赤桉下胚轴不同再生途径建立研究

赤桉下胚轴不同再生途径建立研究表明，Ｂ５为基本培养基添加２，４－Ｄ１－２ｍｇ／Ｌ及２，４－Ｄ１－２ｍｇ／Ｌ附加ＫＴ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ可以诱导出愈伤组织，诱导率达１００％；６ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／ｌ与ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ配合使用，可使胚状体发生率达４２．８％。ＮＡＡ３ｍｇ／Ｌｇｎ ６ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的结合愈伤诱导率也为１００％，例题胚状体发生率只有１７．５％，器官发生率７５．０％。ＡｇＮＯ３０．０５％可促进     

蓝桉组织培养的研究

用蓝桉（Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓ ｇｌｏｂｕｈｕｓ）离体芽器官诱导培养，分化形成丛生芽、年繁殖系数３＾１２。０．１－０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的６－ＢＡ或０．５－０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＫＴ诱导外植体（带节茎段）腋芽萌动的效果最佳，诱导率分别达８０．３和８１．５％。１．５－２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的６－ＢＡ或２．０－２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＫＴ分别与０．５－１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＮＡＡ组合于促进腋芽分化形成丛生芽及继代培养中芽的增殖具有最佳效果     

非洲紫罗兰的离体培养

非洲紫罗兰茎段，嫩叶，叶柄接种到ＭＳ基本培养基中进行脱分化培养，附加０．１－２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的６－ＢＡ和０．０１－０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＮＡＡ，茎段分化出愈伤组织，继续培养形成小植株。６－ＢＡ１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ和ＮＡＡ０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ能有效提高小植株繁殖系数，６－ＢＡ０－０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ和ＮＡＡ０．５－１ｍｇ／Ｌ有利于根的形成和幼苗生长，试管苗移栽易成活。     

多酶核酸化妆品的制备方法

具有多种营养成分、易于被人体吸收、护肤、护发、美容效果好、既可外用又可内服的化妆品由我们研制出来，其制备方法介绍给大家，以共享资源。 多酶核酸化妆品含有下列成分，总糖０．５％～５％、总酸０．１％－０．６％、蛋白质１％～６％（以上均按重量计）、氨基酸总量５００ｍｇ／ｌ００ｍｌ～２６００ｍｇ／ｌ００ｍｌ、核酸５０ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ～ｌ０００ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ、多种维生素及微量元素。 多种维生素及微量元素为维生素（Ｂ１＋Ｂ２＋Ｂ６）０ ．６ｕｇ／１００ｍＬ－３ｕｇ／１００ｍＬ、钙８０ｍｇ／Ｌ－３００ｍｇ／Ｌ…     

苦丁茶的离体培养与快速繁殖

用苦丁茶萌蘖芽茎段进行离体快速繁殖，外植体采用０．１％氰霉素预处理，可有效地提高消毒效果。芽增殖培养基采用ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＫＴ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ调整为５．０有效高的增殖系数，生根培养基为１／２ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，能有效促进小芽生根，其移栽成活率可达９０％以上。     

四季海棠的组织培养

１植物名称：四季海棠（Begoniafibrous）。２材料类别：刚展平的嫩叶。３培养条件培养基：（单位：mg／L）（１）MS＋BA３＋２．４－D１，（２）MS＋BA２＋NAA０．２，（３）MS＋BA１＋NAA０．５，（４）MS＋BA１＋NAA０．１，（５）MS＋BA１＋２．４－D０．０５，（６）MS＋BA２＋２．４－D０．０５，（７）MS＋BA０．４＋NAA０．１，（８）１／２MS＋NAA０．５，（９）１／２MS＋BA０．０１。其中蔗糖浓度除培养（８）为２％，其余均为３％，琼脂为０．８％～１．０％，pH值为５．７～５．８，培养温度为２０±４…     

蓝桉组织培养的研究

用蓝桉（Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓｇｌｏｂｕｌｕｓ）离体芽器官诱导培养，分化形成丛生芽，年繁殖系数３￣（１２）。０．１～０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的６－ＢＡ或０．５～０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＫＴ诱导外植体（带节茎段）腋芽萌动的效果最佳，诱导率分别达８０．３％和８１．５％。１．５～２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的６～ＢＡ或２０～２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＫＴ分别与０．５～１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＮＡＡ组合，对于促进腋芽分化形成丛生芽及继代培养中芽的增殖具有最佳效果。培养基中的无机盐浓度、蔗糖含量对蓝桉试管苗的生根具有显著影响；ＩＢＡ促进蓝桉试管苗的生根。至目前为止，在１／２ＭＳ无机盐培养基＋ＩＢＡ１．２～１．４ｍｇ／Ｌ＋Ｓ５ｇ／Ｌ中诱导生根，生根率最高可达２６．４％。     

虎舌红的组织培养和植株再生

１植物名称虎舌红ArdisiamamillataHance犤１犦。２材料类别成年植株的茎段。３培养条件①MS＋６－BA３mg·L－１（单位下同）＋IBA１；②MS＋６－BA２＋IBA０．５；③MS＋６－BA１＋IBA０．２；④MS；⑤MS＋IBA０．５；⑥MS＋IBA１．０；⑦１／２MS。上述培养基①～⑥加蔗糖３０g·L－１，⑦加蔗糖２０g·L－１。各种培养基pH５．８，加６．５％的琼脂粉固化，培养温度２５℃～２８℃，每天光照１２～１３h，光照强度１５００～２０００Lx犤２犦。４生长与分化情况１）无菌材料的获得从母株上采集当年抽出的新枝，去叶片…     

马尖相思离体培养再生植株的研究

用马尖相思（Ａｃａｃｉａ ｍ ａｎｇｉｕｍ ）１０ 年龄树芽器官为外植体,通过组织培养直接诱导不定芽产生,并获得根茎叶齐全的试管苗。剪取当年枝条的自顶芽往下依次带节的茎段培养,以第二、第三节茎段诱导芽萌动率高而快;芽诱导培养基为改良ＭＳ＋ ６－ＢＡ ２ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ＋ ＮＡＡ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,芽诱导率９０％ ;芽增殖培养基为改良ＭＳ＋ ６－ＢＡ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ＋ ＮＡＡ ０．２５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ＋ ＶＢ２ ５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ＋ Ｖｃ ４ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,芽增殖倍数４．８ 倍;生根培养基为１／２ ＭＳ＋ ＡＢＴ ２ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ＋ ＩＢＡ ０．２ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ＋Ａｃ ０．１％ ,生根率９７．０％ ;黄心土为试管苗最佳移栽基质,成活率达到８５％ 。     

菠萝果皮蛋白酶的活性研究

用丹宁沉淀法提取菠萝果皮蛋白酶，须经过多次洗涤、保护和激活，使酶从其复合物中游离出来。研究结果测得干酶得率约０．１７％，皮汁酶活性一般为０．０４万／ｇ，干酶活性约２０万／ｇ，果皮蛋白酶酶促反应最适条件为：ｐＨ５．５－６．５，温度≤６０℃。在一般室温下，酶促反应达到最大速度时间，鲜汁约１ｈ，干酶约需１ｈ－１．５ｈ。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.