仙山湖湿地土壤重金属空间分布特征与生态风险评价

2014年4月,在浙江省长兴县仙山湖周边设置了15个采样点,共采集了45个土壤样品,分析Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb,Cd,As及Hg的含量水平及其分布特征,采用地累积指数、潜在生态危害指数法,对仙山湖土壤重金属污染进行评价。结果表明,在仙山湖周边各层土壤中,大部分所测元素含量低于国家土壤环境一级标准,部分样点Hg,Zn和Cd含量超标。在不同土地利用类型中,公路沿线的Cu及Cd含量较高;湖区下游土壤的Cu,Pb,Hg含量较高,Cd含量较低;湿地边滩、苗圃的土壤重金属含量变化不明显。在土壤垂直分布中,多数所测元素无明显变化规律。地累积指数表明,7种元素污染程度均属于无污染;潜在生态风险指数表明,部分样地的Hg潜在生态风险等级为中等及较强级别,应引起重视。     

醴陵官庄湖湿地土壤重金属污染现状及潜在生态风险评价

为了了解湿地土壤重金属富集现状,探索其解决途径,为污染防治措施提供科学依据,通过系统调查采样,测试和研究了醴陵官庄湖湿地土壤中3种不同土壤类型(自然土壤、季淹土壤、常淹土壤)0～20cm土壤层中铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、和铬(Cr)等重金属的含量。通过Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法、污染负荷指数法,对湿地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险进行分析。结果表明:(1)3类土壤中,除自然土壤中的Zn和常淹土壤中的Cr之外,其他重金属含量均值都在不同程度上超过了湖南省土壤背景值,其中自然土壤中的Cd超过了背景值的52.2倍;(2)3类土壤中,Cd都达到了重度污染,Cr处于安全范围,其他3种重金属则在常淹土壤中均达到警戒限;(3)土壤区域污染负荷指数在自然、季淹、常淹土壤中分别是2.42,2.55,2.22,均为中度污染水平,其中Cd的贡献率最大,3类土壤中均达到75%以上;(4)自然土壤的潜在生态危害最严重,达到了429.28,属于强潜在生态风险态势,季淹土壤次之,常淹土壤最低,其中对生态环境造成潜在威胁最大的元素为Cd,达到很强风险程度,其他元素则处于轻度风险程度。由此可见,土壤中的重金属污染已经对醴陵官庄湖湿地的环境维护造成了十分严重的影响,醴陵官庄湖湿地的土壤及周边环境急需综合整治。     

桑树对土壤重金属污染修复潜力研究

为探究桑树对土壤重金属污染的修复潜力，以工业区周边桑树及与之对应根基土壤样品为研究对象，通过测定土壤样品中Mn、Ni、Zn、Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Cr等9种重金属元素的含量，以内梅罗综合污染指数法对区域土壤重金属污染进行分级评价；通过主成分分析对区域土壤重金属污染来源进行解析，分析桑树中不同元素间的相互作用；通过计算桑树的富集、转运系数分析桑树对土壤重金属污染的修复潜力。结果表明：城郊工业区土壤中Mn、Ni、Pb元素处于清洁状态；Zn、Cd、As、Cr元素处于轻度污染水平；Hg元素处于重度污染水平。区域土壤重金属元素整体处于中度污染水平。通过主成分分析，Mn、Cr、As、Hg、Cd污染可能不同程度受燃煤、金属冶炼等因素影响；Pb、Ni可能来源于交通污染源以及成土母质双重影响；Cu可能与区域交通污染及有机肥施用有关。综合分析认为：桑树对Ni元素综合富集能力相比于其他元素较强，对Zn、Cd、Hg具有较强的转运能力，对Ni、Zn、Cd、Hg具有较强的修复潜力，其中对Ni元素的修复潜力最强。桑树可作为Ni、Zn、Cd、Hg复合污染地生态修复的首选树种。     

淮南潘集矿区底泥中重金属空间分布特征研究

测定了淮南潘集矿区底泥中Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg的浓度,分析了重金属在底泥中的空间分布特征,采用潜在生态危害指数法评价了底泥中重金属污染程度,结果表明：底泥中Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg空间分布与周围环境密切相关,Cu和Zn轻微污染,Cd和Hg中等-强污染。     

峰峰矿区典型煤矸石山周边土壤重金属污染生态风险评估

在对峰峰矿区某典型煤矸石山周边表层土壤样品采集以及室内测定Cd、Cr、As、Pb等4种重金属含量的基础上,评估了土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险。结果表明:土壤中Cd、Cr、As、Pb含量均未超过国家标准(GB15618-2018)中农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。风险评估结果显示,煤矸石山周边土壤4种重金属都存在一定潜在生态风险,其程度为轻微,其中Cr元素单个元素的污染程度为中等,最具有潜在生态风险的元素是Cd元素。     

鄱阳湖与长江交汇区陆域重金属含量研究

通过测定鄱阳湖与长江交汇区陆域(包括九江-新港和湖口2个采样地)土壤及植物体内的重金属As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb含量,统计分析了植物体内重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量的相关性及拟合曲线,同时提出相应的生态修复措施.结果表明:九江-新港土壤含Pb量高于湖口,而这两个地点的As、Hg、Cr、Cd含量差异不显著.九江-新港和湖口的植物根部重金属Cr、Pb、Cd含量高于茎部和叶部,而As和Hg含量恰好相反,茎部重金属含量处于中间水平.对所有采样点植物体内的重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量进行相关性分析,得出植物体内与土壤中的Hg、Pb含量相关性显著,而植物体内与土壤中的As、Cd、Cr含量没有显著的相关性.     

湖南某尾矿库周边农田土壤及蔬菜重金属污染与健康风险评价

以湖南省某尾矿库周边农田土壤和蔬菜受重金属污染为研究对象,采集该区域内的45个土壤样和34个蔬菜样,测量样品中重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As)的质量分数,采用污染指数法对土壤环境质量进行了评价,采用健康风险评法评价了4种暴露途径下(土壤/蔬菜经口摄入、土壤经皮肤接触和土壤经呼吸接触)各污染物对人体造成的非致癌风险和致癌风险。研究表明:单因子污染指数显示该尾矿库周边农田土壤主要受到Cd、As和Pb的污染,各重金属的污染程度为CdAsPbCuHg。土壤综合污染指数为1.98,为轻度污染,主要污染因子为As,其次为Ad和Pb。各污染物在4种暴露途径下的总非致癌风险是10.4,为不可接受风险,其中Pb、Cd和As的非致癌风险大于1,各污染物的非致癌风险依次为AsPbCdHgCu,各污染物在蔬菜经口摄食途径下的总非致癌风险对HI总的贡献率最大,为97.1%。Cd和As在4种暴露途径下的总致癌风险是1.2×10-3,为不可接受风险,Cd和As的致癌风险均大于10-4,且AsCd,污染物(Cd和As)在蔬菜经口摄食途径下的总致癌风险对R总的贡献率最大,为91.6%。     

扎龙湿地的水环境特征及其对珍稀水禽的影响

通过野外调查和室内分析,探讨了近年扎龙湿地的水环境系统的特征及对珍稀水禽的影响。结果表明:扎龙湿地是整个嫩江流域生态环境脆弱区,表现出整体退化的趋势。水质富营养化严重:各项指标(除CODMn外)的含量最高的时期都为Ⅴ级,远远大于国家对湿地水质Ⅱ级的规定。扎龙湿地水质特征存在年内变化和空间上的差异性。农业活动较频繁地区扎龙湖的水质污染最重。扎龙湿地水体中重金属各项指标都低于Ⅰ类水质标准,扎龙湿地底泥中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg超过其背景值。常见水禽的食物———鱼体内重金属含量的平均值分别是水体中含量的数百倍。珍稀水禽体内也都不同程度地富集了一定的重金属含量。湿地的退化和重金属的富集应该引起相关部门的重视。     

兴仁高砷煤矿区沉积物污染特征及重金属潜在生态风险评价

为评价兴仁高砷煤矿区水体沉积物的污染水平及其生态风险 ,以贵州省表生沉积物背景值作为基准评价沉积物污染水平 ,采用 Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了沉积物中重金属的环境生态风险.结果表明 :交乐、潘家庄和小尖山煤矿区水体沉积物均表现出低pH值 ,高SO2 -4 、As、Fe等特征.与贵州表生沉积物背景值相比 ,交乐煤矿区水体沉积物中Fe、As和Hg平均值分别超过背景值4082倍、358 .8倍和19 .3倍 ;潘家庄煤矿区水体沉积物中Fe、As和 Hg平均值分别超过背景值3478倍、8 .3倍和0 .55倍 ;小尖山煤矿区水体沉积物中Fe、As和Hg平均超过背景值2457倍、5 .6倍和0 .65倍.利用潜在生态风险指数法分析表明 :交乐、潘家庄和小尖山煤矿区水体沉积物主要受到As、Hg污染.交乐、潘家庄和小尖山煤矿区水体沉积物各重金属的潜在生态风险指数(Eir )从高到低依次为As > Hg >Cd> Cu> Pb>Cr>Zn ,As >Hg >Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr ,As = Hg >Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn.生态风险指数(RI)交乐>小尖山>潘家庄 ,交乐沉积物中重金属生态风险程度为很强风险 ,潘家庄和小尖山沉积物中重金属生态风险程度为中等风险.     

早竹笋安全质量相关性研究初报

通过积累率、污染分担率等方法,对早竹笋土壤重金属含量、经营管理措施等与产品安全质量的相关性进行研究,结果表明：Cd在竹笋中的积累率最高,引起竹笋产地土壤受污染的主要元素是Cd,而引起竹笋受污染的主要元素是Pb。土壤重金属含量与竹笋安全质量的相关性中,Pb指标呈一定的正相关,其他Cd、Hg、As3个指标相关系数值接近于0,表明基本不相关。施肥等经营管理措施的不同对土壤和竹笋中的Pb、Cd、Hg、As、NO2-等指标值的影响差异不显著,无相关性。关键指标亚硝酸盐含量不因施肥种类的不同而呈现一定的规律,但不同的采样时间结果显示,后期竹笋其含量相对偏高。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.