松材线虫病疫木伐桩除害处理技术概述

松材线虫病疫木伐桩中含有松材线虫和松褐天牛,是病害流行的侵染源之一,伐桩的除害处理是松材线虫病防治中不可缺少的一环.阐述了松材线虫病疫木伐桩的除害处理措施,包括利用生防真菌的生物防治措施,直接挖树桩烧毁、剥皮挖虫和覆土处理等物理机械措施,以及药物熏蒸、药物灌注和生石灰处理等化学措施,重点介绍了利用木腐菌处理疫木伐桩的技术措施,并提出了一些针对性的除害处理建议.     

松材线虫病疫木种植茯苓试验

2011—2012年在福建省云霄园岭国有林场开展利用松活疫木、松病死木、松伐桩种植茯苓试验。结果表明:种植茯苓60 d后松病死木中的松材线虫和松墨天牛全部死亡;茯苓在疫木上的生长量与试验地的光照、水分,松木大小、干燥和腐朽程度有关;以枯死30 d内的疫木及其伐桩种植茯苓效益最为显著。利用松材线虫病疫木种植茯苓是实现疫木不下山和无害化利用的一种新途径。     

松材线虫病疫木剥皮处理对松墨天牛侵入的影响

松材线虫病疫木的无害化处理是松材线虫病防治工作的核心措施。为探寻高效、环保的林间疫木就地无害化处理技术,采用未被松墨天牛侵入的枯死松树(疫木)树干及伐桩,经剥皮处理后开展天牛及松瘤象等其他蛀干害虫侵入情况试验。结果表明:林间未被松墨天牛蛀入的疫木木段和伐桩,经剥皮处理后均未发现松墨天牛侵入的情况,但仍可受到小蠧等害虫的入侵。未剥皮的树干木段,松墨天牛幼虫仍可以蛀入;未剥皮的伐桩60%有松墨天牛蛀入孔和羽化孔。剥皮处理树干和伐桩可以阻止松墨天牛侵入,防止松材线虫病传播扩散,是林间疫木就地无害化处理的有效措施之一。     

木腐菌对松材线虫病病死树伐桩的作用

采用硫磺菌菌株6600、杂色云芝菌株6923、松生拟层孔菌菌株W11、茯苓菌株6284和粗皮侧耳菌株6221接种处理松材线虫病病死树伐桩,研究5个菌株对伐桩的分解能力以及对伐桩内松材线虫的作用情况.结果表明:硫磺菌菌株6600对伐桩的分解能力以及对伐桩内松材线虫的抑杀作用都最强;对伐桩内松材线虫数量与伐桩样品质量的相关分析表明两者呈极显著的正相关.该研究为今后在实际生产中利用木腐菌处理伐桩奠定了重要的基础.     

疫木切面上松材线虫抗原的免疫学检测方法

利用抗松材线虫血清建立在疫木切面上直接进行免疫组化染色检测松材线虫抗原的方法。ELISA和免疫斑点印迹的结果表明:该方法对松材线虫具有较好的特异性,可以检测出木材表面0·1μg的线虫抗原,显示了较好灵敏度。自然感染松材线虫的黑松疫木免疫组化的染色结果表明:该方法可以清晰地检出管胞处松材线虫蛋白抗原的存在。     

微波杀灭原木蛀干害虫的技术研究

通过不同的微波温度处理松材线虫病死木原木,观察了微波对松材线虫疫木中松墨天牛幼虫及松材线虫存活的影响,同时初步研究了微波处理后原木在材性上的变化情况。结果表明,当微波处理温度达到50℃时,保持5 min,可完全杀灭病木中的松墨天牛幼虫;当微波处理温度达到55℃时,保持5 min,松材线虫完全死亡;温度在60℃左右时,对木材的开裂、抗弯弹性、抗弯强度等材性影响不显著,经微波处理的疫木可正常利用。因此5,5℃的微波处理可作为松材线虫疫木除害的有效方法。     

松材线虫病疫木安全利用新途径

该文在实地调查的基础上研究了利用松材线虫病疫木种植茯芩并杀死其中的松材线虫、松褐天牛达到安全利用的方法。研究表明:疫木种植茯苓第63天,样木中的松材线虫可全部死亡;第77天松褐天牛可全部死亡,种植240 d后,茯苓可采收,每立方米疫木可收益约1 100元。对利用疫木种植茯苓在种植技术、时间及安全性方面进行了可行性分析,并对经济效益和对生态环境的影响进行了评估。     

处理松材线虫病疫木的木腐真菌筛选

【目的】通过室内和田间试验筛选能在有效降解松材线虫病疫木的同时,还能够抑制松材线虫在疫木内生活移动的木腐真菌,为研发松材线虫病疫木高效环保除治新途径提供依据。【方法】利用选择培养基从腐朽松木样本中初筛出19个木腐真菌。在不同种类木腐真菌平板上接入2 000条松材线虫共培养,从中筛选出能抑制松材线虫生长繁殖的菌株。通过测定受木腐菌侵染的黑松试样的失重率,判定木腐真菌对松木的腐解能力。选择能有效抑制松材线虫繁殖且降解松木能力强的菌株进行田间试验。采用液体摇瓶培养菌丝接种田间疫木,处理4个月后均匀钻孔取样,分析整段疫木内松材线虫数量变化。5—6月,收集天牛蛹室周围木样(0.5～1 cm),分析蛹室周围木样内松材线虫数量,同期在钢丝网罩中定期捕捉羽化的天牛,分析羽化天牛携带线虫的数量。【结果】室内筛选出7株能抑制松材线虫繁殖且降解木材能力强的木腐真菌,其中在菌株J5-2的平板上培养8天后,每皿仅分离出(18±10)条线虫,在硫磺菌和糙皮侧耳的平板上则完全分离不到松材线虫。在供试菌株中,硫磺菌对松木的降解能力最强,侵染黑松木材4个月后,试样失重率达到22.82%,其次是菌株S4,造成木块重质损失了21.68%。田间试验表明,7种木腐真菌接种4个月后,均能使疫木内松材线虫种群数量减少,其中菌株J5-2、硫磺菌、S4可使蛹室线虫数量减少65%以上,天牛携带线虫数量低于每头200条。菌株J5-2除害效果最佳,使疫木蛹室线虫数量减少72%,每只天牛携带松材线虫仅(15±4)条,最高携带量仅为60条。经鉴定菌株J5-2为Ceriporia sp.。【结论】菌株J5-2、硫磺菌和糙皮侧耳等木腐菌对松材线虫的抑制作用明显,硫磺菌和菌株S4降解木材的能力强,菌株J5-2、硫磺菌、S4在田间处理疫木的效果最好,可使疫木中线虫数量减低65%以上。利用木腐真菌就地处理松材线虫病疫木是一种高效环保新方法。     

不同培养方法对松材线虫鉴定的影响

开展了松萎蔫病疫木(枯死木、包装板)不同温度、时间保湿培养,以真菌为培养基培养松材线虫分散型3龄幼虫对松材线虫鉴定率影响的研究。结果表明:随着培养温度提高、时间的延长,松材线虫鉴定率随之升高。疫木保湿培养,48 h之前,鉴定率呈缓慢上升趋势,48 h之后鉴定率快速上升;疫木保湿30℃培养72 h或25℃培养96 h,真菌30℃培养72 h或20-25℃培养96 h,松材线虫分散型3龄幼虫样本的松材线虫鉴定率达100%,2种培养方法均适宜在松萎蔫病疫木松材线虫鉴定中应用。     

松材线虫病疫木伐桩除害药剂筛选试验

选用80%敌敌畏乳油、30%氯胺磷乳油、20%吡虫啉乳油3种化学杀虫剂分别与水、柴油按1∶3、1∶5配比混合,进行松材线虫病疫木伐桩除害对比试验,并测算各处理的药剂成本。结果表明:12种处理松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatusHope)的死亡率都不高,除治效果都未超过3%,而除治成本很高,未达到除害处理的目的。表明松材线虫病疫木伐桩应用化学杀虫剂除害处理效果不理想。     

Effects of surface and light conditions of fallen logs on the emergence and survival of coniferous seedlings and saplings

We surveyed the germination number (N _cs) of 2-year and a 1-year survival of Abies sachalinensis and Picea jezoensis seedlings and saplings on 29 fallen logs from 2004 to 2005 in a natural coniferous forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan, in relation to the surface and light conditions of fallen logs. Moss height (H _moss), log hardness (Hardness), and the area of fallen log (Area) were measured as the surface conditions by each 1-m block from bottom to top of all fallen logs. The relative photosynthetic photon flux density (rPPFD) 10 cm above the tallest seedling in each block was measured as the light condition. In addition, the height of the tallest seedling or sapling in each block (H _max), the difference between a height of each seedling and sapling and the H _max (Shading), and a height of seedlings and saplings in 2004 (H _ini) were considered. N _cs of A. sachalinensis was affected by Hardness and Area, whereas N _cs of P. jezoensis was affected by H _moss, Hardness, Area, H _max, and rPPFD. The survival of seedlings (height < 5 cm) and saplings (5 cm ≤ height < 50 cm) were affected by H _ini, rPPFD, and shading for both species. However, the survival of P. jezoensis saplings was more sensitive to decrease in rPPFD and increase of shading than that of A. sachalinensis. Therefore, seedling emergence was influenced by surface conditions, whereas survival was affected by light conditions. Furthermore, P. jezoensis emergence and survival were more sensitive to surface and light conditions than that of A. sachalinensis.     

Effect of auxins (IBA and NAA) and season on rooting of juvenile and mature hardwood cuttings of Robinia pseudoacacia and Grewia optiva

Juvenile (2 year old trees) and mature hardwood (15 year old trees) cuttings of Robinia pseudoacacia and Grewia optiva were tested for their capacity to form roots. Cuttings were prepared in spring, monsoon and winter seasons and treated with different concentrations (250, 500 and 750 mg/l) of IBA and NAA. These were planted in a mist chamber maintained at 25±1°C with relative humidity >70%. Juvenile cuttings of both species rooted significantly better than mature hardwood cuttings in all three seasons, and the age effect was more pronounced in auxin treated cuttings. The highest rooting in juvenile (83.3%) and mature (66.6%) cuttings was observed with the NAA (500 mg/l) treatment in R. pseudoacacia during the spring season. In G. optiva, IBA (250 mg/l) in the monsoon season was most effective and yielding a maximum of 80% and 70% rooting in juvenile and mature cuttings, respectively. Auxin treatments also significantly enhanced the number of roots, root length, leaf number and leaf area. Statistical analysis of data revealed that interactions between age, season and treatments were significant at P <0.05 level for R. pseudoacacia and non-significant for G. optiva.     

Aluminum tolerance and aluminum-induced deposition of callose and lignin in the root tips of Melaleuca and Eucalyptus species

We exposed the roots of nine Myrtaceae species (Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell., Melaleuca cajuputi Powell, Melaleuca glomerata F. Muell., Melaleuca leucadendra [L.] L., Melaleuca quinquenervia [Cav.] S.T. Blake, Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertner, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Eucalyptus deglupta Bl., and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden) to 1 mM Al in a nutrient solution for either 24 h or 20 days to evaluate their sensitivity to excess Al and to determine whether callose and lignin formation can be used as interspecific indicators of Al sensitivity. Inhibition of root elongation by Al varied among the species. Melaleuca leucadendra, M. cajuputi, E. grandis, M. quinquenervia, and E. deglupta were tolerant to 1 mM Al, whereas M. viridiflora, E. camaldulensis, M. glomerata, and M. bracteata were sensitive to 1 mM Al. We found that Al induced callose formation in the root tips of each species, but lignin was formed only in the root tips of the most sensitive species, M. bracteata. Root elongation at 1 mM Al was negatively correlated with Al-induced callose formation but not with the Al-induced lignin formation in the root tips. These results suggest that Al-induced callose formation, rather than lignin formation, can be used as an interspecific indicator of Al sensitivity.     

Species and control of insect pests and major diseases of Torreya grandis merrillii

From January 2001 to December 2004, the investigation on the species of insect pests and diseases in Torreya grandis Merrillii was conducted and integrated control technologies of the main insect pests and diseases were studied in Zhuji, Shaoxin, Shenzhou, Dongyang, and Jiande counties of Zhejiang Province. Via field survey, a system of regular observations, 55 species of insect pests belonging to 9 orders and 29 families, and 4 species of diseases were recorded. Among them, Lepteucosma torreyae and Macrolygus torreyae were found to be new species. The biological characteristics of the major insect pests and diseases, such as Rhyncaphytoptus abiesis, Helicobasidium compacum, Erwinia carotovora, Chlorella sp., Macrolygus torreyae, and Lepteucosma torreyae, were primarily recorded, and their outbreaks and epidemics were researched. The forecasting method for Lepteucosma torreyae was established. Based on strengthening cultivation and management, integrated control measures were put forward including physical, biologic and chemical methods. Medications with higher effect and lower toxicity were screened by comparing the effect of different pesticide treatments. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 2005, 22(5): 545–552 [译自: 浙江林学院学报, 2005, 22(5): 545–552]     

Soil fertility changes and response of maize and beans to green manures of leucaena,sesbania and pigeonpea

Three multipurpose tree species (MPTS)-leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), sesbania (Sesbania sesban var. nubica) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) were pruned at a height of 60 cm above the ground every two months, and resulting plant biomass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. For comparison, maize (Zea mays) stover was also incorporated into some plots, while some other plots were left fallow. Varying quantities of plant biomass which were incorporated into the soil over a period of 12 months caused large changes in major soil plant nutrients, and it substantially improved soil fertility. To test for improved soil fertility, test crops of maize and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were grown on the plots after six biomass incorporations of 4806, 13603, 16659 and 7793 kg. ha^–1yr^–1 for pigeonpea, sesbania leucaena and maize, respectively. Responses of the test crops indicated that sesbania and leucaena green manures improved maize stover, cobs and grain yields; and bean haulms and grain yields by 77.6% when compared to fallow plots. Residual effects of green manures still resulted in significant (P < 0.05) yield differences in the test cropin the third testing season. Economic significance of green manures in increasing food crop yields to small scale farmers is discussed.     

An assessment of the benefits and limitations of the shamba agroforestry system in Kenya and of management and policy requirements for its successful and sustainable reintroduction

The shamba system involves farmers tending tree saplings on state-owned forest land in return for being permitted to intercrop perennial food crops until canopy closure. At one time the system was used throughout all state-owned forest lands in Kenya, accounting for a large proportion of some 160,000 ha. The system should theoretically be mutually beneficial to both local people and the government. However the system has had a chequered past in Kenya due to widespread malpractice and associated environmental degradation. It was last banned in 2003 but in early 2008 field trials were initiated for its reintroduction. This study aimed to: assess the benefits and limitations of the shamba system in Kenya; assess the main influences on the extent to which the limitations and benefits are realised and; consider the management and policy requirements for the system’s successful and sustainable operation. Information was obtained from 133 questionnaires using mainly open ended questions and six participatory workshops carried out in forest-adjacent communities on the western slopes of Mount Kenya in Nyeri district. In addition interviews were conducted with key informants from communities and organisations. There was strong desire amongst local people for the system’s reintroduction given that it had provided significant food, income and employment. Local perceptions of the failings of the system included firstly mismanagement by government or forest authorities and secondly abuse of the system by shamba farmers and outsiders. Improvements local people considered necessary for the shamba system to work included more accountability and transparency in administration and better rules with respect to plot allocation and stewardship. Ninety-seven percent of respondents said they would like to be more involved in management of the forest and 80% that they were willing to pay for the use of a plot. The study concludes that the structural framework laid down by the 2005 Forests Act, which includes provision for the reimplementation of the shamba system under the new plantation establishment and livelihood improvement scheme (PELIS) [It should be noted that whilst the shamba system was re-branded in 2008 under the acronym PELIS, for the sake of simplicity the authors continue to refer to the ‘shamba system’ and ‘shamba farmers’ throughout this paper.], is weakened because insufficient power is likely to be devolved to local people, casting them merely as ‘forest users’ and the shamba system as a ‘forest user right’. In so doing the system’s potential to both facilitate and embody the participation of local people in forest management is limited and the long-term sustainability of the new system is questionable. Suggested instruments to address this include some degree of sharing of profits from forest timber, performance related guarantees for farmers to gain a new plot and use of joint committees consisting of local people and the forest authorities for long term management of forests.

Allelopathic effects of eucalyptus and the establishment of mixed stands of eucalyptus and native species

Allelopathic effects of eucalyptus are widely reported and are considered the major factor limiting the establishment of native species in eucalyptus forests. However, reports of the allelopathic effects of eucalyptus are mostly based on laboratory bioassay, not on field trials. In the present study, we conducted field trials to determine the allelopathic effects of eucalyptus and to develop strategies for establishment of mixed stands of native species and eucalyptus. In the field, seed germination and seedling survivorship of native species were determined in the presence and absence of eucalyptus leaf litter or living roots. In the seed germination experiment, seed germination rate of Delonix regia was higher than for Elaeocarpus sylvestris and Tsoongiodendron odorum. Seed germination rates of E. sylvestris and T. odorum were low in both the presence and absence of eucalyptus treatments. The germination rate of D. regia was significantly inhibited by all eucalyptus treatments, but only during the early period. In the seedling establishment experiment, seedling survivorship of E. sylvestris and Michelia macclurel was not inhibited by any treatments, but the seedling survivorship of Schima superba was significantly inhibited by eucalyptus litter addition alone. Seedling height of S. superba and M. macclurel was significantly suppressed when eucalyptus roots were present in treatments, but the seedling height of E. sylvestris was only significantly suppressed by the treatment of roots alone. We propose two strategies for establishment of mixed stands of native species and eucalyptus: (1) direct seed-sowing is effective only for those species (e.g. D. regia) with high germination rates in natural conditions; (2) seedling transplants are more efficient approach for establishing species (e.g. E. sylvestris) with low germination rates. We suggest that mixed plantations of eucalyptus and E. sylvestris can be established by transplanting seedlings of E. sylvestris into eucalyptus plantations.     

Effects of solid water and foliar fertilizer on survival and growth of seedlings in sand prevention and control

To promote afforestation in sandy lands and increase the effects of prevention and control of desertification, the application of a new drought-resistant product—solid water and foliar fertilizer “Shifengle”—was studied. A comparison of three treatments (solid water, foliar fertilizer, and control) showed that both solid water and foliar fertilizer increased plant survival rate by 10% and 18.2%, respectively. Afforestation survival rates of Salix psammophila and Hedysarum mongolicum reached over 90%. In addition, height and crown growth as well as biomass of seedlings were improved by the treatments. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(3): 76–80 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

油松毛虫产卵、取食偏嗜行为及油松针叶内含物测定

[目的]为明确油松毛虫在油松上的产卵和取食部位以及可能机理,为未来害虫发生预测模拟提供基础信息数据。[方法]通过室内模拟试验,统计油松毛虫在盆栽油松幼苗不同部位上的产卵量和取食不同油松针叶的偏嗜情况及死亡率;测定油松针叶内含物含量并与油松毛虫偏嗜行为进行了相关性分析。[结果]在一年生油松针叶上平均产卵块数最多(3.10±0.28),显著高于二年生针叶和三年生针叶;取食一年生油松针叶的油松毛虫数量最多(13.40±0.91)、死亡率最低(13.60%±4.87%),显著优于取食二年生油松针叶和三年生油松针叶的幼虫。油松毛虫幼虫取食选择、成虫产卵选择和幼虫体长与油松针叶内含水量成显著正相关(P0.01);与寄主总酚含量(P0.01)和碳氮比(P0.05)成显著负相关。[结论]油松毛虫对一年生油松针叶具有明显的产卵和取食偏嗜行为。一年生油松针叶内含水量最高、总酚含量最低、有机碳含量最低可能是造成寄主偏嗜行为的原因。     

Impact of weather variables and season on sporulation of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae

Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae are the causal agents of important needle diseases on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Little is known about the epidemiology of the diseases, making the development of control strategies challenging. To investigate the seasonality and climatic drivers of sporulation, inoculum traps, consisting of pine fascicles floating on water in plastic containers, were exchanged fortnightly at five sites in P. radiata plantations between February 2012 and December 2014. Sections of needle baits were plated onto selective media and growth of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae recorded. To explore the generalizability of these data, they were compared to detection data for both pathogens from the New Zealand Forest Health Database (NZFHDB). Further, equivalent analyses on infection of Rhododendron ponticum by P. kernoviae in Cornwall, UK allowed the comparison of the epidemiology of P. kernoviae across different host systems and environments. In New Zealand, inoculum of P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was detected between January–December and March–November, respectively. Inoculum of both species peaked in abundance in late winter. The probability of detecting P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was greater at lower temperatures, while the probability of detecting P. pluvialis also increased during periods of wet weather. Similar patterns were observed in NZFHDB data. However, the seasonal pattern of infection by P. kernoviae in the UK was the opposite of that seen for sporulation in New Zealand. Phytophthora kernoviae was likely limited by warmer and drier summers in New Zealand, but by colder winter weather in the UK. These results emphasize the importance of considering both environmental drivers and thresholds in improving our understanding of pathogen epidemiology.