tn04-n52呈双峰曲线现象,2个峰值出现的时间在11:00和14:00左右,其余呈单峰曲线,净光合速率最大值出现在12:00左右;不同无性系最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点和光补偿点的大小范围分别为20.50~31.42μmol·m-2s-1、1.67~3.19μmol·m-2s-1、0.055~0.279μmol·μmol-1、950.83~1 360.83μmol·m-2s-1和29.03~55.20μmol·m-2s-1;净光合速率(Pn)变化与气孔导度Gs、水压亏缺Vpdl、空气温度Tair和光合有效辐射VPAR呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度Ci和大气相对湿度(HR)呈负相关;净光合速率与影响因子的相关程度依次为气孔导度>光合有效辐射>胞间CO2浓度>大气相对湿度>空气温度>水压亏缺。     

短梗大参光合作用光响应曲线及模型拟合

为了探讨不同光合作用光响应模型对短梗大参光合特性的适用性,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪分别观测了全光照和荫蔽环境下的5年生短梗大参叶片的光响应曲线;并应用二次多项式模型、分段函数、直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型拟合短梗大参的光响应曲线,根据拟合效果筛选不同光照环境下短梗大参合适的光响应模型。结果表明:1在全光照环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线属于饱和趋近型;直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型无法直接求取其最大净光合速率和光饱和点的解析解;二次多项式回归模型拟合的光合参数值与实测值相差很大;分段函数为全光照下短梗大参光响应曲线最适用的分析模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.047,最大净光合速率为10.70μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为1 333.33μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为10.43μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.48μmol·m-2s-1。2在荫蔽环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线为中度抑制型;二次多项式拟合的光合参数值与实测值差异明显;分段函数拟合的光合参数值则比实测值要低;直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型拟合的光饱和点均明显低于实测值;修正的直角双曲线模型为荫蔽环境下短梗大参光响应曲线分析的最适用模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.076,最大净光合速率为5.07μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为449.60μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为2.79μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.21μmol·m-2s-1。     

油茶无性系果实成熟期光合特性的研究

为了从光合生理方面了解油茶新品种的产量性状,以油茶无性系高产品种、中产品种和普通品种为试材,采用LI-6400P便携式光合测定系统,在果实成熟期对其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等日变化参数及光合-光响应曲线进行了测定与比较分析。结果表明:其净光合速率日变化曲线均呈宽大的单峰型,不存在光合午休现象,3个品种类型的净光合速率均存在着显著的差异;3个品种类型上、下部叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为单峰型,水分利用效率的日变化曲线均为"U"型;3个品种类型的最大净光合速率在11.574~14.04μmol.m-2s-1之间,光饱和点在369~500μmol.m-2s-1之间,光补偿点在19~23μmol.m-2s-1之间;逐步回归分析结果表明,影响高产品种叶片Pn的主导因子为气孔导度,光合有效辐射和参比室的CO2浓度是影响中产品种的主导因子,普通品种主要受胞间CO2浓度的影响。     

7种北美橡树的光合生理特性分析

为了解7种北美橡树的光合差异,选择3年生北美橡树幼林为研究对象,运用Li-6400P光合作用测定仪测定幼树叶片的光响应曲线和光合日变化。结果表明:7种北美橡树的光合特性存在较大差异。柳栎、娜塔栎、舒玛栎、沼生栎、南方红栎的净光合速率日变化呈单峰型,不存在明显"午休"现象,而猩红栎和无柄栎的叶片净光合速率呈双峰型,存在光合"午休"现象,不同北美橡树净光合速率日均值从大到小依次为柳栎、娜塔栎、沼生栎、舒玛栎、无柄栎、南方红栎、猩红栎。通过相关性系数分析,发现柳栎、娜塔栎的净光合速率(Pn)均与光合有效辐射(PAR)呈显著正相关。在模拟光辐射条件下,7种北美橡树的光补偿点在8~40μmol·m-2s-1范围内,光饱和点在310~710μmol·m-2s-1之间。柳栎、娜塔栎通过引种栽培产生了光照适应性,人工种植时应选择光照充足的地块,合理密植以促进幼树生长。     

不同苗龄台湾牛樟光合特性研究

对1～3年生台湾牛樟(Cinnamomum kanehirae)幼苗日变化及光响应进行测定,研究不同苗龄台湾牛樟幼苗光合生物学特性,为台湾牛樟引种后的高效栽培和管理提供依据。结果表明,1天内不同苗龄台湾牛樟净光合速率(Pn)最高均发生在12:00,其中2年生台湾牛樟日平均Pn最高(6.64μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),1年生台湾牛樟日平均Pn最低(0.40μmol·m-2·s-1)。光响应结果表明,随着光照强度的降低,1～3年生台湾牛樟Pn均出现先增加后减小的趋势,变化范围分别在-0.78～2.75μmol·m-2·s-1,-1.67～7.44μmol·m-2·s-1和-2.00～8.50μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)之间。随着苗龄的增加,台湾牛樟光补偿点(LCP)和表观量子效率(AQY)均不断增加,总体变化范围分别为5.8～21.0μmol·m-2·s-1和1.2%～3.0%之间。叶片Pn与气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、和蒸腾速率(Tr)之间均具有极显著的相关关系(P 0.01),Pn与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间无显著相关关系。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.