贵州森林旅游资源的类型特征及其区划

为了解贵州主要森林旅游资源的类型特征,并合理区划以指导产业发展,于2006至2008年对贵州全部21个国家森林公园与7个国家级自然保护区的森林旅游资源进行了调查分析,共调查2 741个资源单体,其中自然景观类共计1 338个,人文旅游资源类共计1 403个,结果表明贵州主要森林旅游资源分属于8个主类、29个亚类、124个基本类型,基本涵盖了全国的各类旅游资源类型。根据各森林旅游区的地形、气候特征及旅游资源特征,将贵州森林旅游资源区区划为6个Ⅰ类(级)区和10个Ⅱ类(级)区。研究表明贵州森林旅游资源极其丰富,呈现出类型齐全、喀斯特特点突出、生物与气候旅游资源丰富、人文资源相得益彰等特征,对贵州主要森林旅游资源类型特征与科学区划的研究,将有助于科学引导贵州森林旅游产业发展,为制定科学合理的旅游发展战略规划提供科学依据。     

森林旅游资源分类与调查及评价研究进展

森林旅游资源分类、调查与评价是森林旅游规划与设计的基础与前提.文中对国内外森林旅游资源的内涵演变、分类、调查及评价等4个方面的研究进展进行总结; 指出旅游资源内涵的演变是研究者对旅游业的认识由观光旅游向狭义旅游业再到广义旅游业逐步变化的客观表征, 旅游资源分类的依据主要呈现为物质属性、市场重要性与学科差异3类, 旅游资源调查的共性内容为地理位置、物质属性、利用与保护前景, 旅游评价多采用层次评价法; 对森林旅游资源分类、调查与评价中的不足进行了讨论.     

应用RS技术对南昆山森林生态旅游

利用遥感技术,结合SPOT-5遥感影像特征,对广东省惠州市龙门县西部的南昆山生态旅游区进行森林旅游资源遥感调查.在对研究区内地质、地形、经济、文化等相关信息进行调查收集的基础上,通过处理遥感影像,建立了调查解译标志,并结合实地调查核实和纠正,对该区域的森林旅游资源进行解译和提取.将旅游资源划分为3主类、8亚类、26种基本类型,分别对各类资源进行了分析与评价.通过研究,证明了利用遥感技术进行森林旅游资源调查是一种直观快速的有效调查方法,具有较好的应用前景.     

森林养生旅游产品开发——以广西大明山国家级自然保护区为例

森林养生旅游是养生旅游的重要内容。从森林养生旅游的概念、需求、养生资源进行分析,将森林养生旅游产品分为三大类,并以典型的少数民族聚居区广西大明山国家级自然保护区为研究对象,在分析其生态旅游发展现状和养生资源的基础上,对其旅游产品进行重新规划,形成以森林疗养、康体度假为主三大类森林养生旅游产品。     

关于美国森林旅游业的研究 Ⅰ:发展背景和资源调查

本文论述了美国森林旅游业的发展背景,以及森林旅游在美国整个林业发展中的重要作用和地位。介绍了两类森林旅游资源即森林游乐资源和森林观赏资源的调查方法、内容、目的,同时介绍了在美国森林旅游资源调查经常使用的一些术语。     

带岭林业局森林旅游资源分析与评价

带岭林业局森林旅游资源比较丰富。其中,包括地文旅游景观类、水域风光类、生物景观类、古迹与建筑类、消闲求知类及购物类。通过对带岭林业局森林旅游资源的分析,评价出带岭旅游区是开展森林和环境科普教育的理想基地。     

太极城城市森林旅游风景资源评价

基于太极城城市森林旅游风景资源的调查,根据《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》、《中国森林公园风景资源质量等级评定》标准,太极城城市森林旅游主要资源有5类44处,森林风景资源质量评分值为25.53分,区域环境质量评价分值为8.0分,开发利用条件评价分值为7.0分,综合得分为40.53分,达到森林公园风景资源质量等级评定分值Ⅰ级标准,其资源价值和旅游价值较高,最后,对太极城城市森林旅游可持续发展提出了对策。     

生态公益型林场发展森林旅游的前景探讨——以湖南湘西青坪林场为例

概述了湖南湘西青坪林场基本情况和生态公益林资源现状,分析了青坪林场发展森林旅游的前景和优势、短板和不足,并提出了坚持以林为本、提高森林经营水平,合理调整经营结构、向复合型旅游转变,结合自身特色、发展特色森林旅游等发展森林旅游的建议,以探讨生态公益性林场转型发展森林旅游的思路和发展前景。     

湖南森林火灾应急资源管理信息系统研究

为提高湖南森林火灾应急资源信息化管理水平,建立湖南森林火灾应急资源管理信息系统,该系统采用B/S模式和Oracle+ArcSDE空间数据管理技术,实现对湖南省森林火灾应急资源海量数据的高效存储和管理.在对湖南省森林消防组织管理体系进行分析的基础上,进行了湖南森林火灾应急资源管理信息系统的需求分析和系统设计,以期实现湖南森林火灾应急资源的科学管理,提高湖南抗御重大森林火灾的能力.     

福建省森林风景资源类型的时空分布及其景观多样化变化分析

森林风景资源是森林旅游开发的物质基础,其空间分布的离散度调查是森林旅游开发建设的前提条件。通过对福建省森林风景资源调查,把福建省的森林风景类型划分为10大类43亚类,并进一步分析全省的主要森林景观类型的时空分布、景观多样化变化,为福建省森林旅游发展规划以及森林旅游景区开发建设提供参考依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.