不同类型长白落叶松人工林各龄期的木材产量评估

根据立地指数的不同将长白落叶松林地分为7个立地等级(立地Ⅰ~Ⅶ),结合其营林技术规程选择造林密度为2 500株/hm2、3 300株/hm2和4 400株/hm2等不同类型的长白落叶松人工林分作为评估对象。在前人研究的基础上计算该不同类型林分在各林龄阶段的平均树高,利用相关模型推算相应林龄阶段的林分平均胸径和林分平均单株材积。建立长白落叶松人工林分的密度定量管理模型,根据此模型确定不同立地等级不同初植密度长白落叶松人工林分在理想状态下的间伐时间、间伐强度和木材收获量,为其营林生产和科研提供参考。     

人工用材林木材产量经营模拟研究

以长白落叶松人工用材林为代表,分别对7个立地等级和3种初植密度(分别为2500株/hm2、3300株/hm2和4400株/hm2)的人工用材林木材产量进行经营模拟。根据立地指数曲线确定不同类型林分在不同林龄阶段的平均树高,利用相关模型推算相应林龄阶段的林分平均胸径和林分平均单株材积。建立林分密度定量管理模型,确定不同立地等级不同初植密度林分在理想状态下的间伐时间、间伐强度及相应的木材收获量,为营林生产和科研提供参考和借鉴。     

长白落叶松工业人工林密度控制技术的研究

以马尔柯夫过程理论为基础对长白落叶松工业人工林进行了模拟密度控制，提出了合理的培育密度和相应的抚育间伐对象。结果表明：马尔柯夫过程理论确能反映长白落叶松工业人工林的直径转移过程，这对于定量分析长白落叶松工业人工林直径分布的动态规律，从而拟定合理的密度控制措施非常有益；长白落叶松工业人工林成林后的密度控制间伐无论从培育森林方面，还是从取得木材、加大林分收益方面考虑，都应该以间伐小径阶的林木为主；２０－２５龄长白落叶松工业人工林的经营密度以０．７为最佳。     

人工林日本落叶松木材物理力学性质的研究

通过试验和统计分析的方法，研究了人工林日本落叶松木材的物理力学性质及其与密度与主要力学强度的相互关系。结果表明；人工林日本落叶松硬度和主要力学强度适中，与长白落叶松和兴安落叶松相比，日本落叶松结构相对均匀，弦径干缩差异性小，可满足各种木制品的生产要求。     

大伙房林场长白落叶松人工林地位质量评价及经营措施的探讨

大伙房林场现有长白落叶松人工林的面积占有林地总面积的36.4％,占总蓄积的42.8％。如何科学地经营好长白落叶松人工林,是我场在森林经营上举足轻重的大问题。为了全面掌握长白落叶松人工林的立地质量和生产力,合理预测产量,提高集约经营技术。试用地位指数表的方法,对长白落叶松人工林的生长进行了分类评价,目的是促进我场人工林经营技术的发展和提高。大伙房林场大部分长白落叶松人工林已经过抚育间伐,而利用上层优势木作为指标不受正常抚育间伐的影响,因此,采用立地指数表法来评定大伙房林场的立地生产力,较为准确和实用。     

基于3-PG模型的长白落叶松生物量生长预测

【目的】基于3-PG模型预测长白落叶松生物量生长变化,为长白落叶松林分生长规律研究提供依据。【方法】以5块长白落叶松密度试验林连续28年监测数据和24块长白落叶松固定样地3期调查数据为基础,结合各组分(叶、干和根)生物量计算公式,获得每块样地不同调查时间的密度、胸径、蓄积和各组分生物量。根据密度试验林数据校正模型生理参数,结合立地参数和气象参数,通过参数率定、迭代拟合与敏感性分析方法确定长白落叶松3-PG模型的生理参数。采用决定系数(R~2)、平均误差(ME)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均相对误差(MRE)和均方根误差(RMSE)评价模型预测能力。选取冠层量子效率(alpha)和初级生物量分配到根的最小值(pRn)进行敏感性分析,并预测肥力等级(FR)为0.2、0.4和0.6时长白落叶松生物量生长变化趋势。【结果】1) 3-PG模型预测值与实测值之间R~2在0.77以上;除叶干生物量比为25.6%外,其他各指标的MRE绝对值均在10.97%以内,预测结果较可靠; 2) alpha和pRn具有较高敏感性,是模型的关键参数; 3)模型预测不同FR下的长白落叶松生物量变化符合树木生长机理过程,且各组分生物量随FR增加而增加。【结论】基于地面数据的参数率定后,3-PG模型能够很好模拟长白落叶松生物量生长变化,可作为一种有效的森林经营预测工具。对于长白落叶松3-PG模型,冠层量子效率(alpha)和初级生物量分配到根的最小值(pRn)是影响预测结果的关键参数。     

华北落叶松与长白落叶松基本材质材性的研究

按国家标准对河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局华北落叶松和长白落叶松木材基本物理力学性质进行对比试验,结果表明:2种落叶松木材的pH值均呈酸性;长白落叶松的晚材率为29.70%,大于华北落叶松的26.30%;2种落叶松的弦向干缩率均大于径向干缩率,长白落叶松的干缩率略小;长白落叶松的气干密度为0.547g/cm3,略大于华北落叶松的气干密度0.534g/cm3,长白落叶松全干密度为0.413g/cm3,小于华北落叶松的0.419g/cm3;顺纹抗压强度和弹性模量中,长白落叶松为59.0 MPa和11.48GPa,华北落叶松为59.3MPa和12.87GPa,华北落叶松的力学性质较好;华北落叶松管胞的长度为2 490.24μm、宽度为28.45μm、长宽比86.43,略优于长白落叶松管胞长度2 684.42μm、宽度36.12μm、长宽比80.12。通过方差分析可知,2种落叶松管胞宽度差异显著,其余所测木材的材性无显著差异,长白落叶松晚材率较高、干缩稳定性较好、力学性质略小。     

华北落叶松生长过程的数学模拟

该文用进行正常经营活动的华北落叶松人工林现实林分数据,分别对平均胸径、平均树高、蓄积与立地指数、密度、树龄之间的关系进行拟合,建立多元回归方程进而对不同立地指数、不同密度下的华北落叶松生长过程进行模拟。     

落叶松人工林不同林龄阶段适宜密度的探讨

为探讨落叶松人工林在不同时期的经营密度,依据不同立地指数,编制了不同林龄阶段落叶松人工林经营密度表。其应用简单,只要查出落叶松人工林不同立地指数,不同林龄阶段,即可确定该林分的经营密度。该表的编制为林业生产提供了科学依据。     

长白落叶松生长和材质性状地理变异的研究

本文对１６年生长白落叶松６个种源进行生长和材性分析，结果表明：（１）树高、胸径、冠幅３个生长性状种源间的变异较大，基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度、管胞长宽比４个木材材质性状种源间变异较小，遗传变异主要存在于种源内个体间；（２）基本密度受较弱的遗传控制，其余６个性状分别受中等至较强的遗传控制；（３）长白落叶松生长和材性地理变异的基本模式是以纬向为主，温度、年降水量等环境因子是影响长白落叶松生长和材性的主导因子；（４）较低纬度、低海拔的白刀山种源为生长和材质兼优的优良种源，其次是大海林和和龙种源。     

华北落叶松人工幼林林分密度与生物量的关系

华北落叶松（larix principis—rupprechtii Mayr．）是燕山山地的主要树种，生态和经济效益显著。以河北木兰林管局境内13a生华北落叶松人工幼林为研究对象，用样方调查的方法对立地条件相同密度分别为1800、2400和3000株／hm^2的3种林分生物量进行研究，结果表明：林分总生物量随密度的增大而增大，低、中、高3种密度林分总生物量分别为21180．6、26724．6和31352．4kg/hm^2；乔木层生物量最大，占总生物量的98．9％，草本层次之，占0．7％，灌木层最少，仅占0．4％；林木平均木生物量随密度的增大略微减少，密度由低到高其平均木生物量依次为11537．5、11077．3和10357．8g/株；各密度林分乔木层各器官生物量均存在W干〉W枝〉W根〉W叶〉W皮的分布规律；3种密度的林分生物量结构特征基本相同，3000株／hm^2的林分结构合理，更能达到丰产的目的。     

Crown radius of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) depending on stem size,stand density and site productivity

Crown size is a good indicator of the growth potential of trees and is often used in forest management for outlining thinning guidelines or constructing forest growth models. The aim of this study was to analyse mean crown radius as a function of stem size, stand density and site productivity in even-aged stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Data included measurements of 620 trees from 53 plots in nine thinning experiments and one operational stand in Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain, representing a wide spectrum of thinning practices ranging from the strictly unthinned control to extremely heavy thinning with essentially solitary trees. Three sets of models were constructed based on different predictor variables, including indicators of individual stem size (diameter at breast height, DBH), stand density/thinning grade (quadratic mean diameter and stand basal area) and site productivity (stand top height). Preliminary results indicated a significant effect of DBH and (nominal) thinning grade on crown radius. The response pattern of the final models indicated an increasing crown radius with increasing DBH, with increasing thinning grade (decreasing stand density) and with decreasing site productivity. The models are valid for predicting the crown radius of pedunculate oak in even-aged forest stands.     

长白落叶松自由授粉家系生长和材性遗传变异及性状相关的研究

本文描述了红皮云杉的最佳播种量的研究。结果表明，其最佳播种为１５ｋｇ／ｍｕ．这不但可以节约种子，而且还可以提高苗木质量。     

Genetic control of intra-ring wood density variation in hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) F1

Genetic parameters for various wood density traits were estimated in 29-year-old trees of 18 full-sib families of hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi) F₁. Intra-ring density variation (IDV) was also evaluated using a model that expresses the pattern curve from earlywood to latewood as a power function. A high IDV indicates an abrupt change in wood density from earlywood to latewood. The ring width and wood density traits of individual rings were determined by X-ray densitometry. Overall wood density (RD) was shown to increase with increasing ring number, ranging from 0.42–0.59 g/cm³, whereas IDV of individual rings decreased gradually from pith outwards. Estimates of individual tree narrow-sense heritability of RD and IDV were 0.66 and 0.67, respectively. IDV showed negative genetic and phenotypic correlations with RD (r _g = −0.99, r _p = −0.72). The predicted genetic gains in latewood proportion and IDV were higher than that of RD. These results suggest that the intra-ring density variation is under moderate genetic control equivalent to wood density. The trend of increasing wood density from earlywood to latewood was associated with changes in both tracheid diameter and cell wall thickness.     

宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林雪害的影响因子

调查宁夏六盘山2011年秋一场罕见的早雪造成的华北落叶松人工林受害情况,分析林分受害率与立地条件和林分结构特征的关系。结果表明:高海拔冲风地段和土层瘠薄立地的林分受害率偏大;高密度林分的受害率显著大于低密度林分,说明密度是影响林分抵抗雪灾能力的重要结构指标,但直接原因是林分密度增高导致林分高径比增大;当高径比在0.7～0.9时,样地出现受害,但受害率随高径比增大的增幅不大,当高径比大于0.9后,林分受害率随高径比增大快速升高,当高径比大于1.0后,林分受害率随高径比增大急剧升高;及时间伐降低林木密度,把林分高径比降到0.7左右并维持在0.9以内,是提高森林抵抗雪灾能力的可行营林措施。     

Variation in density of Picea sitchensis in relation to within-tree trends in tracheid diameter and wall thickness

The influences of cambial age and ring width on density of Sitkaspruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr) were analysed in relationto within-tree trends in tracheid diameter and cell wall thickness.Discs were sampled at breast height from a total of 24 trees,from seven stands at three contrasting sites in Wales, and atbreast height, 30 per cent and 60 per cent total tree heightfrom one of the stands. Across the juvenile wood, ring density decreased with ring numberfrom the pith while radial tracheid diameter increased. Theseoverall trends were considered to be inherent to tree growth,presumably associated with cambial ageing, since they occurredin all trees on all sites. In juvenile wood, density also variedwith site growth rate (as indicated by ring width) at similarcambial age, wider rings being associated with more rapidrateof change in tracheid diameter with ring number and with decreasein tracheid wall thickness. Consequently, on a site having treeswith high growth rate density decreased more rapidly acrossthe juvenile wood, down to a lower minimum value, than on siteswith a slower growth rate. In mature wood, the decrease in densitywith increase in ring width was associated with differencesin both tracheid diameter and wall thickness. Density was slightly(though not significantly) higher at breast height than in comparablerings at 30 per cent total height, associated with significantlythicker tracheid walls at breast height. Changes in radial tracheid diameter (with ring number, or withring width) were associated with greater differences in theearlywood than towards the latewood end of each growth ring,while variations in wall thickness with ring width were associatedwith rate of increase in wall thickness towards the latewoodend. This may account for some previously conflicting reportson influence of silvicultural management on density, for densityis likely to vary with influence of environment on the seasonalcycle of cambial activity. The extent of the juvenile wood as delimited by the inner coreof wide growth rings does not necessarily correspond to theregion of varying tracheid dimensions in Sitka spruce.     

兴安落叶松母树林丰产型结构的研究

通过对兴安落叶松母树林丰产型结构、林木级结构与种子产量、偏雌偏雄母树性状及标准、母树林结构与种子产量和质量相关问题的研究，结果表明，30－40a兴安落叶松母树林丰产型结构是：Ⅰ级木占75％；Ⅱ级木占25％；偏雌母树占50％－60％。偏雄母树占10％，中间类型占40％左右。     

Age trends in the genetic parameters of wood density and the relationship with growth rates in hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) F1

Age trends in variance components and heritability of overall wood density, earlywood and latewood density, and latewood proportion were investigated in 29-year-old trees of 19 full-sib families of hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi) F₁. The age–age correlation and optimum selection age for these traits were also estimated and genetic and phenotypic correlations between wood density and radial growth rate were calculated for each growth ring. Intraring wood density data were obtained using X-ray densitometry. The coefficient of additive genetic variance was stable over all ages, whereas the coefficient of environmental variances gradually decreased with increasing age, resulting in increases in heritability estimates with age for overall density. The latewood proportion had the highest heritability estimates at all ages, ranging from 0.44 to 0.66. Overall density and its various components at 28 years of age showed strong genetic correlations with their respective traits at all younger ages. Optimum selection ages for the wood density traits ranged from 8 to 14 years, at which point maximum gain efficiencies per year were obtained. There were negative correlations between wood density and radial growth rate at early ages, although these relationships tended to be weaker with increasing age. These results suggest that selection at a young age is effective for wood density, but particular care must be taken in selecting trees with an improved radial growth rate because rapid growth will result in a low-density wood product, especially in the early growth period.     

Models for Predicting Wood Properties in Stems of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Sweden

To study and model the variation of wood properties, sample trees were selected from 42 Norway spruce and 20 Scots pine stands covering a wide variation in climatic and site conditions, stand maturation and tree sizes. Plot and tree measurements were followed by sampling wood from different heights in each sample tree and laboratory measurements of wood properties. Mixed linear and non-linear prediction models were developed using diameters, number of annual rings and climatic indices as explanatory variables. The variation in spruce properties explained by these variables was: basic density 50%, latewood content 52%, juvenile wood diameter 85%, heartwood diameter 94% and bark thickness 76%. The corresponding values for pine were 59, 54, 79, 92 and 85%. Random among-tree variance was an important contributor to the remaining variation for density and latewood. In general, only a minor part of the random variation was related to variance between stands. Predictions derived from the models for density and juvenile wood in both species, and heartwood in pine showed good agreement when validated with data sets from two other studies. The resulting models may be used for predicting wood properties in forest planning and in bucking computers in harvesters, provided that the essential information is available.