温度对抗性二点叶螨种群生命力和繁殖力影响的研究

将二点叶螨的三种性种群所产生的卵分别置于１６℃、２１℃、２６℃、３１℃、３６℃的条件下系统饲养。结果表明：温度对抗性二点叶螨的发育有明显的刺激效应,刺激效应从大到小依次为：产卵前期、卵期、幼螨期、成螨期、若螨期、产卵期,２６℃时刺激效应最低。与敏感种群相比,不同温度下的各抗性种群发育历期缩短率分别为：甲氰菊酯种群为２０．２８％、氧化乐果种群为２３．２１％、螨嗪菊酯种群为３５．６５％,各抗生种群在２６℃时的产卵期最长,产卵量最高。各抗性种群在不同温度条件下的产卵量和产卵期均低于敏感种群,表现出明显的生殖不利性。     

竹缺爪螨实验种群生命表的研究

在25℃温度条件下，用黄金间碧竹（Bambusa vulgaris cv.vittata)叶饲养竹缺爪螨（Aponychus corpuzae Rimando)，应用生存分析理论和多维矩阵模型组建竹缺爪螨种群生命表，计算得种群主要参数为：内禀增长率rm＝0．0811，净增殖率R0＝5．8368，平均世代长度T＝21．7532d，周限增长率λ=1.0845/d；并分析了种群在不同年龄的生命状态，各发育期重叠情况以及稳定的年龄一阶段分布；最后讨论了应用这2种方法组建螨类生命表的优点。     

竹盲走螨、胡瓜钝绥螨对毛竹害螨的控制作用研究

应用实验种群生命表数据分析毛竹林本土优势种竹盲走螨和引进种胡瓜钝绥螨对毛竹4种害螨南京裂爪螨、竹裂爪螨、竹缺爪螨、竹刺瘿螨的控制能力。结果表明①胡瓜钝绥螨取食上述4种害螨的世代存活率分别为90．4％、77．55％、87．93％、81．63％，每雌总产卵量分别为38．12粒、45．77粒、35．59粒、30．26粒，而乡土优势种竹盲走螨取食上述4种害螨的世代存活率分别为95．23％、100％、87．7％、80．48％，每雌总产卵量分别为44．5、46．8、41．15、20．1粒；②竹盲走螨以南京裂爪螨为猎物时其内禀增长率(0．155)与引进种胡瓜钝绥螨(0．154)相近，均明显高于南京裂爪螨(0．1089)；③竹盲走螨以竹裂爪螨为猎物其内禀增长率(0．152)与胡瓜钝绥螨(0．152)相同但明显低于竹裂爪螨(0．192)；④竹盲走螨以竹缺爪螨为猎物时其内禀增长率为(0．148)明显低于引进种胡瓜钝绥螨(0．175)和其猎物(0．185)；⑤竹盲走螨取食竹刺瘿螨易大量逃跑，雌螨产卵量低，引进种胡瓜钝绥螨取食竹刺瘿螨能正常生长发育，但是其内禀增长率(0．144)明显低于其取食上述其余3种害螨的内禀增长率，产卵量高于当地种竹盲走螨，并描述1998年以来每年5—6月助迁人工繁殖的胡瓜钝绥螨控制毛竹害螨蔓延的效果。     

山楂叶螨种群动态及其危害研究

１５ａ的研究结果表明：在冀中南部果产区,山楂叶螨种群消长呈单峰曲线,不同年份或同一年份不同果园的发生高峰不同,梨、桃园发生在６月下旬至７月中旬,苹果园发生在６月中旬至８月上旬。发生高峰的温湿度界限指标是旬日均温度２６．１４±２．１１℃,日均相对湿度６１．６７％±８．９２％;在发育起点温度（９．２℃）与界限指标温度范围内,种群增长与有效积温呈高度正相关,符合线性函数ｌｏｇｙ＝－３．５５７４＋２．５１９５ｌｏｇｘ,在果园和树冠内的种群空间分布属聚集型;山楂叶螨危害苹果、梨、桃树造成早期落叶的螨口指标分别是叶均３１．７９、３２．３４、１９．４７头（均指雌成螨）,叶片被害指数分别为６１．２７％、６０．０７％和５８．０１％。     

南京裂爪螨丝膜数量消长及空间格局时序动态

林间调查分析结果表明：①南京裂爪螨丝膜数量消长与该螨种群一致，在年周期中有2个高峰期，分别是3月和9—11月，4—8月处于较底的水平；②丝膜数量与气温呈极显著相关(r＝-0．6187)；②一年中大多数时期南京裂爪螨丝膜呈聚集分布，仅5—8月呈均匀分布或接近于均匀分布，并具有明显的高度聚集分布—均匀分布—低度聚集分布—高度聚集分布周期；④丝膜的分布C值与气温及降雨量呈显著相关(r＝—0．5403，—0．4530)。     

竹缺爪螨危害对毛竹生理生化影响的初步研究

本文报道毛竹上重要害螨一竹缺爪螨ＡｐｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｏｒｐｕｚａｅＲｉｍａｎｄａ）危害对毛竹生理生化影响。研究表明：毛竹叶片受害程度与叶绿素含量,还原糖含量,总糖含量,含水量呈明显负相关关系。其数学模型分别为：Ｙ叶绿素＝１．５－０．２１８５Ｘ（Ｒ＝－０．９７）;Ｙ总糖＝４．５８６－０．８１Ｘ（Ｒ＝－０．９８）;Ｙ还原糖＝３．１４３－０．３８６８Ｘ（Ｒ＝－０．９４）;Ｙ含水量＝３０．４９－５．１５Ｘ（Ｒ＝－０．９０）。并对综合治理提出对策。     

从实验种群生命表的参数分析毛竹害螨暴发成灾的成因

研究分析南京裂爪螨、竹裂爪螨、竹缺爪螨在20℃、25℃、32℃温度条件下实验种群生命表，结果表观：温度是影响这三种害螨总产卵量、世代存活率、生殖力以及种群增长指数的重要因素之一。三种害螨的共同天敌竹盲走螨在25℃条件下分别以这三种害螨为猎物的实验种群生命表，并进行比较，结果表明：①竹盲走螨以南京裂爪螨为猎物其净增殖率(Ro=22．35)，内禀增长率(rm=0．155)，周限增长率(λ=1．168)均高于南京裂爪螨(Ro=20．84，rm=0．089，λ=1．094)，而种群倍增时间（t=4．466)低于南京裂爪螨（t=7．704)，因此在林间能有效地控制南京裂爪螨种群的增长；②竹盲走螨以竹裂爪螨为猎物，其净增殖率(Ro=28．35)、内禀增长率(rm=0．152)、周限增长率(λ=1．164)均低于竹裂爪螨（Ro=39．28，rm=0．192，λ=1．212)，而种群倍增时间（t=4．5659)高于竹裂爪螨(t=3．6037)，因此在林间猎物处于高密度时不能完全有效地控制竹裂爪螨种群的增长；③竹盲走螨以竹缺爪螨为猎物，其净生殖率(Ro=21．89)与竹缺爪螨(Ro=21．89)相近，而内禀增长率(rm=0．148)，周限增长率(λ=1．160)低于竹缺爪螨(rm=0．185，λ=1．203)，种群倍增时间(t=4．6753)高于竹缺爪螨(t=3．752)，因此在林间竹缺爪螨密度较高时不能很好地控制竹缺爪螨种群密度的增长。最后从混交林、纯竹林、地面垦复与天敌的关系进行分析，揭示毛竹林近年害螨暴发成灾的成因之一，提出修复的措施。     

生态因子对针叶小爪螨的影响

本文研究了温度，光照，降雨，板栗品种等生态因子对针叶小爪螨ｏｌｉｇｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｕｎｕｎｇｕｉｓ（Ｊａｃｏｂｉ）生长发育和种群消长的影响，明确了不同温度下的发育历期，死亡率，寿命，单雌产卵量，光照时间对滞育的作用以及降雨对螨口密度的影响等内容，研究了不同板栗品种对该螨的抗性，并调查了针叶小瓜螨的主要天敌种类。     

生态因子对针叶小爪螨的影响

本文研究了温度、光照、降雨、板栗品种等生态因子对针叶小爪螨ｏｌｉｇｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｕｎｕｎｇｕｉｓ（Ｊａｃｏｂｉ）生长发育和种群消长的影响，明确了不同温度下的发育历期、死亡率、寿命、单雌产卵量，光照时间对滞育的作用以及降雨对螨口密度的影响等内容，研究了不同板栗品种对该螨的抗性，并调查了针叶小爪螨的主要天敌种类。     

不同柏树对柏小爪螨寄主选择及生长发育的影响

用“Y”形嗅觉仪研究了柏小瓜螨对4种柏树的选择性，用继代饲养法研究了不同柏树对其生长发育的影响。结果表明该螨对柏树的选择性以侧柏为最强（选择率71％），其次为千头柏（67％）、龙柏（60％），对北美圆柏的选择率最低（38％）；在侧柏、千头柏、龙柏、北美圆柏上F1，F2代的平均单雌产卵量依次为48．0，49．5，42．5，44．7，35．6，30．0，15．4，11．9粒；幼螨至成螨的死亡率依次为45．9％，50．0％，59．5％，58．1％，65．0％，69．1％，76．0％，88．9％；雌雄比在北美圆柏上F1、F2代差异较大，分别为1：1．2和1：3．5。幼螨至成螨的发育历期在北美圆柏上最长，为9～10d，比其他3种延长1～3．5d。     

油茶苗圃炭疽病原菌鉴定及抗药性

【目的】探讨中国油茶苗圃炭疽病原菌种类,揭示油茶苗圃炭疽病菌抗药性,为其防治提供依据和指导。【方法】分离油茶苗圃炭疽病菌,并对分离菌株的ApMat基因进行PCR扩增和测序,通过对序列系统发育分析鉴定炭疽病原菌种类;采用区分剂量法测定所有菌株对杀菌剂多菌灵、乙霉威、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的抗药性。【结果】湖南、江西、海南和广东4个省份分离的95株的油茶苗圃炭疽病病原菌主要是果生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum fructicola)、暹罗炭疽菌(C.siamense)、山茶炭疽菌(C.camelliae)和胶胞炭疽菌(C.gloeosporioides)4个种,其中炭疽病菌分布范围最广、分离数量最多(83株,占总分离菌株的87.4%)。抗药性测定结果表明,对多菌灵产生抗性的菌株有31个,占总分离菌株的32.6%;对戊唑醇产生了抗性的菌株有31株,占总分离菌株的32.6%。其中对多菌灵和戊唑醇这2种杀菌剂均具有抗性的菌株有6株,占总分离菌株的6.3%;对多菌灵、乙霉威和戊唑醇3种杀菌剂均有抗性的菌株有2株,占所有分离菌株的2.1%。但所有95个菌株对咪鲜胺敏感,说明目前苗圃油茶炭疽病菌尚未对咪鲜胺产生抗药性。29个高抗多菌灵而对乙霉威敏感菌株第198位氨基酸由谷氨酸(Glu)突变为丙氨酸(Ala),2株对多菌灵和乙霉威具有双重抗药性的菌株第200位氨基酸由苯丙氨酸(Phe)突变为酪氨酸(Tyr)。【结论】我国油茶苗圃炭疽病菌已对多菌灵/乙霉威和戊唑醇产生严重的抗药性,但对咪鲜胺尚未检测到抗药性。     

Basis and monitoring of methoxyfenozide resistance in the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta

The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is heavily targeted by insecticide applications. Methoxyfenozide is highly effective against T. absoluta with reduced side effects to natural enemies. This work aimed to (1) genetically and biochemically characterize resistance of the T. absoluta GBN population to methoxyfenozide, (2) establish cross resistance profiles with other insecticide groups and (3) monitor resistance in populations with the goal of improving T. absoluta insecticide resistance management (IRM). Methoxyfenozide resistance was completely recessive, polyfactorial and autosomal. Effective dominance revealed that 10 mg methoxyfenozide/L would be enough to eliminate susceptible homozygotes and heterozygotes, thus used to diagnose resistance in field populations. The synergism of methoxyfenozide toxicity in the resistant population for PBO (SR?=?95×), DEF (SR?=?51×) and DEM (SR?=?45×), suggested monooxygenases, esterases and glutathione S-transferases as resistance mechanisms. However, only monooxygenase activity appeared to be involved in methoxyfenozide resistance. Resistance ratio for methoxyfenozide (2352-fold) after selection and cross-resistance ratios of a lab-selected GBN strain (“GBN-Sel”) were significant relative to a susceptible strain “JDR1-Sus” for tebufenozide (656-fold), cartap hydrochloride (10.68-fold), deltamethrin (4.70-fold), abamectin (2.65-fold), lufenuron (2.22-fold) and indoxacarb (1.92-fold), with negative cross-resistance to spinetoram (0.32-fold). Evidence of control failures was observed in 10 field populations of T. absoluta (mortalities between 13 and 76%), and all populations showed frequencies of resistant phenotypes (percentage survivorship ranging between 4 and 96%). A rational basis for managing resistance to bisacylhydrazines is discussed, along with details of recommended T. absoluta resistance management tactics.

     

Field resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and four newer chemistry insecticides in Hunan, China

The present studies were carried out to evaluate resistance in the populations of Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from five districts of Hunan Province in China to various insecticides from 2010 to 2012 using a standard leaf dip bioassay method. For organophosphates and pyrethroids, resistance ratios compared with a susceptible Lab-BJ strain were in the range of 14–229-fold for organophosphates and 12–227-fold for pyrethroids. Similarly, relative low levels of resistance to emamectin, indoxacarb, and chlorfenapyr were observed in all five populations. In contrast, the resistance to carbamates (thiodicarb or methomyl) was significantly higher than that of organophosphates, pyrethroids and newer chemistry insecticides. The pairwise correlation coefficients of LC₅₀ values indicated that the newer chemistry insecticides and old generation insecticides were not significant except abamectin, which was negatively significantly correlated with methomyl. A significant correlation was observed between thiodicarb, methomyl, and deltamethrin, whereas resistance to bifenthrin showed no correlations with resistance to other insecticides except deltamethrin. The results are discussed in relation to integrated pest management for S. litura with special reference to management of field evolved resistance to insecticides.     

Inheritance and detoxification enzyme levels in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) strain selected with chlorpyrifos

Changes in insecticide susceptibilities and detoxifying enzyme activities were measured in a strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch following repeated exposure to the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. Twelve consecutive selection at the LC₆₀ of the parental strain increased resistance from 8.58 to 91.45 fold. The interaction of some synergists [piperonyl butoxide, triphenyl phosphate and S-benzyl-O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate (IBP)] with chlorpyrifos was analyzed in the selected strain. Solely IBP showed a low synergistic effect with chlorpyrifos. The selected strain also demonstrated resistance against abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate. The mode of resistance inheritance to chlorpyrifos was found to be incompletely dominant, and not sex-linked. Non-specific esterase enzyme activity was raised from 19.35 to 33.59 mOD/min/mg proteins during the selection period and it was observed that esterase band intensities visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis increased. This study has investigated the selection of resistance to chlorpyrifos and documented resistance to abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate in Turkish T. urticae. Esterase enzymes may be playing a role in chlorpyrifos resistance while glutathione S-transferase (GST) and P450 enzymes do not appear to have any significant involvement.     

栗苞蚜在日照的发生规律及防治试验

栗苞蚜Moritziella castaneivora Miyazaki于2004年在日照首次发现。该虫1 a发生10～13代。对日本栗的各个品种危害都很严重,也危害中国板栗,但危害程度较轻,且仅局限在日本栗引种栽培区附近。选用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、5%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、15%哒螨灵乳油和25%三唑锡可湿性粉剂等5种常规药剂进行田间防治试验,结果表明吡虫啉防治效果最好,其次是啶虫脒、阿维菌素。专业杀蚜药剂的防治效果明显好于专业杀螨药剂。     

Resistance evaluation of walnut (Juglans spp.) against Xanthomonas arboricola and the correlation between leaf structure and resistance

Walnut blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting walnut quality and production. A screen of 18 walnut genotypes for leaf resistance to Xaj suggested species independent variation and revealed four highly resistant (HR) cultivars (‘96’, ‘91’, ‘Chuanzao2’ and ‘Qingxiang’), while ‘Yanyuanzao’ and ‘Xiangling’ were highly susceptible (HS). Further correlation analyses were carried out on the 18 genotypes. Stomata length (SL) (r = .686, p < .05) and stomatal area (SA) (r = .596, p < .05) had significant positive correlations with disease severity index (DSI), suggesting that the length and density of stomata affected the speed and number of pathogens invading the leaves. The highly susceptible genotypes had a significantly lower thickness ratio of spongy to palisade tissue (P/S) (1.50). When compared to resistant genotypes (1.69), the P/S value had a significant negative correlation with the DSI (r = ?.631, p < .05). Denser spongy tissue and more developed palisade tissue were indicative of higher resistance for the genotype. The stomata breadth (SB), stomata density (SD) and wax content (WC) each had no correlation with resistance. Maximum SW, SD and TU and minimum WC were found in HS genotypes, such as ‘Xiangling’ and ‘Yanyuanzao’. The leaf thickness (LT), the thickness of the abaxial epidermis (TL), the thickness of stratum corneum (LCT), the tissue structure tense ratio (CTR) and tissue structure loose ratio (SR) did not correlate with resistance. These findings not only provide information to facilitate our understanding of Xaj resistance but also lay the foundation for breeding Xaj‐resistant walnut in the future.     

Antifungal activity of commercial disinfectants against a benomyl-tolerant strain ofTrichoderma harzianum

A benomyl-tolerant strain (94110Tr) ofTrichoderma spp. was isolated from airborne fungi in a growing room for sawdust-based cultivation ofLentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler in Hokkaido. The strain was identified asT. harzianum Rifai, so the antifungal activity of benomyl (BEN), thiabendazole (TBZ), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG), and glutaraldehyde (GLA) were tested against six strains ofT. harzianum, including 94110Tr. It was found that 94110Tr was more resistant than the others not only to BEN but also to TBZ, but it had no explicit tolerance to BAC, CHG, or GLA, similar to the other strains. CHG and GLA showed potent antifungal activity against most of the six strains. It is estimated that CHG and GLA are available for disinfection of the benomyl-tolerant strains ofT. harzianum found in edible-mushroom factories.Part of this paper was presented at the 24th annual meeting of the Society for Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Toyonaka, Japan, May 1997     

Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from a traditional anti-tuberculosis medicinal herb inhibits drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro

Many plants are used in Ayurveda for the treatment of tuberculosis. Our aim was to examine if these plants possess any specific molecule that inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One of them, Kaempferia galanga, yielded an anti-TB molecule, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC). By resazurin microtitre assay (REMA), EPMC was shown to inhibit M. tuberculosis H37Ra, H37Rv, drug susceptible and multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates (MIC 0.242-0.485 mM). No cross resistance was observed to any standard anti-TB drugs in the MDR strains. The compound did not inhibit any prototype bacteria tested. EPMC seems to be a potential anti-TB lead molecule.     

低温胁迫下羊蹄甲和洋紫荆家系叶片相对电导率的变化

羊蹄甲Bauhinia purpurea和洋紫荆Bauhinia variegata是羊蹄甲属常见的景观树种,为研究其不同家系的抗寒能力,利用电导法分别对半年生实生苗进行人工低温胁迫试验。结果表明:随着低温胁迫的加重,各家系的叶片相对电导率整体呈上升趋势,且不同家系叶片的相对电导率增长速率不同,表明低温胁迫下各家系叶片的质膜受损程度不同。结合其形态特征变化和后期恢复速度,发现羊蹄甲Y15、洋紫荆G48、G26、G34家系的叶片相对电导率上升幅度较小,低温胁迫后恢复生长情况良好,表明其抗寒性较强。     

杨树品比试验的天牛危害状况差异分析

本文以湖北省潜江市林科所营建的以抗天牛品系选育为主要目的的杨树对比试验林3a生的调查数据为基础,记载每木树高、胸高直径和树皮形状指数和受害状况指数等形质指标,分别空间和品系间的天牛危害程度是否存在差异进行方差分析。同时尝试运用“日本林木育种中心”开发的LSAB软件和选择指数法,分别“树高、胸径、树皮形状、被害状况”等联合形状指标对生长较好,抗性较强的无性系进行了初步选育。