我国主要树种人工林生产力现状及潜力的调查研究Ⅱ.桉树、落叶松及樟子松人工林生产力研究

在对我国桉树、落叶松及樟子松主要栽培区进行实地调查的基础上，利用有关地区森林资源二类调查及样地测定资料，以气候生产力为指标，比较评价了广东和海南桉树人工林、广西桉树人工丰产林和黑龙江省国有林区落叶松、樟子松人工林现实生产力。结果表明，广东粤西、海南省桉树人工林现实生产力分别是当地气候生产力的22．81％和41．08％；广西速丰林平均达73．78％。落叶松、樟子松分别达当地气候生产力的25.70%-41.68%和28.45%-51.55%。以典型局、场或丰产林项目为基础，对各研究树种人工林生产潜力进行了系统分析，提出在现有技术与经济条件下，桉树人工速丰林应达到气候生产力的80.00%以上；落叶松在≥14指数、樟子松在≥12指数立地上的生产力应分别达气候生产力的70％和80％以上。     

林木生长与养分动态模型研究 Ⅶ桉树的有效养分浓度区间

林木有效养分浓度区间为林木生长量(Y)对林木养分吸收量(X)的导数大于零的养分浓度(C)区间.依据林木的养分生产力方程1/C = (2/Cm) -[1/(CmXm)]X,当养分吸收量X等于有效吸收量上限Xm时,养分浓度C为有效浓度上限Cm;当养分吸收量X趋向于0时,养分浓度C趋向于起始浓度;由此给出有效养分浓度区间为Cm/2＜C＜Cm.桉树试验林样本分析与检验的结果表明,养分生产力方程在描述桉树树干中氮、磷、钾浓度与吸收量关系时具有较高的精确度;运用回归分析求出的不同林龄桉树树干有效养分浓度区间的曲线具有一定的实用价值.     

森林生产力与立地条件的相关性分析——以宁明县的马尾松和桉树森林生产力为例

以广西主要树种马尾松和桉树在宁明县的森林生产力为例，采用生物量连续函数法求算林地生物量，据此推算样地生产力，利用高精度的1：10000数字高程模型（DEM）求算研究区域的坡向、坡度、海拔，运用TPI指数求取坡位和地貌类型，利用P值检验法分析研究不同树种的森林生产力与立地条件的相关性。结果表明：立地因子与马尾松、桉树生产力相关性较高，但相关性在树种间存在差异性；海拔、坡位和土壤种类这三个因子均对马尾松与按树的生产力有制约作用；地貌类型和土层厚度因子对马尾松影响明显，而坡向和成土母岩因子则对桉树影响明显；坡度对两树种生长的影响均较小。由此可见，森林生产力与立地条件的相关程度取决于森林树种，不同树种的相关性结果不一致。研究结果为正确地构建森林生产力的预测估算模型和合理地进行营造林树种布局规划提供理论依据。     

桉树人工林可持续的土壤经营——以广西东门林场为例

桉树人工林在全世界的发展迅速,没有比在中国南部地区更需要一种新的木材和木纤维产品的需求。在桉树迅猛的扩张过程中,人工林可持续的生产力和合理的生态系统管理将扮演至关重要的角色。以往非可持续的农业经营导致了东门林场的土地严重退化,东门项目期间,在这些立地上重新造林证明了土壤营养的缺乏严重影响了退化立地的潜在生产力。1988年在东门进行了一个巨桉(E.grandis)早期施肥试验林植株地上部分不同器官的生物量和养分库的研究,以便更好地了解一些经营管理措施的养分结论。另一方面,林木采伐过程中养分的丧失,枯枝落叶的收集和燃烧使得土壤表面裸露,并加剧了土壤侵蚀。目前,在东门第3代、第4代集约经营的人工林的高生产力证明是高标准的经营管理的结果,林地上枯枝落叶和采伐剩余物的保留,细致的整地,土壤侵蚀的控制以及科学的施肥是关键因素;另外加上改良的遗传材料增强了生产力和收益,也增强了东门桉树人工林土壤可持续经营。一个国际林业研究中心网络得以建立,为了调查研究在同一立地上是否有可能进行连续的种植速生丰产林而对立地土壤和水资源没有损害,研究提供了大量的热带人工林有关立地管理的信息。为了优化集约经营人工林的生产力、收益率及可持续性,在华南地区有必要继续进行土壤和养分研究。     

我国人工林生产力问题的研究（Ⅰ）—影响我国人工林生产力的自然因素评价

以桉树、杉木、马尾松、落叶松及樟子松等为对象 ,利用样地调查资料 ,结合已有研究成果 ,对造成我国人工林生产力低下的多种自然因素 ,进行了系统地分析研究。结果表明 ,按人工林现实分布格局及立地质量水平 ,全国人工林气候—立地生产潜力 (材积 )平均为 8 6m3 hm2 ·a ;现有人工林由于大面积幼龄林的存在 ,所带来的生产力总体水平下降的幅度为 31%～ 35 %。     

我国主要树种人工林生产力现状及潜力的调查研究

在对我国桉树、落叶松及樟子松主要栽培区进行实地调查的基础上,利用有关地区森林资源二类调查及样地测定资料,以气候生产力为指标,比较评价了广东和海南桉树人工林、广西桉树人工丰产林和黑龙江省国有林区落叶松、樟子松人工林现实生产力.结果表明,广东粤西、海南省桉树人工林现实生产力分别是当地气候生产力的22.81%和41.08%;广西速丰林平均达73.78%.落叶松、樟子松分别达当地气候生产力的25.70%～41.68%和28.45%～51.55%.以典型局、场或丰产林项目为基础,对各研究树种人工林生产潜力进行了系统分析,提出在现有技术与经济条件下,桉树人工速丰林应达到气候生产力的80.00%以上;落叶松在≥14指数、樟子松在≥12指数立地上的生产力应分别达气候生产力的70%和80%以上.     

广西大青山西南桦人工林土壤养分特征及其与立地生产力的关系

[目的]探讨西南桦人工林对土壤的适应性及土壤养分特征,揭示土壤养分状况与立地生产力的关系,为其造林地选择及人工林养分管理提供参考。[方法]在广西大青山林区西南桦人工林内设置47块600 m2的典型样地,调查常规测树因子,采集土壤样品,测定10项常规土壤化学性质指标;按照土壤养分分级标准评价土壤养分状况,基于立地指数将样地分为高产和低产组,进一步比较分析两组立地间各养分指标的差异性,探讨土壤养分对立地生产力的影响。[结果]表明:广西大青山西南桦人工林地土壤绝大部分为强酸性,有机质、有效N、全N含量中等偏上,有效P甚缺,其它养分含量中等偏下。高产和低产立地间土壤有机质和全K含量均呈极显著差异(P0.01),有效N含量差异显著(P0.05)。[结论]西南桦对于低pH值、低P含量的土壤具有较强的适应性;有机质、全K和有效N含量是影响广西大青山西南桦人工林立地指数的关键土壤养分因子。     

马占相思幼林地上部分净生产力和养分循环的研究

通过对２４个月和３０个月生的马占相思林分地上部分生物量和凋落物量的研究，揭示了马占相思各器官生物量与胸径及树高之间的关系，并分析了不同年龄林分生物量结构的变化和林分的净生产力。通过对固定标准地内树木生长的连续观测分析，展示了马占相思幼林的生长规律。通过对树木地上部分各器官的养分分析，了解了树木各器官养分的变化，养分积累和林分的养分循环。并为林分的经营管理提出了一些建议。     

从养分循环角度分析森林经营措施对林地生产力的影响

森林经营措施影响着森林生态系统中的养分循环和养分状况.在大多数森林中,森林的生产力直接受养分有效性影响.在维持森林生产力的同时,如何维护其地力、可持续地经营森林已成为当今众多林业工作者所致力研究的问题,文章从养分循环角度来分析整地、采伐、植被控制等经营措施对林地生产力的影响,为建立高效、可持续的森林经营措施提供参考.     

人工林长期立地生产力研究概述

本文首先对国内外人工林长期立地生产力问题研究的背景、历史沿革进行了回顾,阐述了从过去讨论单一树种连栽导致的生产力下降和土壤退化问题发展成为关注全球和区域的气候变化、大气污染、自然灾害以及所有与长期立地生产力有关的人工经营措施对长期立地生产力影响这样一个广阔领域研究的历史演变过程,并且列举了目前世界各国一些正在实施的相关研究项目的主要研究内容和目标.然后对长期立地生产力研究有关的概念和术语进行了比较分析,重点阐述了立地、立地生产力、长期森林生产力/持续森林生产力、长期立地生产力/持续立地生产力等概念在长期生产力研究中的意义和涵盖的范围,介绍了国内外一些学者对长期立地生产力研究时间周期的界定,并对我国几个树种(如杉木和毛竹等)的长期立地生产力研究的时间周期进行了探讨.最后简述了国内外在长期立地生产力研究上采用的技术方法、研究策略及今后的发展趋势.     

Impact of spacing and rotation length on nutrient budgets of poplar plantations for pulpwood

IntroductionPoplarshavemanycharacteristicsSuitableforplantationcultureascomparedtootherforestspecies,suchasfastgroWth,adaptabifitytodifferentenvironmentalconditionsandtodifferentsilviculturalsystems,whichenabletheproductionoflargequantitiesofwoodinshortperiodsoftime.Poplarscanbeusedfordifferentformsofprocessingintimberindustry,aswellasinpulpandpaperindustryandasasourceofenergy(Gambles&Zsuffa1984,Moran&Nautryal1985,Fangetal1993).Sincesomepoplarcloneswereintroducedinthe1970"s,poplarshavebeent…     

Productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry ecosystem for interplant of pineapple and coconut

lntroductionCoconut(Cocosnucifera)isanimportanteconomicplantinthetropicalareas.Butinthetraditionalcoconutplantation,theroutinespaceintherowsis7.5mX7.5m.Sothefieldareasabout75%werenotefficientlyused.Inrecentyears,Indonesiahasmadegreateffortstodevelopanagroforestrysystemofcoconutinterplantedwithpineapple(Satyabalan1986).Asthepineapplehasacertainamountofshade-resistance,thissystemcannotonlymakefulluseofthesoilresources,butalsogreatlyimprovethebiomassproductivityofthewholesystem.Buttheresearchab…     

中国亚热带地区不同发育阶段杉木林生物量、凋落物及养分流

杉木生长快、产量高、材质好,是中国亚热带地区最重要的造林树种之一,在中国南方人工林经营中占有重要地位。对8、14和24年生杉木人工林生物量、凋落物及其养分流进行的研究结果表明:杉木人工林具有很高的生物生产力和50%-70%的树干生物量积累比例。杉木是低养分归还的针叶树种,凋落量少,而且针叶凋落前养分发生一定程度的转移,凋落物养分含量低,短轮伐期连栽收获制度造成的养分损失是导致杉木人工林地力衰退的原因之一。图1表7参22。     

Using vector analysis to understand temporal changes in understorey-tree competition in agroforestry systems

Techniques to determine the respective effects of resource limitation or over supply on tree productivity are important for developing effective forestry and agroforestry management strategies. There is a need for a simple integrative measure of the understorey effect on soil nutrient and moisture competition on tree productivity in agroforestry systems during the time period before trees dominate understorey vegetation. For the first time, the little used, but potentially valuable tool of vector analysis was evaluated over 5 years by investigating nutrient and water competition in a Pinus radiata silvopastoral experiment which had 5 pastures and a nil-understorey control. The study, from ages 2 to 6 years, was on fertile arable soils in a temperate, sub-humid climate. Establishing permanent crops on this arable site increased soil pH, C, N, organic-P and C:N ratio. Vector analysis, an analysis based on fascicle nutrient concentrations, dry weights and nutrient contents, predicted nutrient and moisture competition until the trees dominated the site after year 5. Foliar critical nutrient levels were helpful where one of the vectors was unable to distinguish between nutrient and moisture stresses. While moisture and N were found to be the main competitive factors, vector analysis also detected foliar nutrient accumulation, particularly for P and Mg. Lucerne and phalaris understoreys were the most competitive pastures, followed by cocksfoot and the two ryegrass treatments. Foliage vector analysis enabled the relative competitive effects of soil nutrients and moisture on tree productivity to be determined. Soil nutrient concentrations and soil moisture measurements and the effects of competition on tree growth were consistent with predictions from vector analysis.     

Effect of removal of logging residue on nutrient leaching and nutrient pools in the soil after clearcutting in a Norway spruce stand

Following clearcutting applying the conventional stem-only harvesting method in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand and different levels of removal of logging residue, the nutrient fluxes from the heaps of logging residue and from the O horizon were monitored over four growing seasons and the soil nutrient pools were determined. Three levels of removal of logging residue were carried out using (i) conventional stem-only harvesting (no residues removed); (ii) residues removed; and (iii) removal of branches (foliage left on site). The heaps of logging residue were a minor source of inorganic N entering the soil in the water percolating through the heaps, but they were a significant source of organic N, P, Ca, Mg, and especially K. Nutrient fluxes from the O horizon were in general greater under the heaps of logging residue as compared to soils without overlying logging residue. The leaching of inorganic N from the O horizon under the heaps of logging residue resulted in a net loss of these compounds, while the O horizon without overlying logging residue gained N. The removal of logging residue significantly decreased the extractable K pools in the soil while it or conversely, the presence of residue heaps had no significant effect on the pools of organic matter and the pools of N, P, Ca, and Mg in the O horizon and in the 0–10 cm soil layer. The results show that the short-term effects of logging residue on nutrient dynamics in the soil can be complex and difficult to interpret in terms of site productivity as there are changes in the nutrient fluxes, which imply the opposite effects on site productivity. However, the results do indicate that, in the short-term, the removal of logging residue does not impair pools of N in the soil nor site productivity on sites where the availability of N limits productivity.     

轮伐期对杉木人工林地力维护的影响

通过对全国杉木中心产区不同发育阶段杉木人工林生长及生物量的调查,研究轮伐期对杉木人工林生物量及养分分布规律的影响,结果表明：不同轮伐期经营的杉木林林分生物量及其养分分配规律存在差异,随年龄阶段的提高,杉木枝、叶、根、边材及林冠所占比例逐年下降,干、皮和心材比例逐年增加,边材／心材及林冠／树干比例下降,轮伐期越短,每采伐单位杉木干物质所带走的养分越多,对地力的消耗越严重;同时短轮伐期还造成采伐、炼山     

Nutrient return via litterfall in two contrasting Pinus sylvestris forests in the Pyrenees under different thinning intensities

Thinning influence on litterfall chemical composition (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) was studied for 30 months in two contrasting Pinus sylvestris L. stands in the western Pyrenees mountain range (Northern Spain): Aspurz (625 m.a.s.l, high productivity, Mediterranean climate) and Garde (1335 m.a.s.l, low productivity, continental climate). Two different thinning intensities were carried out by removing 20% and 30% of pre-thinning basal area. In accordance with site quality differences between sites N, K, Ca and Mg total soil returns via litterfall were significantly higher in Aspurz than in Garde. However, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations were higher in Garde and N higher in Aspurz. Changes in nutrient concentrations over time varied depending on litterfall fractions, showing a variety of patterns; seasonal (N, P, K) or erratic patterns (Ca, Mg) in Aspurz, and seasonal (N, P), biannual (Ca, Mg) or erratic (K) patterns in Garde. In addition to these patterns, differences in nutrient concentrations between years were found in needle litter in Aspurz but not in Garde. Nitrogen returns to forest floor via litterfall were more constant in Aspurz but followed a pulse dynamics in Garde, with the opposite for P, due to important returns from the miscellaneous fraction in the Mediterranean site. Thinning reduced nutrient returns via litterfall in both sites, but significant differences were found only in summer. These results suggest that Aspurz (Mediterranean stand) is more sensitive in the short-term to human intervention than Garde (continental stand) and therefore site-specific forest management plans should be used within more general region-wide plans in order to ensure sustainability of forests.     

不同栽杉代数29年生杉木林净生产力及营养元素生物循环的研究

对南平溪后２９年生杉木林不同连载代数林分生物量、净生产力及营养元素生物循环的研究结果表明：随连载代数增加，林分总生物量下降，林分净生长量及乔木层净生长量占林分净生长量比例均有明显降低，生态系统中营养元素贮量减少，乔木层营养元素吸收量、存留量和归还量均下降，但林下植被层营养元素吸收量、存留量和归还量则明显增加，林分的营养元素吸收量、存留量和归还量却增大。不同代数杉木林营养元素总的循环速率为２代（０．     

A nutrient balance model (NuBalM) to predict biomass and nitrogen pools in Pinus radiata forests

Forest managers are increasingly required to enhance the productivity and profitability of plantation management while simultaneously reducing the negative ecological effects associated with forest operations. NuBalM (from Nutrient Balance Model) is presented here as a decision support tool that has the potential to assist forest managers in meeting these requirements in Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) plantations. NuBalM incorporates nutrient dynamics and allocation into projections of growth, allowing management techniques to be optimised for productivity and nutrient pool retention over single or multiple rotations.NuBalM was developed using data from biomass, nutrient allocation and soil nutrient dynamics studies conducted in New Zealand radiata pine plantations. The capability of NuBalM to predict stem wood mass based on nitrogen supply and demand was tested against data from multiple trial sites established to examine the effects of variations in stocking, thinning and fertilization regimes. NuBalM satisfactorily predicted stem wood masses across a range of stand ages, with the exception of a trial examining ultra-high applications of nitrogen fertilizer. With the exclusion of the data from this trial, the predicted stem wood masses underestimated the observed figures by a mean value of 1.1 ± 1.0 t ha⁻¹ (95% CI, n = 92).The utility of NuBalM as a tool to predict biomass allocation in radiata pine and nitrogen pools in the forest floor and soil was assessed using comprehensive biomass, nutritional and site data collected from two radiata pine trial sites subjected to differences in organic matter removal at site establishment. NuBalM performed acceptably, generating accurate estimates of stem mass (mean overestimate of 5.5 ± 7.4 t ha⁻¹, 95% CI, n = 6) and total above ground biomass (mean overestimate of 3.1 ± 9.6 t ha⁻¹, 95% CI, n = 6). The effects of organic matter removal and fertilization on total nitrogen pools were also predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy (mean overestimate of 52 ± 53 kg N ha⁻¹, 95% CI, n = 9).From these results we conclude that NuBalM can be utilised to provide projections of productivity and nitrogen pools in radiata pine plantations, and enables the effects of various management practices to be predicted with a reasonable degree of confidence.     

杉木及其人工林自身特性对长期立地生产力的影响

本文系统地研究并综合了有关杉木及其人工林自身特性对长期立地生产力的影响的研究资料,认为杉木及其人工林自身的特性存在许多对地力维护不利的因素：（1）杉木凋落物发生晚,大量凋落物发生在14－15a前后;（2）杉木枯死枝叶具宿存特性,10－15a期间大部分枯死枝叶在树上,影响枯死枝叶的分解;（3）杉木凋落物养分含量低,如N含量只有阔叶树的30％－50％,因此枯落物营养元素积累低;（4）凋落物分解速率慢,分解速度在45％以下,而宿存于树上的枯死枝叶分解速率更慢;（5）杉木为速生树种,尤其在15a年前生长量大,吸收养分多,而养分归还少,杉木人工林养分循环速率不及40％;（6）杉木人工林培育密度较大,在15a前很少有林下植物生长,在20a后才有较好的林下植被发育,人工林长期处在单一的群落结构,很难发挥林下植被对地力的维护和改良作用。从现有的研究资料看,杉木及其人工林自身对地力维护有不利影响,是引起杉木林地土壤肥力及长期生产力下降的重要因素之一。