木材渗透性及其物理改善方法研究进展

木材是绿色环保可再生材料，固碳、降碳优势明显；但部分木材渗透性差，极大制约了木材的干燥、改性、浸渍处理等后续加工。改善木材渗透性可以节省加工成本，降低加工难度，有效提高木材的性能和功能。木材渗透性的物理改性方法是指通过外力破坏木材的薄弱结构，因其属于环境友好型且效率较高，近些年的研究也相对较多。文中总结了木材渗透性的影响因素(木材结构、加工工艺、流体性质)及改性方法，重点阐述了近几年研究较多的微波处理、超临界CO₂处理、超声波处理等物理改性方法的机理及研究进展，分析比较了不同物理改性方法之间的差异和研究中存在的问题，最后指出未来关于木材渗透性物理改性方法研究的潜在领域及发展方向，以期为木材渗透性改善技术的后续研究和应用提供参考。     

木材压缩改性技术研究进展

为改善速生材自身固有的缺陷,提升其利用价值,需对速生材进行强化改性处理。木材压缩改性技术作为一种木材物理强化改性方法,具有生产效率高、无化学污染和易于产业化生产等优点,是扩展速生材应用范围最具潜在商业价值的木材改性技术之一,已成为木材改性研究领域的前沿和热点。笔者在广泛阅读文献的基础上,对木材压缩强化改性方面的代表性成果进行了梳理和总结,主要从木材压缩改性类别、木材软化、压缩木定型、木材压缩工艺、压缩木材性能及应用等方面进行了深入广泛的论述。最后,基于木材压缩改性的应用现状,对压缩改性技术研究中存在的问题以及未来发展趋势进行了分析展望。木材压缩改性技术有必要在高效型木材压缩改性技术开发、复合型木材压缩改性技术开发和森林?压缩木价值链评估方面取得突破,这些突破对推动木材压缩改性技术向商业化发展以及实现压缩木的高附加值利用具有重大意义。     

浅谈微波和真空浸渍改性木材的原理和应用

介绍了木材物理改性的研究背景、方法和发展前景。木材改性中的物理方法有很多种,笔者着重介绍两种常见的处理方法即微波和真空浸渍处理改性,从原理和基本工艺出发,分析了这两种改性方法的应用现状,提出了微波-真空浸渍组合改性技术,并对这3种不同的改性技术进行分析比较。     

户外用木质材料改性研究进展

户外用木质材料需具备防腐、防虫、防霉、阻燃、干燥等特性,对木材进行改性处理可以保障其在户外使用时的质量和使用性能。通过分析和总结国内外学者研究成果,按户外用木质材料处理方式不同将木材改性处理方法分为化学改性和物理改性,化学改性主要包括防腐剂浸渍处理法、乙酰化处理法、糠醇处理法、氮羟甲基化合物处理法、石蜡改性法和热固性树脂改性法;物理改性主要包括热处理法和无机纳米粒子填充法,对以上各类改性方法、改性机理及改性木材的应用等相关研究进行了概述。     

改性木材命名规则探讨

澄清了改性木材的概念,指出其形态限于木材整体和单板;分析了胶压木的特性及名称,认为它不应归于改性木材;通过辨析现有改性木材的类别及名称,发现其存在“命名方法笼统、同物异名或同名异物、归类混乱”等问题;通过分析出现这些问题的原因,对改性木材命名规则进行了初步探讨,以便推动标准化工作和新材料的命名与推广。     

我国与欧洲热改性木材标准的比较

热改性是一种重要的实体木材物理改性方法,通过比较和分析我国与欧洲热改性木材标准在分类、外观质量要求、理化性能和耐腐性要求及检测方法等方面的差异,为我国热改性木材标准的制修订提供参考.     

木材改性及其干燥研究现状北大核心

为提高速生材材性,弥补其天然不足,木材改性成为一大研究热点。由于改性物质易堵塞木材水分迁移通道或改性剂团聚,木材干燥难度有所提高。本文从功能型改性和增强型改性两方面进行综述,对目前改性木材干燥现状及优化进行分析,以期为我国木材及改性木材干燥提供理论依据。     

糠醇改性处理对户外用木材耐老化性的影响研究

木材在户外使用过程中易发生材性劣化现象,糠醇改性是一种增强木材耐老化性能的环境友好型改性技术。总结了糠醇改性机理、工艺及糠醇改性处理对木材性能的影响;简述了户外用木材耐老化性研究,为糠醇改性材在户外的应用提供理论指导。     

热改性木材化学成分变化及其影响因素

木材易产生吸湿变形和腐朽等问题，影响其应用效果。热改性处理可有效提升木材的尺寸稳定性和耐久性，并具有无毒、环保的特点，是一种极具潜力的木材改性方法。文中综述了木材组分（纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、抽提物）在热改性过程中发生的化学变化，以及木材树种和部位、处理介质、处理温度和时间对木材热降解的影响。经不同热改性工艺处理后，木材的化学成分变化存在较大差异。探明热改性工艺、热改性材化学成分变化和性能之间的响应机制，将有助于开发或优化热改性技术，从而得到性能优异的热改性材，拓宽其应用领域。     

微波处理技术在木材功能化改性研究中的应用

微波处理可以有效改善木材的渗透性能,为木材的功能化改性研究提供有利条件。文中通过分析微波处理木材的原理与特点,总结分析了近年来国内外学者利用微波处理方法进行木材功能化改性的研究进展及其存在的问题;提出微波处理木材功能化改性研究的新方向与重点,旨在为木材功能化改性处理研究提供一种新的途径。     

化学转化木材为热塑性材料

木材是不溶不熔的材料。近年来研究发现通过适当的化学改性反应特别是经典的纤维素酯化和醚化反应对木材进行化学改性，可使木材转化为可溶可熔的新型热塑性高分子材料。这些热塑性木材可单独或与合成高聚物共混热压加工成型为各种形状的类塑料产品，或利用其热熔性制造自粘合型纤维板、微粒板或木板材。这些新发现为扩大木材的加工方法、劣废木材资源更有效的综合利用及提高木材的应用价值开辟了全新的途径，故已成为近１０多年来木材综合利用新技术研究开发的热点之一。本文综述了该领域的研究开发现状。     

Erratum to: Mechanical properties of wood in an unstable state due to temperature changes,and analysis of the relevant mechanism III: Effect of quenching on stress relaxation of chemically modified woods

In order to understand the mechanism of destabilization occurring when wood is quenched, we applied chemical modifications, and controlled the number of moisture adsorption sites in wood. The degree of destabilization was evaluated according to the fluidity (1-E _t/E ₀), increase in fluidity, and relative fluidity in relation to the nonmodified wood, and was discussed by comparing these quantities with the hygroscopicity or swelling of wood. We found that destabilization of chemically modified wood was lower than that in nonmodified wood, and the amount of adsorbed water controlled the magnitude of flow of wood. Moreover, according to the analysis of water state by the Hailwood-Horrobin equation, it was shown that the function of dissolved water to the fluidity is almost identical for both chemical modifications, whereas hydrated water has more effect on acetylated wood than on formaldehydetreated wood. We speculate that the motion of water molecules due to quenching accompanied with the redistribution of energy resulting from the exchange of their potential energy and movement to attain a new balance, and the introduced acetyl groups and cross-linking restrict the water molecule movement. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties of different European softwood and hardwood species

Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties like elemental composition, durability, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of different European softwood and hardwood species subjected to mild pyrolysis at 230 °C under nitrogen for different durations has been investigated. Independently of the wood species studied, elemental composition is strongly correlated with the mass losses due to thermal degradations which are directly connected to treatment intensity (duration). In all cases, an important increase in the carbon content associated with a decrease in the oxygen content was observed. Heat-treated specimens were exposed to several brown rot fungi, and the weight losses due to fungal degradation were determined after 16 weeks, while effect of wood extractives before and after thermal treatment was investigated on mycelium growth. ASE and EMC were also evaluated. Results indicated important correlations between treatment intensity and all of the wood conferred properties like its elemental composition, durability, ASE or EMC. These results clearly indicated that chemical modifications of wood cell wall polymers are directly responsible for wood decay durability improvement, but also for its improved dimensional stability as well as its reduced capability for water adsorption. All these modifications of wood properties appeared simultaneously and progressively with the increase in treatment intensity depending on treatment duration. At the same time, effect of extractives generated during thermal treatment on Poria placenta growth indicated that these latter ones have no beneficial effect on wood durability.     

Mechanical characterization of Pinus massoniana cell walls infected by blue-stain fungi using in situ nanoindentation

Characterizing the mechanical properties of wood cell walls will lead to better understanding and optimization of modifications made to wood infected by the blue-stain fungi.In this study,in situ nanoindentation was used to characterize the mechanical properties of the cell walls of Pinus massoniana infected by blue-stain fungi at the cellular level.The results show that in situ nanoindentation is an effective method for this purpose and that blue-stain fungi penetrate wood structures and degrade wood cell walls,significantly reducing the mechanical properties of the cell walls.The method can also be used to evaluate and improve the properties of other wood species infected by blue-stain fungi.     

化学改性淀粉基木材胶黏剂的研究概况

普通的淀粉胶黏剂耐水性和力学性能差,难以满足木材胶黏剂的使用要求,通过对其进行改性以提高其综合使用性能,从而开发廉价高性能淀粉基本材胶黏剂已成为人们研究的热点。笔者综述了国内外对淀粉的改性方法,重点介绍了化学改性的进展,并针对目前淀粉类胶黏剂普遍存在的问题指出了未来的发展方向。     

Relation of chemical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus nitens wood thermally modified in open and closed systems

ABSTRACT

In the present work, Eucalyptus nitens was thermally modified in an open (atmospheric pressure) and a closed (under pressure) reactor system. The effect of the changes of the chemical composition on the mechanical properties was investigated. Hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, extractives, acetic acid, formic acid, total phenols and the cellulose degree of polymerization (DP) as well as modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were measured for each modification. The results indicated that the closed system modification, particularly at high pressure, presented stronger variations on the chemical structure of the modified wood than the modifications in the open system. In both modifications, MOR showed a better correlation with the chemical changes than the MOE, especially xylose, cellulose DP, lignin and total phenols. These correlations suggest a tendency of a more brittle wood in the closed system modification at high pressure than in the modifications in the open system. Results can be used as a reference for future applications of thermally modified E. nitens wood.     

Effect of heat treatment on extracellular enzymatic activities involved in beech wood degradation by Trametes versicolor

Effect of heat treatment on extracellular enzymes involved in wood degradation by Trametes versicolor was investigated. Heat-treated and untreated beech blocks were exposed to T. versicolor on malt-agar medium and extracellular enzymatic activities investigated. A strong ABTS oxidizing activity has been detected during the first stage of colonization in both cases, while cellulase activities are mainly detected in the case of untreated beech wood. Further investigations carried out on holocellulose, isolated using sodium chlorite delignification procedure and subjected to heat treatment or not, indicate that commercially available cellulases and xylanases are able to hydrolyse untreated holocellulose, while heat-treated holocellulose was not affected. All these data suggest that chemical modifications of wood components during heat treatment disturb enzymatic system involved in wood degradation.     

Chemical modification of wood: A short review

For most markets for wood, it is used without any treatments or modifications. When wood is used in adverse environments, it may be treated with chemicals to help prevent decay, improve water resistance, reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation or increase fire retardancy. Many of these treatments involve the use of toxic or corrosive chemicals that can harm the environment. Chemical modification of wood provides an alternative by providing protection against water, decay, UV and thermal degradations by bonding chemicals to the cell wall polymers that do not leach out. Dimensional stability and decay resistance are two major properties that can be greatly improved by simple reactions with acetic anhydride.     

Chemical modification of wood: A short review

Abstract

For most markets for wood, it is used without any treatments or modifications. When wood is used in adverse environments, it may be treated with chemicals to help prevent decay, improve water resistance, reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation or increase fire retardancy. Many of these treatments involve the use of toxic or corrosive chemicals that can harm the environment. Chemical modification of wood provides an alternative by providing protection against water, decay, UV and thermal degradations by bonding chemicals to the cell wall polymers that do not leach out. Dimensional stability and decay resistance are two major properties that can be greatly improved by simple reactions with acetic anhydride.     

On the fracture morphology in wood

Summary Failure forms caused by axial ultimate compression stress in three softwood and nine hardwood species and in model specimens made of wood, paper and plastics are described. Three categories of failure forms are distinguished: 1. Wood characteristic failure forms are connected with the general anisotropic structure of the wood. 2. Failure forms specific to the species are modifications of the first category arising from predominant anatomical structures. 3. Modifications of the failure forms are also induced experimentally. The interdependence among the anatomical structure, strength characteristics and failure forms of the wood specimens are examined by statistical methods. The structure cipher introduced in this paper, as a numerical characteristic of the anatomical features of the wood species, is seen to be the most important influencing factor as regards the intensity and pattern of the fracture, followed in second and third place by the geometry of the specimen and its specific gravity. Specimen volume and other factors are shown to have only a marginal influence on the fracture morphology.The strength tests were carried out as part of a diploma thesis by K. Buchmüller. Also the assistance of E. Risi in measuring and evaluating is gratefully acknowledged