基于分形理论的木材纹理特征研究

介绍了一种利用自相关函数来估算图像分形维数的方法，并将其应用到木材的纹理分类检测中。实验表明，分形维数值直接反映了木材纹理的粗糙程度，可定性地作为描述木材纹理粗糙度的一种度量。     

木材密度曲线的分形分析

本文对银杏（Ｇｉｎｋｇｏ ｂｉｌｏｂａ Ｌ．）ｘ射线木材密度曲线分形分析,结果表明,银杏木材密度的分形维数约在１．４４３０。分形维数直观地反映了木材密度年轮内和年轮间的变化规律,与年轮宽度有一定的联系,与木材密度本身关系不大。木材密度的分形维数一般由遗传因素控制,不同树种木材分形维数是相对固定的。木质材料的分形研究,是揭示其内在规律的有效方法。     

木材断裂裂纹及应力场的分形研究

木材材料的各向异性夺致木材断裂裂纹具有强烈的非均质性，其在二维空间内的分布县有非线性特征。运用数盒子法对裂纹发育带在二维平面内的分布进行了分形特征研究，发现木材裂纹县有明显的分形规律，分形维数为1．2-1．5；通过比较不同时问段的裂纹发育情况，发现裂纹的分形维数随斡裂纹的扩展星增加的趋势。对木材断裂过程的应力场进行分形研霓的结果表明，裂纹应力场伞表现出分形的特征，并且分形维数在裂纹尖端处最小，在远离裂纹尖端处较大。     

木材干缩的分形分析

本文通过一个木材干缩实验 ,展示了木材多孔性的分形特征。用银杏 (GinkgobilobaL .)和板栗(Castaneamollissima)木材作试材 ,用逐渐升高温度的方式处理试样 ,同时称重和量取尺寸 ,可以获得不同温度之间的重量和体积变化值 ,由变化值和立方体边长的对数值得直线斜率。直线斜率反映了木材中空隙体积的分形维数。这种方法可以通过不同树种、不同温度状态下木材水分逸出过程空隙空间分形维数的变化 ,分析木材的干缩规律。建议分形理论可成为木材多孔性研究的有效途径     

浅谈国内外木材表面粗糙度的研究现状及发展趋势

从国内外木材表面粗糙度研究内容、研究方向、测量方法和手段等方面论述了木材表面粗糙度研究现状与最新成果，并对木材表面粗糙度研究的未来发展方向提出了一些建议。     

木材锯切表面粗糙度二维分析与三维分析对比

使用传统的二维轮廓测定方法,测量木材锯切表面粗糙度准确度不高。利用三维表面轮廓成像技术测定木材锯切表面粗糙度,可获得较为准确的检测值和更真实的锯切表面微观形貌。     

基于分形维数特征的原木漏节图像的研究

采用X射线法透射木材,根据检测透射物体后射线的强度差异,建立木材X射线的分形模型。采用计算盒子维数的方法对原木漏节X射线图像进行有效的边缘检测,用分形维数D的大小来定量描述原木漏节图像的不规则程度,以确定缺陷所在。研究表明背景部分与边缘部分的分形维数存在一定程度的差别,正常部分分维数值大约在2.007 3左右,漏节边缘分维数值大约在1.400 0~1.900 0之间。     

管窥分形在林业科学中的应用

针对土壤多孔介质结构的复杂性，从其结构形成的物理机制和Katz定律出发，利用分形几何理论，将土壤作为在统计意义上具有分形特征的多孔介质来研究，建立了分形维数定量化的函数式；试验应用扫描电镜法研究了土壤多孔介质断面微结构并算出分形维数。理论计算和试验测量结果都表明：不同经营模式人工林、天然林及混交林的土壤团粒结构分形维数对林地土壤性质变化均有影响，土壤大于0．25mm的团聚体与水稳性团聚含量越大，团粒结构的分形维数越小，土壤肥力越高，土壤团粒结构的分形维数与土壤团聚体、水稳性团聚体之间存在显著回归关系。分形理论为林地土壤科学管理提供了理论依据。     

木材抗剪强度与分形维数的关系及断口特征

【目的】研究木材剪切断口的断裂特征、断裂方向和分形曲线特征,计算剪切断口的分形维数;测量木材抗剪强度,利用线性回归探讨木材横向、纵向抗剪强度与分形维数的关系。【方法】以生长在黑龙江的杉松、银白杨、樟子松、白桦和紫椴为试验树种,根据纤维板生产和《造纸木片》( GB/T 7909—1999)对木片原料的尺寸要求,按照《木材物理力学试材锯解及试样截取方法》( GB/T 1929—2009),制作5种树种的剪切试验试件。通过剪切试验,采集木材断口形貌特征,获得断口分形曲线,测量木材断裂时所需的力。【结果】横向剪切试件时,无论试件是否软化,都沿剪切方向呈曲线断裂,断裂面高低不平;未软化的针叶材以弯曲较大的曲线断裂,阔叶材以弯曲不大、稍平直的曲线断裂,断裂表面相对平滑一点;软化后的针叶材以弯曲不大的曲线断裂,阔叶材以弯曲稍大的曲线断裂,个别伴有撕裂痕迹。软化后纵向剪切试件时,试件沿剪切方向呈直线断裂;针叶材、阔叶材的断裂特征差异不明显。横向剪切试件断口分形曲线呈细小的锯齿状或“Z字状”,软化后试件剪切断口分形曲线比未软化的略显复杂;软化后试件纵向剪切断口的分形曲线没有软化前、后横向剪切断口的分形曲线复杂。5种试验试件剪切断口的分形维数在2.047～2.133之间。软化后试件横向抗剪强度最低,纵向抗剪强度大于未软化试件横向剪切强度。【结论】各树种试件软化后的纵向抗剪强度与其断口分形维数之间存在着正相关关系,但相关性并不显著;横向抗剪强度与断口分形维数之间线性正相关。软化后试件横向抗剪强度最低,此情况下剪切木材最易断裂,因此建议在研磨解离木片时,应使原料软化,沿着横向剪切,这样消耗能量较小。     

木材切削表面粗糙度研究进展及测定方法探讨

木材切削表面粗糙度的影响因素很多且组成复杂,较难进行准确的测定评价。从木材切削表面粗糙度的影响因素、不同测试方法及现行测定评价标准三个方面,对木材切削表面粗糙度相关研究进行综述,基于现状提出了完善木材切削表面粗糙度测定评价方法的建议。     

Fractal dimension of wood surfaces from sorption isotherms

Summary In this paper the method of fractal dimension is applied to characterize the wood surface by using water-sorption data. Three different methods are implemented to determine the fractal dimension. These methods are based on polymolecular sorption and capillary condensation and are found to estimate the fractal dimension in the range of 2.5–2.8. This implies that the estimation of the surface area of wood by determining the number of molecules of water corresponding to monolayer formation is not true. The surface in fact is far from two dimensional as being closer to a three dimensional one.     

The fractal estimation of wood color variation by the triangular prism surface area method

Color variations of the surfaces of fifteen wood species were characterized by fractal dimension of the triangular prism surface area method. Softwood and hardwood indicated apparently different in the mean fractal dimensions of red and green colors. Red color behaved steadier in softwood than in hardwood and green color varied comparatively stronger in hardwood than in softwood. No evident differences between softwood and hardwood were found in the variation of blue color of all the specimens. Following the low-to-high value order of the mean fractal dimensions, three types of combination of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) colors were found: RGB, RBG and BGR. There also existed six types of fractal dimension distribution; namely, plane, included plane, concave, convex, zigzag, and hilly distributions. Fractal dimensions across the grain changed greatly whereas those along the grain became relatively steady. The characteristic difference of color variation was defined for each species, which was inferred to characterize its own unique appearance of surface color. For color matching of wood parts, fractal dimension quantitatively furnishes essential information of color variation in local and overall features. Such evaluation can be efficiently carried out with few measurements along the grain and by detecting a single color (red, green or blue) only. Received 5 May 2000     

A Potential Criterion to Evaluate Copper Adsorption in Wood Cell Wall

A gcometrical definition, fractal dimension, was introduced in this study to evaluate copper adsorption in wood treated with copper-containing preservatives. It is based on the assumption that some copper would compete the hydroxyl groups in wood cell wall with water molecules, and therefore influence the fractal dimension of internal wood surfaces revealed by the moisture adsorption in wood. Southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) specimens were treated with different concentrations of copper ethanolamine (Cu-EA) solution to obtain different copper retention levels. Then the adsorption isotherms of untreated and Cu-EA treated specimens were determined at 4, 15, 30, and 40℃ to provide the source data for fractal dimension calculation. The results showed that, at all temperatures, the fractal dimension of the internal wood surfaces had a decreasing trend with increasing copper retention. That is, the internal spaces in wood become “thinner“ due to the copper adsorption on some hydroxyl groups in wood cell wall. The correlation between the fractal dimension and adsorbed copper ions makes it possible to evaluate the copper adsorption in wood cell wall.     

Contributions of Extractives and Lignin to the Fractal Geometry of Internal Wood Surfaces

Internal wood surfaces can be treated as fractals, which are between Euclidean geometry and complete randomness. The fractal dimension Dfs is very informative in investigating the roughness of the internal surfaces of wood. In this study, the water sorption isotherms, including adsorption and desorption isotherm, of untreated, benzene-alcohol extracted and delignified (after benzene-alcohol extracted) spruce (Cuninghamia lanceolata) were measured at 30℃. On the basis of these isotherms, the Dfs values were calculated by FHH equation, which is based on multimolecular sorption. The results showed that both groups of Dfs values (respectively calculated from adsorption and desorption isotherms) of untreated, benzene-alcohol extracted and delignified wood have same order, that is, untreated > benzene-alcohol extracted - delignified. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that the benzene-alcohol extractives have significant contribution to the fractal geometry of internal wood surfaces. Lignin also has influ     

基于三维显微系统的木材切削表面粗糙度分析

以榆木、杨木和松木为试验材料,采用不同的测试模式、木材切面、放大倍数和切削加工方式对切削表面粗糙度进行测定评价,比较分析上述因素的影响。结果表明:测定模式对于粗糙度值有一定影响;同一树种、同一切面时,磨削表面粗糙度明显低于锯切和旋切,表面粗糙度值为锯切>旋切>磨削;榆木磨削加工中,显微构造明显部位的三切面粗糙度值为径切面>弦切面>横切面;放大倍数与木材显微构造有关,对表面粗糙度值有影响。基于试验结果提出,木材切削表面粗糙度测定评价宜采用先选定被测试件的评价部位,再确定满足精度等级的测试模式的两步法进行。     

基于图像纹理特征的木材树种识别

利用木材图像的颜色、灰度、纹理等内容实现树种的相似性匹配检索,提取色调、饱和度、亮度、对比度、二阶角矩、方差和、长行程加重因子、分形维数、小波水平能量比重共9个特征参数,依据最大相似性数学原理,基于最小差值参数判别法和综合特征阈值法来检索样本.结果显示:基于图像纹理特征能够实现木材树种的检索和识别,综合特征阈值法的检索正确率与唯一性通常要好于最小差值判别法;但当被检索样本图像的纹理较弱或不呈现纹理特征时,检索结果的唯一性并不理想.综合而言,基于图像纹理特征最大相似性的木材树种检索识别较易实现,是一种值得继续发展和应用推广的木材树种识别方法.     

木材断口分形的初步研究

木材是一种天然的多孔性生物高分子材料,结构复杂且变异性大,所以木材断裂表面定量分析的难度很高,对于木材内部裂纹产生、发展的研究一直没有大的突破.在木材断裂力学的研究中,国内外科学家运用传统的断裂试验方法研究居多,但普遍结论是规律不明显或找不到规律(费本华,1999).木材研究者们一直在寻找一种定量描述木材断裂表面形态的新指标,并希望在此基础上预测木材强度和了解木材断裂机制(Schmitt et al.,1996;Qin et al.,1999).