ADC12铝合金切削性能仿真研究

ADC12铝合金广泛应用于航空航天和汽车制造领域，为了研究ADC12铝合金的切削加工性能，利用ABAQUS建立ADC12铝合金的二维正交切削有限元仿真模型，并进行合理的工件和刀具材料参数以及本构模型设置，研究仿真切削阻力与刀具前角、后角、进给速度以及切削深度的关系。仿真结果表明：切削速度取值应尽量大于300 m/min或者小于100 m/min;去除材料的厚度较大时，为了避免刀具磨损过快，可以进行多次切削；切削加工时可以适当加大刀具前角，刀尖前角可以取10°～15°;后角取值在8°左右可以降低切削阻力。     

微波杀灭原木蛀干害虫的技术研究

通过不同的微波温度处理松材线虫病死木原木,观察了微波对松材线虫疫木中松墨天牛幼虫及松材线虫存活的影响,同时初步研究了微波处理后原木在材性上的变化情况。结果表明,当微波处理温度达到50℃时,保持5 min,可完全杀灭病木中的松墨天牛幼虫;当微波处理温度达到55℃时,保持5 min,松材线虫完全死亡;温度在60℃左右时,对木材的开裂、抗弯弹性、抗弯强度等材性影响不显著,经微波处理的疫木可正常利用。因此5,5℃的微波处理可作为松材线虫疫木除害的有效方法。     

处理松材线虫病疫木的木腐真菌筛选

【目的】通过室内和田间试验筛选能在有效降解松材线虫病疫木的同时,还能够抑制松材线虫在疫木内生活移动的木腐真菌,为研发松材线虫病疫木高效环保除治新途径提供依据。【方法】利用选择培养基从腐朽松木样本中初筛出19个木腐真菌。在不同种类木腐真菌平板上接入2 000条松材线虫共培养,从中筛选出能抑制松材线虫生长繁殖的菌株。通过测定受木腐菌侵染的黑松试样的失重率,判定木腐真菌对松木的腐解能力。选择能有效抑制松材线虫繁殖且降解松木能力强的菌株进行田间试验。采用液体摇瓶培养菌丝接种田间疫木,处理4个月后均匀钻孔取样,分析整段疫木内松材线虫数量变化。5—6月,收集天牛蛹室周围木样(0.5～1 cm),分析蛹室周围木样内松材线虫数量,同期在钢丝网罩中定期捕捉羽化的天牛,分析羽化天牛携带线虫的数量。【结果】室内筛选出7株能抑制松材线虫繁殖且降解木材能力强的木腐真菌,其中在菌株J5-2的平板上培养8天后,每皿仅分离出(18±10)条线虫,在硫磺菌和糙皮侧耳的平板上则完全分离不到松材线虫。在供试菌株中,硫磺菌对松木的降解能力最强,侵染黑松木材4个月后,试样失重率达到22.82%,其次是菌株S4,造成木块重质损失了21.68%。田间试验表明,7种木腐真菌接种4个月后,均能使疫木内松材线虫种群数量减少,其中菌株J5-2、硫磺菌、S4可使蛹室线虫数量减少65%以上,天牛携带线虫数量低于每头200条。菌株J5-2除害效果最佳,使疫木蛹室线虫数量减少72%,每只天牛携带松材线虫仅(15±4)条,最高携带量仅为60条。经鉴定菌株J5-2为Ceriporia sp.。【结论】菌株J5-2、硫磺菌和糙皮侧耳等木腐菌对松材线虫的抑制作用明显,硫磺菌和菌株S4降解木材的能力强,菌株J5-2、硫磺菌、S4在田间处理疫木的效果最好,可使疫木中线虫数量减低65%以上。利用木腐真菌就地处理松材线虫病疫木是一种高效环保新方法。     

松材线虫病疫木安全利用新途径

该文在实地调查的基础上研究了利用松材线虫病疫木种植茯芩并杀死其中的松材线虫、松褐天牛达到安全利用的方法。研究表明:疫木种植茯苓第63天,样木中的松材线虫可全部死亡;第77天松褐天牛可全部死亡,种植240 d后,茯苓可采收,每立方米疫木可收益约1 100元。对利用疫木种植茯苓在种植技术、时间及安全性方面进行了可行性分析,并对经济效益和对生态环境的影响进行了评估。     

免疫磁性捕获ELISA技术在松材线虫检测中的应用

本研究采用种子聚合法合成聚苯乙烯磁性微球,并以兔抗松材线虫IgG致敏,制备出能特异性地捕获松材线虫蛋白抗原的免疫磁性微球。以生物素标记抗体为示踪抗体,并结合酶标亲和素检测系统,用于疫木样品的分析。利用该方法对采自不同地区的3种松树,其中松材线虫病木17株、拟松材线虫病木5株和健木3株进行检测。实验结果表明,虽然拟松材线虫病木也呈现了一定的交叉反应,但疫木中松材线虫总检出率为94.1%,灵敏度达到0.1μg.mL-1线虫蛋白抗原。研究表明免疫磁性捕获ELISA技术可直接捕获木屑中的微量线虫抗原,具有简便、快速、准确等优点,是一种实用的松材线虫的快速检疫方法。     

高频微波速杀松材线虫试验

总结了高频微波处理松材线虫病疫木的试验经验,以疫木中的松褐天牛和松材线虫死亡率达到100%且不损害疫木材质为目标,探索了工业上常用规格松木包装的最少处理时间和最适宜的微波发射量,为工业生产上的设备研制开发,积累相关实验参数.     

宜昌松材线虫病疫木内病原、媒介昆虫分布规律研究及防治建议

为进一步完善本区域松材线虫除治方案,组织开展松材线虫及媒介昆虫在疫木体内分布规律研究,重点弄清疫木伐桩的传染性,并根据试验结果和相关文献资料,对宜昌松材线虫病的防治提出建议:适当简化伐桩处理;彻底清理林分中衰弱木和感病木;确保重点区域生态安全;加强疫木管控。     

疫木中松材线虫的免疫学检测方法的研究

以松材线虫的粉碎虫体免疫家兔制备抗血清 ,通过免疫印迹考察抗血清的特异性。利用固相松材线虫抗原和游离线虫抗原同线虫抗体相竞争 ,建立竞争型ELISA法用于疫木中松材线虫的分析。该方法可以直接检测出 10mg的木屑中 0 1μg微量的线虫蛋白 ,约 7条线虫的存在。利用该方法对 2 0个不同地区、树种及类型的松材样品进行检测 ,疫木中松材线虫的检出率为 10 0 % ,但拟松材线虫也呈现了一定的交叉反应。研究结果表明 ,以松材线虫抗原蛋白为指标的免疫学检测方法简便快速、灵敏度高 ,为松材线虫的快速检疫提供一种可能的途径     

不同培养方法对松材线虫鉴定的影响

开展了松萎蔫病疫木(枯死木、包装板)不同温度、时间保湿培养,以真菌为培养基培养松材线虫分散型3龄幼虫对松材线虫鉴定率影响的研究。结果表明:随着培养温度提高、时间的延长,松材线虫鉴定率随之升高。疫木保湿培养,48 h之前,鉴定率呈缓慢上升趋势,48 h之后鉴定率快速上升;疫木保湿30℃培养72 h或25℃培养96 h,真菌30℃培养72 h或20-25℃培养96 h,松材线虫分散型3龄幼虫样本的松材线虫鉴定率达100%,2种培养方法均适宜在松萎蔫病疫木松材线虫鉴定中应用。     

铣刀前角和切削参数对中密度纤维板表面粗糙度的影响

通过分析金刚石刀具前角和切削参数对中密度纤维板表面粗糙度的影响,结果表明:随着刀具前角的增大,切削质量改善;而随着每齿进给量或铣削深度的增大,切削质量均变差;对加工表面粗糙度影响最大的是每齿进给量,其次为铣削深度和刀具前角。在刀具前角12°,每齿进给量0.5 mm,铣削深度1 mm的最优参数组合时,MDF的平均表面粗糙度较低,为3.82μm。     

Torque required to twist and cut loose Scots pine stumps

Abstract

Stump wood is a possible source of renewable energy, but before its potential as a fuel can be utilised to a high degree, new harvesting techniques should be developed to reduce the environmental impact (notably ground disturbance) of harvesting stumps. The forces required to lift and drag stumps out of the soil are known. In this study, two unknown and important parameters were addressed: the torque required to uproot stumps by twisting them and the torque required to cut lateral roots around stumps. A new, improved stump-twisting rig was designed and used in trials with 28 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees (breast-height diameter over bark, 153–427 mm). The measured torque requirements ranged from 10 to 50 kNm. Twisting stumps required more torque than cutting lateral roots around stumps and the required torque increased with increases in stump size. The results indicate that a wrist on a big feller-buncher, but not a conventional rotator used on forest machines, should be able to generate sufficient torque to cut the roots around stumps such as those used in this study.     

The spreading of the S type of Heterobasidion annosum from Norway spruce stumps to the subsequent tree stand

The occurrence of Heterobasidion annosum in stumps and growing trees was investigated on 15 forest sites in southern Finland where the previous tree stand had been Norway spruce (Picea abies) infected by H. annosum, and the present stand was either Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Siberian larch (Larix siberica), silver birch (Betula pendula) or Norway spruce 8–53 years old. Out of 712 spruce stumps investigated of the previous tree stand, 26.3% were infected by the S group and 0.3% by the P group of H. annosum. The fungus was alive and the fruit bodies were active even in stumps cut 46 years ago. In the subsequent stand, the proportion of trees with root rot increased in spruce stands and decreased in stands of other tree species. On average, one S type genet spreading from an old spruce stump had infected 3.0 trees in the following spruce stand, 0.5 trees in lodgepole pine, 0.3 trees in Siberian larch, 0.05 trees in Scots pine and 0.03 trees in silver birch stand. Although silver birch generally was highly resistant to the S type of H. annosum, infected trees were found on one site that was planted with birch of a very northern provenance.     

Long-term effects of stump harvesting on soil properties and tree growth in Scots pine and Norway spruce stands

Abstract

Effects of stump harvesting on the properties of surface soil and on the density, structure and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands were estimated in a field trial in western Finland. The experiment was established in 1977 and measured in 2010. Stems and logging residues were harvested after clear-cutting, and stumps were lifted and removed from half of the experimental area. Sixteen plots were planted with pine seedlings and 16 with spruce. The main effects of stump harvesting were improved survival of planted trees and an increase in natural regeneration. No clearly negative effects were noted in the stand development. Stump harvesting had no or minimal effects on the properties of the organic layer and those of the 0- to 10-cm mineral-soil layer. Soil properties did not differ between tree species. Pine production was higher on plots with stump removal compared to plots without soil treatment.     

Precommercial thinning of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): Early effects of stump height on growth and natural pruning of potential crop trees

Abstract

This paper reports the early effects of stump height on the growth and natural pruning of potential crop trees after precommercial thinning of a young stand of naturally regenerated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Denmark. The experiment comprises five treatments based on combinations of three grades of precommercial thinning and three stump heights. Treatments include the unthinned control, thinning only of whips and wolf trees (using low stumps), and thinning for potential crop trees using low, medium or high stumps. All treatments were replicated three times. Stump heights averaged 10, 90 or 230 cm, respectively. Pretreatment stem number (live trees) varied from 17,500 to 41,000 ha^?1. In the potential crop tree treatment, post-treatment stem number ranged from 4750 to 9500 ha^?1. Following two growth seasons, the quantity of stump regrowth increased with increasing stump height, the rate of stump regrowth increased with increasing stump height, the diameter growth of potential crop trees increased with decreasing stump height, the increase in stand height did not depend on stump height or post-treatment stem number, and the natural pruning of potential crop trees increased with increasing stump height. It remains to be seen whether these trends hold in the long run, and whether additional economic return from the increase in wood quality with increasing stump height compensates for the reduction in diameter growth.     

秦岭南坡不同生境条件下栓皮栎伐桩萌芽特性

以陕西省佛坪县的栓皮栎伐桩为研究对象,分析2种生境条件下栓皮栎伐桩直径和高度与萌苗数量、萌苗生长的关系,并通过2年跟踪观测研究伐桩的萌发能力。结果表明:1)阳坡伐桩上的萌苗数量多于阴坡,但阴坡的萌苗生长量(基径、高度和冠幅)优于阳坡;2)萌苗数量随伐桩直径增大先增加后减少,直径在15～25cm间的伐桩萌苗数量最多,萌苗生长量随伐桩直径增加先减小后增加;3)伐桩高度与萌苗数量的关系不明显,随着伐桩高度增加,萌苗生长量增加;4)萌苗基径随萌苗数量增多而减小,萌苗高度与之相反,阳坡萌苗数量与萌苗生长量的关系比阴坡密切;5)砍伐2年后,伐桩萌发能力和萌苗生长量均出现降低趋势。栓皮栎伐桩的萌苗数量不仅受到光照条件的影响,也受到伐桩直径和砍伐后时间长度的影响,但萌苗的生长则受到环境条件、伐桩直径、伐桩高度以及萌苗数量的共同影响。因此,择伐栓皮栎次生林中基径为15～25cm的个体最有利于林地快速恢复,在随后的经营管理中控制伐桩的萌苗数量并疏伐过密的萌苗丛有利于萌苗生长。     

The effect of microhabitat and trophic conditions on the colonization density of cambio-and xylophagous insects in fir stumps (Abies alba Mill.) in selected stands of the świętokrzyskie mountains (Poland)

Most of the investigated fir stumps (79%), aged 2–4 years after tree cutting, were occupied by cambio-and xylophagous insects (on average 32 individuals per 1 stump). There were identified 2 cambiophages, 1 cambio-xylophagous species and 5 xylophages. Colonization density of these insects in fir stumps was influenced by microhabitat and trophic conditions. The highest density was found in fir stumps without mosses and lichens cover, moderately decomposed and wet, situated in partly insolated places. Fir stumps are a good base for reproduction and development of secondary and technical invaders of wood, which is important for forest management. Of particular significance isPissodes piceae that apart from stumps invades also weakened and withering fir trees, causing their death.     

毛竹伐蔸根系养分含量、抗氧化能力与伐后年数的关系

【目的】揭示毛竹伐蔸根系养分含量和抗氧化能力的年际变化规律,为毛竹林伐蔸促腐技术研究提供理论参考。【方法】以6年生活立竹的蔸根为对照,分析比较了笋材两用毛竹林伐后2 a、4 a、6 a的伐蔸根系C、N、P、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质含量和根系活力、抗氧化酶活性。【结果】表明随着毛竹立竹伐后年限的增加,伐蔸根系的细胞膜脂过氧化程度提高,渗透调节能力降低,根系活力明显降低,抗氧化能力逐渐下降。但毛竹立竹伐后,甚至伐后6 a时,伐蔸根系仍有较强的生理活性和生长更新能力,具有较高的C、N、P含量,尤其是C含量明显提高,主要养分化学计量比产生适应性调节,N/P相对稳定,C/N、C/P趋于升高。【结论】毛竹伐后6 a,蔸根仍具有较强的养分吸收能力,也能通过与竹鞭的联系从活立竹转运利用有机C,这是毛竹伐蔸难以腐解的重要机制。     

Collembola in low stumps at clear-cuts. Is stump harvesting a threat?

Abstract

Stump harvesting as a way to increase wood biomass production in order to meet the European Union targets for reduced CO₂ emissions is starting up in Sweden. The knowledge about if and how Collembola species can use low stumps as a substrate is very limited. Stumps of three different ages (4, 14 and 75 years) were sampled to see if Collembola used the dead wood during the whole rotation period of a forest. Stumps of spruce, pine and birch were compared. Both the bark and the splint wood of the stumps were sampled. To determine whether the stump also influenced the nearby soil, the soil close to the stump were sampled as well as the soil further away. In total, five Collembola species that are known to prefer dead wood as a substrate were found in the stumps. Wood specialists were more dominating in young stumps, but occurred also in the oldest stumps. No preference was found for any specific tree species. Wood-living Collembola seem to be able to survive in low stumps for a whole rotation period, at least in low numbers. There is, however, a risk for extinction debt due to their low capacity for active long-distance dispersal.     

欧美107杨伐根嫁接法造林技术与效果分析

在采伐迹地上,以意大利214杨的伐根做砧木,欧美107杨的1a生条做接穗,进行嫁接法造林技术试验。结果表明,该法造林具有成本低、适应性强、速生等特点。7a生的伐根嫁接法造林的树木平均胸径18.9cm,平均树高19m,单株立木材积为0.1562m3;而利用植苗法造林的同龄树木平均胸径为7.7cm,平均树高为8.4m,单株立木材积为0.0174m3,差异显著。