杉木无性系管胞形态及其拉伸性能的研究

为了给人工林杉木选育和合理利用提供依据,以3个杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)无性系为研究对象,测试分析管胞长度、宽度和长宽比以及单根管胞拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量的变异规律。结果表明,管胞长度、长宽比、拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量,在株内径向由髓心向外逐渐增大,在株内纵向1.3～5.5 m段自下向上逐渐增大。管胞的拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量,与管胞长度、长宽比均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。杉木无性系管胞形态和单根管胞拉伸性能在幼龄与成熟时期材性呈现显著差异。     

三种针叶树材单根管胞形态与拉伸性能

选取杉木、白皮松、日本落叶松三种针叶树材为研究对象,探究并比较位于不同生长轮的单根管胞的形态参数及拉伸力学性能.结果表明,三种针叶树材的管胞长度、宽度、长宽比及拉伸强度、弹性模量、断裂伸长率基本符合随生长轮增加而增大的变化规律;杉木管胞的长度、宽度最大,日本落叶松晚材第9生长轮的管胞具有最佳的拉伸性能.方差分析表明,杉木和白皮松的第3生长轮与其他生长轮的管胞形态具有显著性差异(P<0.05).杉木、日本落叶松的第3生长轮与其他生长轮的管胞拉伸力学性能具有显著性差异(P<0.05),而白皮松各生长轮间的拉伸力学性能没有显著性差异.研究结果为人工林木质纤维的高效利用及建筑用材提供依据.     

日本落叶松无性系木材性质的遗传变异

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的木材基本密度、管胞参数进行了测定.结果表明:木材基本密度,早、晚材管胞宽度和早材长宽比无性系间差异显著;木材基本密度,早、晚材管胞长度,早晚材管胞宽度和早晚材长宽比径向变异模式相似,即从髓心向外以曲线形式不断增加,有时亦有起伏;早材从髓心向外以近似直线的形式缓慢增加,晚材从髓心向外以曲线形式增加,初期增加幅度较大,到一定年龄后趋于水平变化并略有波动;材质性状与树木年轮间的关系以对数方程、幂函数方程、指数方程拟合效果较好;除了晚材壁腔比和早材壁厚外,其它木材性质的重复力均在0.5以上,受中度或中度以上的遗传制约,按照20%的选择率,长宽比和晚材管胞长能获得较高的遗传增益.     

落叶松种间及其杂种管胞特征及微纤丝角的变异

对落叶松属4个种及其以日本落叶松为母本的种间杂交组合的早晚材管胞形态和微纤丝角进行了测定分析,研究结果表明:落叶松各管胞特征值及微纤丝角基本符合甚至远超过较优纸浆材筛选要求;落叶松种间及其杂种早晚材管胞形态特征值差异显著或极显著,早、晚材管胞长变幅分别为3164.45～3 865.26、3 318.51～4 200.8...     

日本落叶松无性系微纤丝角遗传变异的研究

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的早材和晚材微纤丝角进行了测定,结果表明:早、晚材微纤丝角无性系间差异极显著,同一年轮内早材微纤丝角大于晚材.日本落叶松微纤丝角的径向变异规律为:在髓心处最大,以后逐渐减小.早、晚材微纤丝角与树木年轮间的变异模式(径向变异)以对数和乘幂式方程拟合效果较好,R2(R为相关系数)均在0.8以上.早、晚材微纤丝角同树高、形率、树皮厚度、主枝粗、枝干比、主枝夹角、主枝长的相关关系不显著,早、晚材微纤丝角同胸径、冠幅的相关关系达到显著水平;早材与晚材的微纤丝角也相关显著.早材和晚材的微纤丝角受中到强度遗传控制,广义遗传力分别为0.767 4、0.804 3.按照20%的选择率,早材和晚材的微纤丝角的遗传增益分别为21.82%和29.75%.     

无损检测在日本落叶松材性育种中的应用前景探讨

使用 Pilodyn和微秒计对20个日本落叶松无性系进行无损检测,研究无性系间无损检测指标的表型和遗传变异,结果表明：应力波速( SWV)的表型变异系数和遗传变异系数分别为5.09%和3.57%,低于 Pilodyn南向测定值(Ps)和北向测定值(Pn);3个无损检测指标无性系重复力的分布范围为0.34～0.48,说明它们受中等强度的遗传控制。研究无损检测指标与各材质性状间的关系,结果表明： Ps和 Pn与生长轮密度、早材密度、生长轮壁腔比和早材壁腔比呈极显著负相关; SWV与生长轮微纤丝角、早材微纤丝角和晚材微纤丝角呈极显著负相关,但与生长轮弹性模量、早材弹性模量和晚材弹性模量呈极显著正相关。多元回归分析表明,对 Ps,Pn和 SWV 贡献率排名前2位的材质性状分别为生长轮密度和早材壁腔比、生长轮密度和生长轮壁腔比以及早材微纤丝角和生长轮弹性模量。建立无损检测指标与相对应材质性状的线性回归方程,发现 Ps与生长轮密度间方程的决定系数(0.340)略小于 Pn与生长轮密度的决定系数(0.360); SWV 与早材微纤丝角、生长轮弹性模量间方程的决定系数分别为0.348和0.316。     

人工林马尾松木材性质的变异

本文研究了广西人工林马尾松木材性质的变异及幼龄材与成熟材的差异。结果表明 ,幼龄材与成熟材的分界年龄在 14　 16a ,解剖性质在径向上的变异规律为 :射线比量、树脂道比量、胞壁率、胞腔直径、胞壁厚、管胞长度、管胞宽度和晚材壁腔比是自髓心向外呈递增趋势 ,管胞比量和晚材率为递减趋势 ,早材壁腔比和早材腔径比则近似于一条直线。方差分析结果表明 :树脂道比量、胞壁率、胞壁厚、管胞长度和管胞宽度 ,幼龄材与成熟材差异达显著或极显著水平。 5项木材物理力学性质均为成熟材高于幼龄材 ,且均达差异显著水平。木材性质间的相关分析表明 :木材基本密度与管胞长度、管胞宽度、射线比量、树脂道比量、胞壁率呈显著的正相关关系 ,木材气干密度与抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度也呈显著的正相关关系     

杉木无性系新品种‘洋020’和‘洋061’10年生幼龄材微观结构与力学性能的相关性

【目的】阐明杉木无性系间幼龄材的力学性能差异,筛选力学性能优良的无性系,探究影响杉木幼龄材力学性能的微观结构特征,为杉木优良无性系选育、杉木木材加工利用和加工工艺研发提供科学依据。【方法】以福建洋口国有林场杉木无性系品种比对示范试验林中2个经国家认定的杉木无性系新品种‘洋020’和‘洋061’10年生幼龄材为试验材料,各采伐8株标准株作为样木。按照国标加工、制备主要力学性能试件,测定木材抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和硬度,应用光学显微图像分析系统、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外显微成像等技术观测样品显微构造并测量微纤丝角、结晶度和木质素含量。采用单因素方差分析进行数据处理,系统分析2个杉木无性系幼龄材微观结构与力学性能的相关性。【结果】杉木无性系‘洋020’早材管胞形态与‘洋061’较为接近,但年轮晚材区比‘洋061’宽,管胞壁较厚,管胞腔较小,壁腔比较‘洋061’约大25%。‘洋020’的平均微纤丝角为12.06°,较‘洋061’(14.97°)约小18%;平均结晶度为39.73%,较‘洋061’(35.88%)高11%左右;木质素含量特征峰高比的平均值较‘洋061’高8%左右;平均抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和硬度分别为51.36 MPa、10.18 GPa、30.27 MPa和1 497 N,较‘洋061’的平均抗弯强度(42.56 MPa)、抗弯弹性模量(8.98 GPa)、顺纹抗压强度(27.20 MPa)和硬度(1 391 N)分别高21%、13%、11%和8%。【结论】除结晶度外,杉木无性系‘洋020’与‘洋061’幼龄材在解剖构造参数、微纤丝角和木质素等微观结构因子方面均存在显著性差异,‘洋020’幼龄材的抗弯、抗压和硬度等力学性能均高于‘洋061’。杉木无性系幼龄材管胞壁厚度、壁腔比等解剖构造参数以及木质素含量与力学性能呈正相关,细胞壁纤维素微纤丝角与力学性能呈负相关,这些微观结构因子的协同作用影响其力学性能。评价杉木无性系幼龄材木材力学品质性状,解剖构造参数和微纤丝角是最主要的判断依据。     

幼龄材范围的确定及树木生长速率对幼龄材生长量的影响

本文以杉木、日本落叶松的人上林和天然林木材为对象，选择ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｌｎｘ回归模式。利用其管胞特征因子随年轮数的变化，研究划分幼龄材年轮界限的最适因子，并就生长速率对幼龄材生长量的影响进入了探讨。结果表明：杉木和日本落叶松的人工林及天然林木的管胞特征值在径向水平上的变化均遵循ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｌｎｘ模式，尤其管胞长度与年轮数回归的相关系数Ｒ均达０．９８以上；管胞长度与管胞宽度及纤丝用相比，遗传率最大，随年轮数变化的模式最稳定，是划分幼龄材界限的最佳因子，由此得出杉木人工林幼龄材界限年轮为２０－２２（距髓心距离为１２．９－１３．２ｃｍ）、天然林为１６－１８（４．１－４．５ｃｍ），日本落叶松人工林为１９－２３（８．７－１０．５ｃｍ）、天然林为２３－２４（２．９－３．１ｃｍ）；幼龄材生长量与树木生长速率成正比。     

杂种落叶松F2代自由授粉家系纸浆材遗传变异及多性状联合选择

对17年生7个杂种落叶松自由授粉家系和3个对照子代测定林(共10个处理)的生长和材性性状进行遗传变异分析、相关分析、综合指数评价与选择.结果表明:生长与材性性状家系间、家系内均存在较大的变异,除单位面积管胞数量外,其他性状晚材的变异系数均大于早材;材积、管胞长宽比和树脂道比量变异系数较大(26.2%～85.3%).基本密度、早材微纤丝角、管胞比量变异系数较小(1.4%～8.1%).方差分析表明:处理间综纤维素含量,早、晚材微纤丝角,管胞长宽比,晚材径向直径、胞壁率、壁腔比,管胞比量差异显著;材积、管胞长、弦向直径、早材和晚材单位面积管胞数量差异极显著,家系遗传力为59.3%～92.7%,家系水平的材性改良潜力较大.材积与综纤维素含量成极显著正相关,与早材和晚材微纤丝角、弦向直径、晚材壁腔比和管胞比量成正相关,与管胞长宽比和晚材单位面积管胞数量成负相关;基本密度与材积成微弱的负相关,与综纤维素含量成显著的负相关,与管胞长宽比、早材微纤丝角、晚材单位面积管胞数量成正相关;综纤维素含量与管胞长宽比和晚材单位面积管胞数量成负相关;管胞长宽比与晚材壁腔比成极显著负相关;晚材微纤丝角与管胞比量成显著的正相关.对生长和材性进行综合评价,选出I3,I4,I93个比较理想的多性状指数方程.适合作纸浆林培育的家系为兴7×日77-2、日5×长77-3和日3×兴9.入选率30%时,各性状家系遗传增益分别为:材积34.7%,综纤维素含量7.5%,晚材壁腔比11.0%,晚材胞壁率6.2%,管胞长宽比4.5%,晚材微纤丝角3.2%,管胞比量0.3%.     

Effect of the amount of lignin on tensile properties of single wood fibers

Chemical components are the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of wood fibers. Lignin is one of the main components of wood cell walls and has a critical effect on the mechanical properties of paper pulp and wood fiber based composites. In this study, we carried out tensile tests on single mature latewood tracheids of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanciolata (Lamb.) Hook.), using three different delignified treatment methods to obtain different amounts of lignin. We applied single fiber tests to study the effect of the amount of lignin on mechanical tensile properties of single wood fibers at the cellular level. The results show that in their dry state, the modulus of elasticity of single fibers decreased with the reduction in the amount of lignin; even their absolute values were not high. The amount of lignin affects the tensile strength and elongation of single fibers considerably. Tensile strength and elongation of single fibers increase with a reduction in the amount of lignin.     

三倍体毛白杨新无性系木材气干密度和力学性质性状的遗传控制及对单板材育种的意义

该文利用 9个 9年生三倍体毛白杨无性系木材试样 ,研究了木材气干密度组成及力学性质的遗传变异规律 .结果表明 ,木材气干密度组成及力学性质在无性系间存在显著或极显著差异 ,并受到中等强度的遗传控制 ;气干密度的径向和纵向变异与多数研究结果一致 ;力学性质除抗弯弹性模量和端面硬度外其株内变异趋势也基本符合木材学理论 .在力学性质指标中 ,抗弯弹性模量和弦面硬度是遗传性很强的性状 ,其无性系重复力分别为 0 90和 0 80 ,抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和硬度的无性系重复力稍低 .遗传相关表明对单板材可通过木材密度与干形等形质指标进行优良无性系选择     

Genetic variation in wood stiffness and strength properties of hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi)

Genetic parameters for wood stiffness and strength properties were estimated in a 29-year-old hybrid larch stand (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi). The study included 19 full-sib larch families from Hokkaido, northern Japan. Implications of these genetic parameters in wood quality improvement are subsequently discussed. Traits included in the analyses were the dynamic modulus of elasticity of green logs (E _log), the modulus of elasticity (MOE), the modulus of rupture (MOR), compression strength parallel to the grain (CS) in small clear specimens, wood density (DEN), and diameter at breast height (DBH). DEN had the lowest coefficients of variation and MOE the highest. The narrow-sense heritability estimates of E _log, MOE, MOR, and CS were 0.61, 0.44, 0.60, and 0.43, respectively, and those of DEN and all mechanical properties increased from an inner to outer position within the stem. E _log and DEN had high positive phenotypic (0.52–0.83) and genetic (0.70–0.92) correlations with MOE, MOR, and CS. The mechanical properties of the inner position of the stem had rather high phenotypic and genetic correlations with those of the outer position and overall mean. The predicted gains in wood stiffness (E _log and MOE) were higher than those of the strength properties (MOR and CS). The predicted correlated responses in MOE, MOR, and CS when selecting for E _log and DEN were 72.6%–97.8% of a gain achievable from direct selection of these traits. DBH showed an insignificant correlation with all mechanical properties, although selection of this trait had a slightly negative effect on the mechanical properties.     

木粉增强P34HB生物复合材料的制备及其结构性能表征

【目的】通过木粉纤维增强生物塑料聚3-羟基丁酸酯-co-4-羟基丁酸酯(P34HB),为生物复合材料的理论研究和生物可降解塑料的广泛应用提供科学依据和理论支持。【方法】以毛白杨木粉和P34HB为原料,采用共混热压法制备P34HB/木粉生物复合材料,基于电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重分析(TGA)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、动态热机械分析(DMA)和力学性能分析等手段对其结构和性能进行表征。【结果】随着木粉含量增加,生物复合材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和弯曲强度先增加后减小,冲击强度逐渐下降,拉伸强度、弹性模量和杨氏模量分别增加89%、59%和103%,储能模量E′逐渐增加,tanδ峰值先下降后上升。生物复合材料的高频率模量大于低频率模量,动刚度比静刚度好。相比P34HB,生物复合材料的热分解区间变宽,热解速率变慢,热解剩余质量增加。【结论】随着木粉含量增加,P34HB分子链运动受阻,生物复合材料的储能模量和脆性增大;同时,木粉纤维的成核作用诱导P34HB形成结晶度高、层状结构发达的横晶层,木粉与P34HB之间界面结合力增强,力学性能和热稳定性明显提高。综合考虑,P34HB/木粉生物复合材料的最佳木粉加入量为50%。     

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WOOD PROPERTIES BETWEENWHITE WOOD OF DAHURIAN LARCH AND MONGOLIANSCOTCH PINE

DahurianlarchandMongolianscotchpinearetwomajorconunerciaIconilbroustTeesinDaxing'anlingForesnyArea.Itisob-viousthattbcwoodproPertiesandworkability'ofthetWoplantsarecompletelydifferent.Butlnrecert'years,ltlsfoundthattherearetwodiffer':nttypesinparameterofwood'scolour.phy'sicalandmechanicalproPertiesandwork-ability'inDahurianlarch,namelyredwoodandx"hite..od.l']Andthepropertiesofwhite`voodaresligl1tlyyellow-white,medianweightandhardness,goodinworkability'andLard-ness,goodinwodability'anduneas…     

Genetic variation analysis and comprehensive evaluation of wood property traits of 20-year-old Chinese fir clone

This work focuses on the genetic variation of Chinese fir clones in the radial direction. Four 20-year-old Chinese fir clones were selected in Kaihua Forest Farm, Zhejiang, China, and the differences and genetic characteristics were studied. Clonal repeatability, genotype coefficient of variable, and phenotypical coefficient of variable were calculated to light on the genetic variation on the radial direction. Results showed significant differences (P?<?0.05) between the clones and annual rings of the same clone. The clonal repeatability of the ten wood properties is ranged from 0.5 to 0.8, wherein the fiber length, elastic modulus, and total dry density are higher than 0.7. For all the measured traits, the phenotypic variation of clones is greater than that of the genetic variation. Overall, the measured wood traits, especially the mechanical and physical properties, are strongly controlled by heredity, which means they are potentially helpful for genetic improvement of wood properties and optimal breeding. Furthermore, the clonal repeatability of the measured traits varies between annual rings, and the physical and mechanical properties are relatively stable. The principal component analysis results reveal that the clone of Kai 13 has the highest score.

     

Property gradients in oil palm trunk (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Elaeis guineensis</Emphasis>)

Since the structure of oil palm wood varies dramatically, the property gradients of oil palm wood within a trunk are of great interest. In this study, the physical (density, water uptake and swelling in the radial direction) and mechanical properties (bending modulus of elasticity and strength, compressive modulus of elasticity and strength in the direction parallel to the fiber, compressive strength in the direction perpendicular to the fiber and shear strength in the direction parallel to the fiber) of oil palm wood for a whole trunk were examined. The water uptake, compressive strength in the direction perpendicular to the fiber, shear strength in the direction parallel to the fiber, bending modulus of elasticity and strength and compressive modulus of elasticity and strength in the direction parallel to the fiber appeared to be independent of trunk height but tended to be related to the relative distance from surface or density by a single master curve. However, the swelling in the radial direction of the oil palm wood was not correlated with the relative distance from the surface, trunk height or density. Finally, property map of oil palm wood for a cross section at any height was prepared for practical use.     

Comparative study on physical and mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber and plywood panels made of wood from fast-growing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gmelina arborea</Emphasis> trees

Laminated products, such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL) or plywood (PW), have become important recently. The objective of this study was to determine and compare properties of panels fabricated with veneers of Gmelina arborea trees in a fast-growth plantation and glued with phenol formaldehyde resin. The results showed that LVL and PW physical and mechanical properties are comparable to those of solid wood with a specify gravity of 0.60. Moreover, these panels can be cataloged into group 2 of PS 1–95 of the Voluntary Products Standard of the United States. The difference in physical properties was not statistically significant between LVL and PW panels, except for water absorption. Some mechanical properties, such as hardness and glue-line shear, modulus of rupture in perpendicular flexure, nail and screw withdrawal parallel, and perpendicular strength, were statistically different between LVL and PW. However, no differences were established for the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength parallel to the surface, or tensile strength perpendicular to the surface. The differences were attributed to the venners’ orientation in the panels studied.     

人工林杉木和杨树木材物理力学性质的株内变异研究

按照中国国家标准研究杉木和I-214杨树木材的抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度,同时按照日本国家标准研究2个树种的顺纹抗剪强度.结果表明:杉木的抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度由胸高直径处向上呈波浪形增加,抗弯弹性模量则稳定降低,但不同高度间杉木的物理力学性质没有显著差异;近树皮处木材的物理力学性质高于近髓心处木材,并有极显著差异.对于I-214杨树,只有抗弯弹性模量从髓心到树皮逐渐增加,其他的物理力学性质,最小值在从髓心到树皮的过渡区,最大值在近树皮处,从髓心到树皮,杨树的物理力学性质有极显著的差异.杉木和杨树的径面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮有极显著差异,并且近树皮的高于近髓心的木材,而弦面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮没有显著差异.木材密度与力学性质有很好的线性相关关系,木材密度是一个很好的力学强度的预测手段.     

百叶窗用椴木解剖构造及主要物理力学性能

为了给椴木百叶窗加工提供理论依据,以椴木为研究对象,对其解剖特征、密度、干缩率及关键力学性能等材性指标进行测试和分析,并与常见的百叶窗树种俄罗斯樟子松进行对比。实验结果表明,椴木纤维长度平均为1 389.74μm,纤维宽度平均为26.30μm,纤维长宽比为53.97,纤维长度、宽度、长宽比值小于俄罗斯樟子松;基本密度、气干密度和全干密度分别为0.42,0.52和0.49 g/cm^3,气干和全干密度均大于俄罗斯樟子松;弦向、径向和体积的气干干缩率分别为6.11%,4.03%和10.59%;弦向、径向和体积的全干干缩率为8.08%,6.09%和13.79%,椴木气干和全干干缩率均大于俄罗斯樟子松;椴木的抗拉强度为103.65 MPa,抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度分别为10 876.88 MPa和75.01 MPa,椴木的抗拉强度和抗弯弹性模量均大于俄罗斯樟子松,抗弯强度低于俄罗斯樟子松。椴木木材具有较优良的物理力学特性,是制作百叶窗的优良材种。