立地条件对落叶松人工林生长的影响

通过对日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)人工林在不同立地条件下的生长调查,结果表明,日本落叶松在生长过程中,受土层厚度、林地位置、立地指数等多方面因素的制约:厚层土胸径年生长量比中层土和薄层土高9.2%～26.7%,树高年生长量高21.8%～44%;生长在N坡,坡度较缓、山地下腹为优;在不同的立地指数级中,生长差异明显,18以上指数级比14～18指数级胸径生长量高25.4%,比14以下指数级胸径生长量高33.8%,树高生长量,18以上指数级比14～18指数级高26.7%,比14以下指数级高36.3%。培育日本落叶松人工林,选择优质立地条件不但可提高林木的生长速度,又能促使林木优质高产。     

日本落叶松人工林生物量及器官分配规律的研究

对日本落叶松人工林生物量的调查研究表明，区域、立地、密度、林龄对落叶松生物量及器官分配均有较大影响。辽东地区的日本落叶松林生物量和树干生物量显著高于辽北、辽南和辽西地区；林分的生物量随立地条件的改善而加大；各地位级林分的生物量均随年龄的增加而呈上升的趋势；密度最适林分生物量最大；活地被物生物量与枯枝落叶层的现存量均以近熟林较高。     

杜仲人工林生物量及生产力研究

对贵州遵义、湖南慈利２６－２７年生杜促人工林进行２ａ的生物量研究，调查标准地２０块测定样木８０株，叶面积７１组。研究结果表明，立地条件好的大于立地条件差的生物量；相同立地条件下，干、枝生物量比例随年龄增大而增加，叶、根生物量下降，而皮的生物量却保持较为恒定的比例，其中根皮量可占总皮量３０％左右，采代更新时应时加利用；用一林分中，生物量最大的为优势木，其次为中级木，最小的为被压木。通过林分密度调控和     

兴安落叶松天然林树冠生长特性分析

分析兴安落叶松天然林分级木和林分冠生长特性,建立冠幅生长及单株冠、枝、叶生物量模型。结果表明:1)年龄36～39年、密度983～3263株·hm-2林分和年龄54～61年、密度1101～2241株·hm-2林分,随林分密度增加,分级木冠幅差距趋于减小;冠长占树高比例及冠长与冠幅比值增加;优势木、平均木和被压木平均冠积分别达22.479,15.296,6.179和26.864,11.154,8.192m3。2)年龄36～39年和54～61年林分优势木、平均木和被压木平均单株冠生物量分别为0.0082,0.0049,0.0009和0.0079,0.0038,0.0014t;占单株地上生物量平均比例分别达18.5%,24.2%,17.3%和15.9%,12.0%,20.5%。3)单株冠生物量分配中,枝比例高于叶比例,并因分级木不同而不同。年龄36～39年和54～61年林分,优势木、平均木、被压木枝生物量比例分别为76.6%,74.7%,66.6%和76.8%,73.3%,71.4%;叶生物量比例分别为23.4%,25.3%,33.4%和23.2%,26.7%,28.6%。4)年龄36～39年和54～61年林分,林分...     

华北落叶松人工幼林林分密度与生物量的关系

华北落叶松（larix principis—rupprechtii Mayr．）是燕山山地的主要树种，生态和经济效益显著。以河北木兰林管局境内13a生华北落叶松人工幼林为研究对象，用样方调查的方法对立地条件相同密度分别为1800、2400和3000株／hm^2的3种林分生物量进行研究，结果表明：林分总生物量随密度的增大而增大，低、中、高3种密度林分总生物量分别为21180．6、26724．6和31352．4kg/hm^2；乔木层生物量最大，占总生物量的98．9％，草本层次之，占0．7％，灌木层最少，仅占0．4％；林木平均木生物量随密度的增大略微减少，密度由低到高其平均木生物量依次为11537．5、11077．3和10357．8g/株；各密度林分乔木层各器官生物量均存在W干〉W枝〉W根〉W叶〉W皮的分布规律；3种密度的林分生物量结构特征基本相同，3000株／hm^2的林分结构合理，更能达到丰产的目的。     

林龄和立地条件对杉木林乔木层生物量分配的影响

于2010—2019年，采用样地调查法对福建省三明市将乐县国有林场杉木人工林的地况因子、林况因子及乔木层的生物量进行调查；通过构建引入林龄和地位指数的相容性生物量模型，估算杉木林乔木层各组分生物量，研究各组分生物量分配规律与立地条件和林龄之间的关系。结果表明：引入林龄和地位指数的相容性生物量模型，能够更好地反映林龄和立地条件对生物量异速生长规律和分配的影响；杉木各组分生物量的分配比例受林分林龄的影响显著，其中干材、树皮生物量占比随林龄的增大而增大，树叶、树根则相反，树枝生物量占比先增加后减小；除树枝外，立地条件不会改变各组分生物量占比随林龄的变化趋势，但会影响各组分生物量占比大小。在立地条件较好的林分中，树干生物量占比较大，树叶、树根的分配则相反。研究结果可为杉木人工林碳汇经营提供参考。     

伏牛山区日本落叶松生长规律研究

应用灰色系统理论中的ＧＭ（１，１）模型和Ｖｅｒｈｕｌｓｔ模型，分析了日本落叶松在豫西伏牛山区不同立地条件下的生长过程，结果表明：日本落叶松前期生长为指数曲线，后期生长为对数曲线，全期生长为Ｓ型曲线；日本落叶松生长状况、速生期及数量成熟随立地条件而异。     

内蒙古东南部山地人工林造林立地质量评价

调查了内蒙古东南部山地主要造林树种华北落叶松、兴安落叶松、油松、樟子松人工林立地条件和林分生长情况,依据立地因子（海拔高度、土壤类型、土层厚度、坡向、坡度）和林分因子（优势木高、树龄）,应用统计学方法划分了造林立地类型,用样地资料拟合了4个针叶树种的生长模型,分别编制了适宜该区的立地指数表,并对该区针叶树造林立地质量做出了评价。研究表明,内蒙古东南部山地针叶树人工林中57.11%的立地质量处于中等水平,近30%立地质量较差,仅有13.22%的林分生产力水平处于优等水平。     

四川盆地中山地带日本落叶松林分生产力研究

本文根据日本落叶松人工林林分蓄积量、生产力与林龄、立地条件、林分密度等因子的关系,选取21个样地,采用标准地调查、树干解析方法对其人工林的蓄积量、生产力以及与立地条件之间的关系进行了较为系统的研究。研究表明:日本落叶松人工林在四川盆地中山地带生长良好,林分生产力与林分所处立地条件、林分密度、经营管理等密切相关。     

日本落叶松林分和基因资源保存林研究

笔者通过了1989~2004年间对日本落叶松林分和基因资源保存林研究,试验结果表明林分间生长差异大,从日本落叶松112个林分中选肓出最优良林分11个,14a生材积比对照提高22.5%。现保存有111个林分,共有4689株林木。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.