檫木家系生长、叶色遗传变异及优良家系选择

以檫木半同胞家系为材料,揭示家系苗期生长、叶片颜色和叶片色素等主要性状变异规律,并利用层次分析方法对其进行综合评价。研究结果表明,檫木生长性状中的叶量、苗高、基径和分枝数,叶片颜色中的叶色a*值、叶色b*值和叶色L值在家系间具有显著的差异;以上7个性状受中度以上的遗传力控制。叶片花色素苷含量、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素含量在家系间差异不显著,并且具有较低的广义遗传力,说明这3个性状受环境影响较大。通过层次分析法对檫木家系进行综合评价,筛选出苗期表现比较优异的家系。檫木家系间生长和叶色性状遗传变异丰富,遗传改良潜力较大,并筛选出来自浙江和安徽的3个优良家系。     

氮素营养对马褂木家系苗木生长效应分析

选用来自贵州黎平马褂木优良种源的23个优树自由授粉家系,设置低氮素和高氮素2种水平的盆栽试验,以研究马褂木家系苗生长对氮素营养的遗传反应差异及所受遗传控制.结果表明:不同氮素水平下,马褂木苗的生长、干物质积累、叶片和根系等性状皆存在显著的家系遗传差异;低氮胁迫将显著抑制马褂木苗叶片发育和根系生长,影响苗高生长和干物质积累,但低氮素水平下生产的光合产物则较多地分配至地下根系部分以促进对氮素的吸收利用;与高氮处理比较,低氮胁迫加大了苗木生长、叶片和根系参数等家系遗传分化,有利于鉴别高氮效率的马褂木优良家系.马褂木家系氮效率差异很大,变化在17.5%～98.8%间,初选出乌10等8个高氮效率且在低氮素水平下生长优良的家系,以及乌11等12个氮肥敏感型而在高氮素水平下生长优良的家系.研究发现,低氮素水平下马褂木苗高、干物质积累量、叶片性状(叶片数、叶片长、叶片宽)、根系参数(根体积、侧根数和须根数)等都受中到强度的家系遗传控制,可用这些子性状评价马褂木家系氮效率.     

木荷优树子代苗期生长遗传和变异研究

利用设置在福建建瓯、浙江龙泉和淳安3个试验点的96～141个木荷优树自由授粉家系苗期测定材料,以研究和揭示其苗木生长和叶片形态性状的家系遗传变异规律.方差分析结果显示,木荷苗高、地径、叶片数、叶片长和叶片宽等在家系间的遗传差异皆达到极显著水平.性状遗传力估算值显示,苗高和叶片长分别受中等和较强的家系与加性遗传控制,而地径、叶片数和叶片宽等则受弱度至中等的家系和加性遗传控制.试验观测到,与来自较北部和较高海拔地区的家系比较,来自较南部和低海拔地区的家系在各区试点的苗木生长量大、叶片宽大、叶片数多,说明木荷苗木生长和叶片形态的家系效应中还存在明显的产地效应.木荷苗高和地径等不仅立地效应显著,而且存在显著的家系与立地互作效应.基于家系苗期测定结果,以苗高为标准,分别为水热条件较好的中心产区(福建建瓯)、一般产区(浙江龙泉)和水热资源较差的北缘区(浙江淳安)初选出20个速生的优良家系.     

风吹楠叶片性状变异分析

对风吹楠6个家系2年生苗木叶片的10个性状进行测定,分析了家系间和家系内叶片性状变异规律。结果表明:风吹楠家系间各叶片性状存在不同程度的变异,各性状变异大小依次为叶面积叶柄长/叶长比叶面积叶长/叶宽宽基距/叶长叶长叶脉数叶厚叶宽脉左宽/叶宽;各叶片性状在家系间和家系内(除脉左宽/叶宽外)均达到α=0.01极显著水平,家系内的表型分化系数(61.21%)高于家系间,为其叶片性状的主要变异来源;风吹楠10个叶片表型性状间两两相关性较大,为种质资源鉴定指标优化提供了一个依据。     

尾叶桉种源─家系生长与抗风性选择

对尾叶桉11个种源174个家系2 3年生试验林的生长与抗风性进行了测定,结果表明:尾叶桉种源间、家系间、区组间的差异以及种源与区组、家系与区组的交互作用均极显著。台风对尾叶桉的危害主要表现在造成风折,占整个试验林木的22 5%。尾叶桉种源 家系的生长性状与其抗风性能呈显著的负相关;通过对174个家系的生长和抗风性的综合指数选择,初步选出了32个适合粤西生长的既抗风、生长又快的家系。     

橡胶树无性系苗期生长和叶片表型性状比较分析

比较分析了云南河口和景洪2个试验点橡胶树无性系生长和叶片表型性状的差异,旨在揭示不同地理环境下橡胶树无性系苗期生长和叶片性状的表型可塑性。以9个橡胶树无性系苗木为试材,分别测定了2个试验点内苗木的茎粗、株高、叶蓬数、叶面积、叶周长、叶长、叶宽、长宽比、比叶面积和叶片组织相对含水量。结果表明,参试的9个无性系在单个试验点内生长和叶片性状等10个指标差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01)或显著水平(P0.05);而2个试验点间茎粗、株高、叶长、叶周长和长宽比差异达极显著水平(P0.01),叶蓬数、叶面积、叶片相对含水量和比叶面积差异达显著水平(P0.05),叶宽差异未达到显著水平;河口试验点苗木的茎粗、株高、叶蓬数、叶面积、叶周长、叶长及长宽比均大于景洪试验点,而比叶面积和叶片相对含水量则小于景洪试验点。在可塑性方面,河口试验点较景洪试验点生长量更大,叶片更长、更大,其中614和621两个无性系生长可塑性更强,272、551、553和621号等无性系在叶面积、叶长和叶周长等方面可塑性更强。相关性分析表明,2个试验点苗木株高均与叶长和叶周长呈显著正相关,而与叶蓬数关系不显著;代表叶片大小的10个叶片性状在2个试验区内均呈显著正相关。系统聚类综合评价表明551、614和624号3个无性系在2个试验点生长表现较好、叶片较大。     

不同品种肉桂叶表型性状分析

以清化桂(Cinnamomum cassia var.macrophyll)和西江桂(Cinnamomum cassia)的11个家系为研究对象,分析10个叶表型性状的变异状况,并进行主成分分析,对11个家系进行聚类分析。结果表明,清化桂家系的叶全长、叶片长、叶宽、叶子鲜重、叶面积的平均值显著大于西江桂家系。不同品种家系间的变异系数差异程度不同,范围在13.29%~22.41%之间,其中,西江-6的平均变异系数最小,仅为13.29%,而西江-5的变异系数最大,为22.41%。主成分分析中,前三个主成分累计贡献率达到90.979%,说明这三个主成分概括了10个性状指标的主要信息。其中,叶柄长/叶全长的载荷量最大,其次是叶片长和叶全长,是区分肉桂不同品种最主要的叶片性状。通过聚类分析,可将11个家系分为两大类,一类是清化桂家系,一类是西江桂家系,表明清化桂和西江桂是2个遗传距离较远的种。     

修剪对油茶春梢生长的影响

在冬季和初春两个时段分别对4个不同油茶家系进行修剪对比试验。结果表明:修剪对油茶春梢的长度、粗度、叶片数和有效芽数的影响显著,修剪后4个品种的各个指标都高于未修剪的对照;冬季修剪春梢的长度、粗度、叶片数和有效芽数都显著或极显著高于与对照,初春修剪除春梢的粗度外,其他各指标与对照的差异不显著;冬季修剪对春梢生长的效果优于初春修剪。     

梓叶槭半同胞家系苗期生长性状遗传分析

研究梓叶槭苗期的生长表现,筛选苗期生长性状表现好的家系,为梓叶槭的保护和开发提供参考。以梓叶槭平武种群的15个半同胞家系播种苗为研究对象,分析和比较了苗高和地径性状的生长情况。结果表明,梓叶槭半同胞家系苗高和地径性状均达到了显著差异;苗高和地径家系遗传力较大,均在0.9以上;苗高和地径呈极显著正相关;苗高和地径遗传系数分别达到30.59%和29.06%,遗传改良潜力较大;筛选了2个优良半同胞家系。     

梓树叶面积与生长相关性研究

对10个梓树家系叶片数、单叶叶面积、单株叶面积方差分析表明,三者均达极显著性差异。叶片数、单叶叶面积、单株叶面积与树高、胸径均达极显著的线性回归关系,即单株叶面积愈大,生长愈快。     

4个红椿地理种源生长差异分析

红椿是中国珍贵乡土速生用材树种。为了研究红椿不同种源在武汉地区的适应性和生长差异,对4个红椿地理种源苗期、6 a生幼林树叶片及其生长量性状进行了观测与分析。结果表明,同一种源红椿叶片的复叶长、复叶宽、小叶长、小叶宽、小叶数这5个指标性状,6 a生幼林树的观测值皆大于苗期的观测值。苗期时不同种源间复叶长、复叶宽、小叶长、小叶宽、小叶数、复叶长宽比、小叶长宽比这7个叶片性状皆存在极显著差异;除小叶长外,红椿6 a生幼林树不同种源其他性状指标之间存在显著或极显著差异;不同种源间不同林龄红椿生长量指标之间也均存在极显著差异,且随着林龄的增加红椿不同种源生长量之间差异也随之增大。4个种源6 a生红椿生长量排序为福建来舟（LZ）>福建武夷山（WY）>江西井冈山（GS）>江西官山（JG）。相关性分析结果表明,苗期的叶片性状间相关显著性较高,6 a生幼林树的叶片性状间除极个别性状表现出显著相关外,大部分性状间相关不显著。     

Inter- and intra-provenances variations in seed size and seedling characteristics of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss in Burkina Faso

Within- and between-provenance variations in seed and seedling traits of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss were studied at INERA in Burkina Faso. Nursery grown seedlings from four provenances in Burkina Faso were used for the study. The studies revealed significant variability in all traits evaluated. Seed length and weight significantly varied among provenances and families within provenances, where Bopiel and Koyenga had the highest mean values. Height and root collar diameter of 1 year old seedlings significantly varied among families within provenances. Except leaf biomass ratio and carbon isotope ratio which varied significantly among provenances but not among families within provenances, all other seedling biomass traits—total plant biomass, stem biomass ratio, leaf biomass ratio, root biomass ratio, root shoot ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf area ratio were significantly affected by provenances and families within provenances. The magnitude of variation due to family effect ranged from 65 to 93 % for seed size traits, and from 4.5 to 17.8 % for seedling characters. Estimates of family heritability were moderate to high (0.67–0.95) for seed traits, but low to moderate (0.19–0.59) for seedling characters, indicating that much of the total variation in seed traits is due to the genetic effect. The two most prominent provenances, Koyenga and Bopiel, with higher seed size and greater seedling growth could be considered for an eventual K. senegalensis improvement program in Burkina Faso.     

青海云杉半同胞子代苗期生长性状遗传分析

以青海云杉无性系种子园内30个青海云杉半同胞家系为研究对象,在张掖市肃南县塔尔沟苗圃开展苗期试验,测定5a生苗期苗高、地径、新梢长、侧枝数等生长性状。分析结果表明：（1）青海云杉半同胞子代苗家系间苗高、地径、新梢长存在极显著差异;遗传变异系数较高,均在19．76％以上,苗高、地径、新梢长、侧枝数指标的家系遗传力均较大,均在0．830以上;苗高与地径、新梢长间存在极显著正相关,地径与新梢长、侧枝数存在极显著正相关;（2）以苗高为首要选择指标,按照1倍标准差选择出158#、106#、160#、154#、109#、119#6个优良家系,各性状值高于30个家系的平均值。     

思茅松自由授粉家系遗传参数与早期选择分析

[目的]通过对思茅松自由授粉子代测试林的生长与形质性状遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系选择,为建立思茅松高世代种子园及培育优良无性系苗木提供种质资源。[方法]采用随机区组试验设计,在214个思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中选择胸径、地径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、通直度、树干圆满度、树冠圆满度、材积及地上生物量等生长与形质性状,利用线性混合模型进行遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系筛选。[结果]思茅松自由授粉子代测试林生长与形质性状的遗传参数在家系间差异极显著。各性状的家系遗传力较高,其中,地径的家系遗传力最大(1.105)。材积的预期遗传增益高于地上生物量,利用家系/家系内选择方法进行优良家系的筛选,材积的预期遗传增益为60.75%,入选家系为60个;地上生物量的预期遗传增益为44.22%,入选家系为66个。轮盘数、通直度和树干圆满度对材积和地上生物量都有显著影响。[结论]在早期选择中,形质性状的遗传变异对思茅松自由授粉优良家系的选择有重要参考作用,4年生思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中各性状存在着丰富的遗传变异,在早期选择中可以筛选出适合不同培育目标的优良家系,最大限度挖掘其遗传潜力。     

6个栓皮栎种源种子形态及其幼苗生长的比较

[Objective]To compare the differences of seed morphological characters among provinces of Quercus variabilis Bl.,and explore the adaptive growth status of seedlings growing in the central distribution area. [Method]The seeds of 6 Q. variabilis provenances from six provinceswerecollected, and the seedlings were cultivated and transplanted to experimental field in the centre of natural distribution range (Wuhan Jiufeng National Forest Park), then the seed morphology and one-year seedling growth traitswere surveyed. [Result](1)There were significantor extremely significantdifferences among provenances in seed length, seed width, seed length/width ratio and 100-seed mass, the order of seed length among provenances was Beijing Provenance (22.28 mm),Hubei Provenance (22.10 mm), He'nan Provenance (20.80 mm), Shaanxi Provenance (19.57 mm), Yunnan Provenance (18.93 mm)and Liaoning Provenance (18.81 mm), the seed width of Beijing Provenance (19.71 mm) and Hubei Provenance (19.16 mm) was higher than that of the others, the seed length/width ratio of He'nan Provenance (1.38) was extremely significantly higher than that of the others; (2)There were significant or extremely significant differences among provenances in seedling height, ground diameter, leaf number, branching number and seedling height/ground diameter, the Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance were better in seedling height and leaf number, which were respectively 19.54 cm and 20.26 cm, 8.32 leaves and 9.50 leaves; (3)A decreasing trend with time for seedling growth traits among provenances was found; (4)There was a positive relationship between seed morphological characters and seedling growth traits except seed length/width ratio; the leaf number was significantly related to ground diameter and branching number and the seedling height and leaf number were closely related to the seed morphological characters; (5)It showed a decreasing trend with the growth time in the relationship between seedling growth traits and 100-seed mass. [Conclusion]The seedlings of Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance grew better in the experimental field which might be related to their larger seed mass, and the Yunnan Provenance in the south margin and the Liaoning Provenance in the north margin of distribution area of Q. variabilis grew weaker than the provenances in the centre of distribution area.With the effect of climate change, provenances in the margin of distribution area may lose in the community competition in the seedling stage if it cannot take advantage of its dispersal and settlement and affected by the disadvantage of growth and competition, so that the distribution and population renewal would surely be affected.     

Genetic variation in seed and seedling traits in 12 African provenances of Faidherbia albida (del.) A. Chev. at Lodwar, Kenya

The extent of genetic variation in seed length, width, thickness, weight and germination percentage and seedling traits among and within 12 African provenances of Faidherbia albida was examined. The regional provenances showed a consistent variation in seed length, seed width and seed weight: the southern African provenances had the largest seeds and west African provenances the smallest. Seedling height, stem collar diameter and true leaf number differed (P = 0.05) among the provenances 90 days after germination. The seedlings from west Africa were shorter, had smaller stem collar diameter and fewer leaves. In contrast, the southern and east African provenances had taller seedlings with bigger seedling diameter and more leaves per seedling. Seedling traits did not show clear-cut divisions between southern and east African provenances, but the west African provenances formed a distinct group. Positive correlations were found in some of the seed characteristics and seedling height among provenances, which could be an important criterion for early provenance selection. Greater variation was observed for seed and seedling traits among than within provenances suggesting that selection among provenances might result in rapid genetic gain for the traits studied. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic variation in seasonal growth patterns in radiata pine in Galicia (northern Spain)

Shoot elongation patterns in 2 and 3-year-old Pinus radiata seedlings were monitored twice a month during 2003 and once a month during 2004 in three progeny tests in northern Spain. Fifty-eight half-sib families were studied. Several annual growth parameters were measured in each seedling: initiation, termination and duration of height growth and number of new buds formed each year. Total height, internode length and frost resistance were also measured in each seedling. The variation in these traits among families and sites was studied, as well as the effects of environmental parameters (temperature and rainfall) on growth phenology patterns. The extent to which bud phenology is genetically controlled and related to growth traits was examined. Families differed significantly in total summer shoot growth and number of summer flushes (lammas growth). The number of cycles produced per year ranged from one to four. Monocyclic families grew throughout the year, whereas polycyclic families grew episodically, depending on rainfall.     

木荷苗木性状的种源变异和地理模式

利用来自7省区36个木荷种源在浙江淳安和福建建瓯两试验点的苗期测定材料,研究其苗木生长、根系特征和叶片形态等12个性状的种源差异及其地理变异模式。方差分析结果显示,除主根长、侧根长和叶片颜色在种源间无显著差异外,其它性状的种源效应都达到显著或极显著水平。种源苗木性状与产地地理气候因子的相关分析发现,苗高、叶片特征(叶片数、叶片宽、叶片厚)及秋末嫩叶颜色等呈典型的纬向变异模式,产地温度则是造成这种纬向变异模式的主要环境作用因子。与北部种源比较,南部种源生长快,叶片数量多,但叶片较薄较窄,其秋末嫩叶颜色变化对寒冷信号反应敏感。影响木荷种子性状表型差异的主导因素是产地的年降水量。以苗高为标准,分别在两地点初选出优良种源10个,它们多来自25°N左右的木荷自然分布区。     

不同因素对单叶蔓荆无性繁殖育苗的影响

对单叶蔓荆无性繁殖育苗进行生长影响因素试验的结果表明,繁殖方式、育苗时间、材料规格对苗木生长指标具有显著影响。扦插苗的苗高、地径最大,根数最多;春季育苗的苗高、地径、根数最大;材料规格≥5.0 mm(<8.0 mm)时,苗高、地径、分枝数、根数皆最大;选用≥5.0 mm(<8.0 mm)规格材料,在春季进行扦插繁殖,苗木质量最佳。