原子荧光光谱技术在环境监测元素形态分析应用中的进展

指出了原子荧光光谱是一种简便、快速、灵敏度高、线性范围宽的理想分析方法,适用于汞、砷和硒等元素的形态分析,被广泛应用于食品、生物和环境领域中。原子荧光光谱和分离技术(如高效液相色谱)的联用能解决不同环境介质样品的元素的形态分析。具体阐述了原子荧光光谱技术(AFS)在环境监测中元素形态分析的进展。     

IC-ICP-MS测定水果中的5种砷形态

建立了一种离子色谱-等离子体质谱法测定水果中5种砷的新方法。该方法优化了分离条件,通过加标回收考察了方法的准确度和精密度。将该方法用于水果中5种砷形态的检测,实际样品的加标回收率在82.4%~128.6%之间,RSD(n=5)小于5%。     

蔬菜、水果中总砷的测定

对GB 5009.11-2014 《食品安全国家标准食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》中总砷的测定第一篇第二法进行了改进,采用压力消解罐消解样品的方法,进行了消解条件、标准曲线、精密度、准确度、方法检出限等实验。结果表明:改进后方法的检出限为0.01 mg/kg,相关系数r=0.9997,相对标准偏差为1.4%,样品加标回收率为90%～105%之间。该方法解决了电热板湿法消解耗时长,样品容易受外部环境污染导致结果平行性较差等问题,适用于蔬菜、水果中总砷的测定。     

HPLC-ICP-MS联用测定猪场废水中的砷形态

建立了HPLC-ICP-MS联用测定猪场废水中5种砷形态化合物的检测方法。将HAMILTON PRP-X100与CNW C18-WP色谱柱进行对比,优化色谱条件,以(2.5mmol/L柠檬酸+2.5mmol/L己烷磺酸钠pH4.5)+甲醇(99:1v/v)为流动相,在6min同时分析检测5种砷形态化合物。添加2~80μg/L浓度水平时,5种砷形态化合物添加回收率在87.6%~92.6%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在3.9%~5.6%之间,方法检出限(S/N=3)在0.3~0.8μg/L之间。结果表明:该方法前处理简单,灵敏度高,可用于日常监督检测工作。对了解规模化养猪场废水重金属砷污染状况,进一步开展规模化养猪污水对人类生活用水的污染提供数据基础。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的重金属

研究了土壤中重金属的原子吸收光谱的测定,进行了仪器条件、消解方法和共存元素的影响等方面的试验。结果表明:采用电热板/盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解法,操作简便、实用性强、节省时间,按本法对土壤样品中的重金属进行分析,精密度好,准确度高,适用于一般土壤和污染土壤中重金属的测定。     

化香果水解产物的研究

本文介绍用聚酰胺柱层析法,从化香果乙醇提取物的酸水解液中,分离出一种无色针状结晶体。根据该晶体纸色谱图的R_f值、紫外、红外光谱数据以及有关化学特性反应,鉴定为没食子酸;用纸层析法检定出水解液中还存在D-萄葡糖、鞣花酸等化合物。此外,介绍了用CS-910双波长薄层色谱扫描仪进行没食子酸的定量分析,该方法可靠,快速简便,样品用量少,适于测定含量较低的样品。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定板栗中微量砷的方法研究

摘要：本文应用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱（HGAFS）法测定板栗中砷的含量。着重对实验最佳条件进行研究,探讨了原子荧光光谱仪的原子化器高度,光电倍增管负高压,载流盐酸浓度和还原剂硼氢化钾浓度对荧光强度的影响,得出了仪器的最佳工作参数。砷标准溶液浓度在0～10μg·L-1范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,相关系数为0．9996,仪器检出限为0．058μg·L-1,样品砷测定结果相对标准偏差RSD：4．12％（n=6）,加标回收率为90．5%～102．3％。该方法具有灵敏度高,操作简单、快速、准确等优点,能够满足板栗中微量砷的分析要求。     

温莪术挥发性成分的闪蒸-气相色谱-质谱法测定研究

采用闪蒸-气相色谱-质谱法(FE-GC-MS)对温莪术挥发性化合物进行了分析研究,并对主要影响因素如闪蒸温度、样品量和样品粒度等进行优化。结果显示,0.4 mg的粉末样品,在200℃下闪蒸,经色谱分离后得到60余种成分。对FE-GC-MS、水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)-GC-MS和固相微萃取(SPME)-GC-MS这3种方法进行比较,利用质谱解析结合保留指数鉴定出的化合物数量分别为40、38和36种。由FE-GC-MS得到的莪术油主要活性成分如莪术烯、莪术醇、β-榄香烯酮、吉马酮和莪术二酮的含量与SD、SPME法所得结果相近。结果表明,闪蒸法样品用量少而得到的挥发性成分较多,且无需任何前处理。     

水中氟化物、亚硝酸根离子色谱法探究

采用离子色谱法对水中氟化物、亚硝酸根的测定进行了分析。探究了用离子色谱仪中电导检测器的高灵敏度对水中氟离子、亚硝酸根进行测定的一种方法。通过色谱条件的改善、水溶液前处理的制备及标准曲线、精密度、准确度,检出限等检测数据的表征,更加有力地证明了离子色谱分离度高、分析时间短,自动化程度高及数据处理简单等优点,能够满足生活饮用水、地表水、地下废水等样品的分析。     

土壤中砷形态提取和分析的条件改进

指出了通过改进砷的提取条件,以尽可能高的提取率来分析土壤和沉积物中的无机砷形态,同时可以最小化As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)之间的形态转化。选取磷酸混合盐酸作为提取剂,比较并优化了不同配比、不同的辅助提取手段、不同的预还原剂用量对提取土壤中不同形态砷的效率,并测定了土壤标准物质(GSS-32、GSS-33、GSS-35)和莲花山矿区周围农田土壤中各形态的砷含量以供参考。结果表明:使用1.5 mol/L的磷酸混合盐酸(4∶1)对土壤进行98℃水浴提取3次,每次1 h,浸取率最佳,可达91.34%。土壤标准物质和农田土壤中以As(Ⅴ)为主,占95.9%以上。精密度实验表明,相对误差小于3%(n=6,RSD,0.695～2.176%),该方法的加标回收率为94.87%～100.25%,可作为砷形态分析的理想方法。     

鱼鳞坑开沟双犁体翻转机构研究设计

双犁体翻转机构是对已有的发明专利机型即鱼鳞坑开沟犁装置的进一步优化设计,解决了在单犁体鱼鳞坑开沟犁返程时因开沟翻土方向不在坡下而是在开出的沟上面的作业问题。新研制翻转式鱼鳞坑开沟工作结构装置,应用机械、液压、电控装置实现了不同土壤类型的鱼鳞坑开沟间距式作业,生产效率高,性能可靠,市场前景广阔。     

孟连县南垒河天然渔业资源自然繁殖保护区鱼类多样性调查研究

于2018年10月至11月以系统抽样的方式,设置6个调查断面,结合走访和查阅相关文献资料,对孟连县南垒河天然渔业资源自然繁殖保护区鱼类资源开展调查。经过分析、鉴定,结果表明:保护区分布有鱼类40种,隶属于4目13科35属,鱼类组成以鲤形目为主,共有27种,其中外来鱼类9种,占总种数的22.5%;保护区鱼类栖息习性有急流型类群、流水型类群、静缓流型类群,繁殖习性分为产沉性卵、漂流性卵、强粘性卵、特殊产卵类型鱼类,食性有以着生藻类、水生昆虫或其它底栖无脊椎动物、浮游生物及其它以肉类为食的鱼类;保护区鱼类无典型的洄游活动,但部分鱼类繁殖时有短距离溯河上行的习惯。文中就人类活动对保护区鱼类多样性的影响进行讨论,提出建立健全管理机构、提高管理人员业务素质,增加资金投入,加强宣传、增强公众保护意识等加强保护区建设与管理的建议。     

Multiple use of water: integration of fish culture and tree growing

Red tilapia (hybridOreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis hornorum) were raised in pulsed flow irrigation systems in which water subsequently used to irrigate mesquite trees (Prosopis granulosa).The increase in height and stem base area was significantly greater (P<0.001) in mesquite trees irrigated with water from the fish culture facility than in mesquite trees irrigated with well water. Trees irrigated with water from the fish facility could be sold after about six months for prices ranging from $5.50 to $8.50. Trees irrigated with well water took twice as long to reach a marketable size.The Unit is jointly sponsored by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Game and Fish, and the University of Arizona.     

Estuarine reconnection of an impounded mangrove salt marsh in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: short-term changes in fish fauna

Fish population dynamics in a 24.3 ha mangrove-dominated mosquito impoundment in east-central Florida were examined by seining and culvert traps before and after installation of culverts that established estuarine connection for the first time in 39 years. In a 27-day period following the culvert opening, fish species increased from 9 to 21, while total number of fish in the impoundment decreased. Movement of fishes through culverts in both directions commenced immediately following culvert opening. Recruitment of transient species into the impoundment appeared to key on a single wind-driven high tide event. Such short-term events may be important cues for fish movement into and out of impounded salt marshes.     

城步南山芙蓉河上游鱼类资源的调查

芙蓉河发源于城步苗族自治县南山地区,系浔江的4条二级支流中的一条,而浔江则是珠江流域西江的一级支流.通过对芙蓉河上游的野生鱼类资源进行了调查,共采集鱼类标本661尾,共计28种,隶属于4目12科,多为溪流小型鱼,且以鲤科鱼为主.调查分析结果:该地鱼类资源丰富,经济鱼类种类繁多,有很好的利用价值,但有明显的小型化和低龄化...     

Leaching of toxic elements from spruce treated with ammoniacal solutions of copper-zinc-arsenic preservatives

Summary White spruce (Picea glauca) was treated with ammoniacal solutions of various preservatives containing copper, zinc, and arsenic. The wood was then leached in a severe accelerated test and the amount of copper, zinc, and arsenic lost from the wood was determined. The leachability of arsenic depended on the preservative formulation; when the ratio of metal oxide to arsenic oxide was less than 1.25, 35 to 67% of the arsenic was lost, but when this ratio was greater than 1.25 only 1 to 15% of the arsenic was lost. Only small amounts (1 to 4%) of copper and zinc were leached out using any of the tested formulations. Temperature of fixation had only a slight influence on leaching of copper, zinc or arsenic.The technical assistance of Mr. C. D. Ralph is appreciated.     

湖南书院洲国家湿地公园鱼类资源调查

通过对湖南书院洲国家湿地公园两个不同断面鱼类进行了连续监测,对其群落组成、生物多样性、优势种组成进行了比较分析。调查发现:有鱼类30种,隶属于5目9科。两个不同生境断面的鱼类小型鱼类均以鲤形目鲤科鱼类为主,且多为小型鱼类。在鱼类的群落结构多样性度量值差异不大:(1)断面Ⅰ鱼类分5目7科22种;断面Ⅱ有鱼类分4目7科19种;(2)断面Ⅰ和断面Ⅱ的多样性指数分别是2.58和2.67,均衡度指数是0.835和1.1,种类相似性指数是53.7%。本次调查还发现湿地公园鲤形目鲤科鱼类新记录5种:分别是银鮈、似鮈、达式鲌、飘鱼和红唇薄鳅。     

湖南康龙自然保护区鱼类资源调查

2007年6—7月、2010年8—9月两次对康龙自然保护区境内鱼类资源进行调查,利用网捕法和电捕法共采集到鱼类标本2000号,经鉴定共发现鱼类37种,隶属4目,10科。其中鲤形目2科27种,占73%,鲈形目5科7种,占18.9%,鲶形目2科2种,占5.4%,合鳃鱼目1科1种,占2.7%,调查发现康龙自然保护区的鱼类区系,具有较强的华东区系和华南区系双重特征,该区经济鱼类种类丰富,但是鱼类小型化、低龄化趋势显著,且出现衰退现象,鱼类资源需要加强保护。     

Factors influencing stream occupancy and detection probability parameters of stream-associated amphibians in commercial forests of Oregon and Washington, USA

Potential immediate and prolonged impact of timber harvests on stream-associated amphibians (SAA; torrent (Rhyacotriton spp.) and giant salamanders (Dicamptodon spp.) and coastal tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei)) in Oregon and Washington, USA is a management concern, in part because of widespread commercial management of forests across their geographic distributions. Relationships between SAA occupancy and detection probabilities, environmental variables, and management effects were examined in 141 randomly selected perennial streams in commercial forests west of the Cascade Crest in Oregon and Washington from July to October, 2006. Giant salamander occupancy varied by stream substrate type (i.e., consolidated vs. unconsolidated geologies) and was positively associated with stand age. Torrent salamander occupancy varied by species, was positively associated with channel gradient, and was reduced in the youngest and oldest sampled stands. Tailed frog occupancy was negatively associated with the presence of crayfish, negatively associated with low and high bankfull widths, and positively associated with stand age, although stands less than 5 years old had occupancy rates >50% in the absence of crayfish. Mean detection rates were less than 1 for all three genera (0.85, 0.66, and 0.63 for Dicamptodon, Rhyacotriton, and Ascaphus, respectively), which indicates that conclusions from previous research about relationships between SAA occupancy, environmental variables, and forest practices have an unknown element of uncertainty, particularly if detection rates co-vary with habitat change. We believe that our study is the first to present unbiased estimates of occupancy and detection parameters for SAA on forested landscapes in Oregon and Washington.