浙江风水林类型、特点及保护管理探讨

浙江风水林主要包括村落风水林、坟园墓地风水林、寺庙风水林等3种基本类型。阐述了浙江风水林的历史发展过程及浙江先民对风水林的保护管理,总结了浙江风水林的类型及基本特点,并提出风水林的保护管理对策。     

绿色文化遗产——东莞市主要风水林群落简介

在古代东南中国之广大农村,缺少风水林几乎不形成村落.风水林是人们受风水理论的影响,认为对平安、长寿、多子、人丁兴旺、升官发财具有吉凶影响的人工培植或天然生长并严加保护的植物群落,是人们在路口、村后、庭院、坟墓周围等与风水有关的地方所植的林木.它一般具有较长的历史,高大而茂密的树冠层,林下植物种类较多等特征.主要有村落宅基风水林、园墓地风水林、寺院风水林三种基本类型.风水林基本以"枕山环水"为构建原则,布局呈半月形,环抱整个村落,是村落的一道天然绿色保护屏障,无形中具有守护乡村的象征意义.     

绿色文化遗产——东莞市主要风水林群落简介

在古代东南中国之广大农村，缺少风水林几乎不形成村落。风水林是人们受风水理论的影响。认为对平安、长寿、多子、人丁兴旺、升官发财具有吉凶影响的人工培植或天然生长并严加保护的植物群落。是人们在路口、村后、庭院、坟墓周围等与风水有关的地方所植的林木。它一般具有较长的历史，高大而茂密的树冠层，林下植物种类较多等特征。主要有村落宅基风水林、园墓地风水林、寺院风水林三种基本类型。     

顺昌县风水林建设的探索与实践

风水林主要有村落风水林、坟园风水林、寺院风水林等类型,体现了古代人注重林木景观、推崇绿化环境、倡导植树造林、禁止毀林的思想芯勘;そㄉ璺缢?林对于推动全民义务植树、增强全民绿化观念、改善人居环境、提     

整理村落与“风水林”建设绿色新农村

研究广州农村村落"风水林"的分布特点及其环境、景观作用,分析广州村落的环境现状及整理改造和绿化利用的可行性和合理性,据此提出广州市绿色新农村建设中"风水林"保护、利用和村庄绿化结合的针对性措施和方法。       

梅州客家村落民居、风水林及其文化

文章从风水林这一特殊森林群落出发,概述了梅州客家人聚居之地的自然地理、历史文化、风土人情、村落、民居、风水林及其文化内涵的地域特色。     

徽州水口林

徽州地处万山丛中,峰奇峦秀,水碧潭清。居民村落多借助山水布局。无论依山而建还是临水而筑,都有一个共同的特点:讲究村头、村尾组景,徽州人称为“水口”。水口都有水口林,又称风水林。水口林如绿色屏障,环绕、环抱、掩蔽着村庄。远远望去,只见林木,不见村落。徽州人家在水口植树主要依据传统风水理     

佛山市风水林树种组成调查研究

调查了佛山市16个村落的风水林,发现植物种类非常丰富,共有维管束植物255种,隶属于88 科189属。多数风水林保存比较完好,但有些地段因土地开发利用,其面积减少,有些地段因受工业污染较严重,使一些树种受害,如米锥等出现死亡现象。该地区的风水林树种组成是经过较长时间对当地环境适应而形成的,具有稳定性和多功能,对其研究可为生态公益林造林树种选择提供依据。     

从特色小镇建设看村落风水林的保护与优化

正古代中国几乎每一个村庄都有成片茂密的风水林,通过村规民约被保护起来。风水林可以被认作是乡村民居等建筑物周边的生态公益林。在我国辽阔的广大农村,村民们的眼中只有风水林,而没有生态公益林这个概念。其实,风水林不单单是植物资源,也是一种即将被工业文明吞没的森林文化。风水林更不单是孤立的一些树林,它的存在往往离不开村落的人—山—林的整体格局。特色小镇建设是物质文明与精神文明建设的综合体,是产业与地域文化特色的融合,在珠三角地     

珠海市不同类型乡村人居林的树种构成特征研究

文章以珠海市10个典型乡村为对象,调查研究了庭院林、道路林、风水林和公共游憩林4种类型乡村人居林的树种构成特征,对比分析了古村和新村人居林景观差异。结果表明:1)庭院林树种主要以龙眼、黄皮、荔枝、杨桃、菠萝蜜、柚、番荔枝等果树为主,在新村的庭院中也出现三角梅、侧柏、罗汉松、米兰、桂花和鸡蛋花等观赏树种; 2)道路林以榕树、龙眼、香蕉、荔枝、黄皮、枇杷、鸡蛋花和木棉等为主,其中榕树和龙眼数量最多; 3)风水林优势树种以相思、桉树、榕树、竹、龙眼、荔枝等果树和用材树种居多,古村风水林保存比较完整,而新村风水林有逐渐缺失的趋势; 4)公共游憩林以观赏性和遮荫性较好的树木为主,主要有榕树、朴树、香樟、木棉和菩提树等,其中榕树最多。整体上古村与新村的林木景观风貌都是以乡土植物为主,但新村的树种增加了观赏树种,在栽植方式上趋向于城市绿化风格。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.