木材功能化阻燃剂研究进展

一剂多效是木材阻燃剂的主要发展方向。文中分别对常用的木材功能化阻燃剂和阻燃处理工艺的国内外研究进展进行了综述,包括磷氮硼阻燃剂、金属化合物阻燃剂、树脂阻燃剂、纳米阻燃剂和微胶囊阻燃剂及新型浸渍法、表面改性法和溶胶-凝胶法等阻燃处理工艺,讨论了木材阻燃研究的发展趋势。     

Sol-Gel法制备木材功能性改良用SiO2凝胶

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)原料,HCl/HF混合酸为水解催化剂,研究应用于木材功能性改良的SiO2凝胶的制备工艺条件.所配制3种反应溶液的TEOS/EtOH/H2O比例分别为FU1=1.00∶15.35∶7.45,FU2=1.00∶5.43∶10.10,FU3=1.00∶5.47∶5.77,HCl/HF摩尔比分别为0.02/0.01、0.02/0.04和0.02/0.06,可在120 min左右得到醇凝胶.将醇凝胶在-21 ℃条件下陈化1～3 d后,在12 h内自然升温至室温,24 h内置于超临界流体中进行干燥单元操作,可以得到适合木材功能性改良用并具有纳米结构的SiO2气凝胶.     

热处理木材提取物微胶囊防腐剂对杨木耐腐性影响研究

在不同pH值的反应条件下,通过正硅酸四乙酯的水解缩合得到二氧化硅;运用溶胶凝胶法制备几种热处理木材提取物/二氧化硅微胶囊,并采用真空-加压浸渍改性杨木。通过流失试验和耐腐试验,研究微胶囊对改性杨木耐腐性的影响;通过酶活性试验探究了微胶囊的抑菌机理。结果表明：热处理木材提取物/二氧化硅微胶囊木材防腐剂可以提高木材的抗流失性和耐腐性;微胶囊抑菌成分主要通过影响白腐菌中木质素酶（锰过氧化物酶、漆酶）、纤维素酶（外切纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶）、半纤维素酶活性达到阻碍白腐菌生长的目的;微胶囊仅对褐腐菌中纤维素酶（内切纤维素酶）活性有抑制作用。     

木材、竹材及其炭化物负载SiO2凝胶的比较

采用单一浓度溶胶浸渍和梯度浓度溶胶浸渍2种方法将SiO2溶胶注入竹材、木材、竹炭和木炭4种材料内部,探讨材料微观结构、炭化前后、溶胶浓度以及浸渍方法对材料凝胶负载率的影响.结果表明:竹材的SiO2凝胶负载率低于竹炭,二者的凝胶负载率显著小于木材和木炭;木材和木炭凝胶负载性能差异与所浸渍溶胶的浓度有关;相比于使用单一浓度浸渍,浓度梯度法浸渍可有效提高材料的负载率.     

外负载TiO2功能化改性木材研究现状

TiO₂作为一种新型无机纳米改性剂,对于改善木材尺寸稳定性差、易燃、易朽、不耐虫蛀、易变色、耐老化性差等缺点,赋予其新的功能性具有良好的效果。文中主要对比了TiO₂负载木材的方法,即表面涂覆、水热法、溶胶—凝胶法和超声波辅助溶胶—凝胶法的机理和优缺点;分析了TiO₂改性对木材内部构造及微观结构的影响,归纳了TiO₂改性对木材吸湿性和力学性能的影响;概述了TiO₂在防水、阻燃、防腐、耐候、防变色、光催化和亲疏水双面功能型木材及磁吸附木材中的应用研究现状;归纳总结了TiO₂在改性木材科学研究中存在的问题,并提出合理建议,以期为实际生产和科学研究提供参考。     

SiO2溶胶空细胞法浸渍处理木材工艺

对SiO2溶胶溶液半限注法浸渍处理紫椴和西南桤木的工艺进行研究.结果表明;si02溶胶对木材的渗透应主要考虑压力和加压时间以及树种的影响,考虑木材的变异性所造成的试验数据的波动,确定siO2溶胶的浸渍工艺条件为压力0.8 MPa,压力时间30 min,后真空度为0.090 MPa,保持10 min.通过X射线能谱图分析,在木材细胞壁的位置能看到排列均匀的siO2,说明在木材外部进行溶胶-凝胶化过程,然后采取空细胞法将溶胶注入到木材中,简化了制备工艺条件,提高了原料利用率.     

二氧化硅改性处理桉树生材的材性分析

采用溶胶-凝胶法,对含水率142％～146％的速生桉树生材进行改性处理,采用电镜SEM、X-射线能谱仪DAX及红外光谱FTIR分析,观察木材微观结构和SiQ分布状态,并检测理化性能.结果表明:浸渍时间不同,改性材中的SiO2含量和分布不同;改性材的增重率最大达45％,气干密度可提高至0.6 g/cm3左右,抗弯强度、硬度及耐光老化性能等均相应提高.     

无机质复合速生材研究现状与展望

速生人工林种植面积大,生长周期短,在取代天然林资源方面具有得天独厚的产量优势,但存在结构疏松、密度小、强度低等缺陷,导致其使用范围大受限制。使用无机材料对人工速生材进行改性处理可有效提高速生材性能和用途。文中简要总结无机质复合木材制备方法——扩散法、溶胶—凝胶法和真空浸渍法,以及无机材料改性处理对速生木材在力学性能、尺寸稳定性、阻燃性、表面疏水性和表面耐候性方面的改善,以期为人工林速生材无机材料改性提供技术参考。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备杉木/TiO_2复合材料及其抗菌性的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了杉木/TiO_2复合材料小样品。经微生物抗菌检测实验结果证实,所制备的杉木/TiO_2复合材料具有显著而广谱的抗菌性,且抗菌性具有一定稳定性和持久性。复合材料抗菌性受光源和温度影响。在木材工业中引进现代光催化杀菌剂TiO_2纳米技术,将促进木材的改性和多功能木材产品的开发。     

溶胶-凝胶法在木材/无机纳米复合材料上的应用

对溶胶-凝胶过程的影响因素、溶胶-凝胶法在木材/无机纳米复合材料上的应用、木材/无机纳米复合材料的性 能等方面加以评述,总结了当前研究中存在的一些问题,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

Copper complexes grafted to functionalized silica gel as wood preservatives against the brown rot fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coniophora puteana</Emphasis>

Wood modification with siloxanes bearing amino groups with copper-linking function was carried out by a sol–gel process. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) were the main components. Two different procedures were followed: a two-step process (impregnation with the TEOS/APTES mixture followed by dipping into a copper sulphate solution) and a one-step process (impregnation with a homogeneous sol mixture of TEOS, APTES and copper (II) chloride). The obtained materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The determination of copper content before and after leaching was performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The efficacy against the brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana was tested by an accelerated procedure. SEM analyses showed that silicon penetrated into wood, while copper is effectively drawn into wood only in the one-step treatment. Copper fixation to the silica gel proved to be adequately strong. Both sol–gel treatments gave good protection against Coniophora puteana.     

Chemical aspects of wood modification by sol�Cgel-derived silica

It has been shown that tetraethoxysilane-derived precursors are suitable solutions for impregnating pine sapwood to improve its dimensional stability. Tailored sol?Cgel syntheses result in precursors with nano-scaled silica species which are able to penetrate into the cell walls of wood. The physical fixation of those species inside the cell walls was verified by ESEM/EDX investigations. There is evidence that the silica species are chemically bonded to wood components. Non-reacted alkoxy groups can exist in the wood composites after impregnation. The amount of these organic residues depends on the composition of the precursors, especially their condensation degree and reactivity. Treatments for finishing the composites after the impregnation step to get clean products and stable properties are discussed in this context. An explanation of the complex relationship between solids content in the impregnation solutions and percentage weight gain and bulking of the composites is given. It can be demonstrated that high WPG values (>20?%) are pre-conditions for an effective protection of the resulting composites but they only guarantee efficient improvements if connected with the incorporation of the inorganic component inside the cell walls. Therefore, the sol?Cgel syntheses have to be carried out in such a manner that very small (<2?nm) as well as reactive species are sufficiently available. This demands syntheses using sub-stoichiometric water contents (H₂O/TEOS?<?4, better <2).     

Fire-resisting properties in several TiO2 wood-inorganic composites and their topochemistry

Summary A study of the wood-inorganic composites prepared by the sol-gel process with a metal alkoxide indicated that an inorganic modification of wood with TiO₂ gels from tetraisopropoxytitanium (TPT) can not improve its properties due to the formation of the gels in the cell lumina by high hydrolysis rate of TPT. In this study, therefore, titanium alkoxides or titanium chelates which have the lower rate of hydrolysis and subsequent polycondensation than TPT were used for preparing TiO₂ wood-inorganic composites to study the topochemical effects of the TiO₂ gels for the property enhancement of wood. As a result, it was found by SEM-EDXA analysis that the TiO₂ gels deposited within the cell walls could improve the properties of wood in dimensional stability and fire-resistance, whereas for the gels in the cell lumina, property enhancement could not be achieved, as observed in SiO₂ wood-inorganic composites.This research has been performed in Dept. of Wood Sci. & Technol., Kyoto UniversityThis research was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (No. 06453176, 1994.4–1996.3) from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan. The authors were grateful to Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. for providing titanic reagents.     

硅烷偶联剂改性对透明木材性能的影响

添加硅烷偶联剂(KH570)对椴木薄片进行改性,再将树脂填充至改性椴木模板中,合成透明木材。同时将未经偶联剂改性的木模板浸渍处理后合成的透明木材作为对比样,采用紫外可见分光光度计、微机控制电子万能力学试验机、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜研究偶联剂改性对透明木材光学性能、力学性能、微观结构的影响。结果表明:偶联剂成功与椴木模板和树脂发生偶联,适量的偶联剂可提高界面相容性;当偶联剂质量分数为5%时,透明木材在800nm波长处具有最大的透光率,为16.8%,且具有最大的拉伸强度,达181.1MPa。     

Effects of impregnation and heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood

Wood modification, of which thermal modification is one of the best-known methods, offers possible improvement in wood properties without imposing undue strain on the environment. This study investigates improvement of the properties of heat-treated solid wood. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was modified in two stages: impregnation with modifiers followed by heat treatment at different temperatures. The impregnation was done with water glass, melamine, silicone, and tall oil. The heat treatment was performed at the temperatures of 180°C and 212°C for three hours. The modified samples were analyzed using performance indicators and scanning electron microscope micrographs. The mechanical and physical properties were determined with water absorption, swelling, bending strength, and impact strength tests. All the modifiers penetrated better into sapwood than hardwood; however, there were significant differences in the impregnation behavior of the modifiers. As regards the effect of heat treatment, generally the moisture properties were improved and mechanical strengths impaired with increasing treatment temperature. In contrast to previous studies, the bending strength increased after melamine impregnation and mild heat treatment. It is concluded that the properties of impregnated wood can be enhanced by moderate heat treatment.     

Multifunctional sol-gel coatings for protection of wood

Abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrid sol-gel coatings derived from sols synthesized using two organically modified precursors were generated on wood specimens using dip and spray coating techniques. One of the sols was synthesized using methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and nanoscaled boehmite particles and the other was synthesized using dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The coatings were generated on the wood specimens by dipping into the sols for specific time periods and by using spray coating method. The coatings were cured at different temperatures for varying soaking times. The dipping times, curing temperature, and soaking times were varied between 24–96 h, 130–200°C and 1–5 h, respectively. The coated samples were characterized for their water contact angles, microstructure, and resistance to water uptake. The coatings derived from MPTMS+boehmite sol were seen to exhibit better performance than DMDEOS+TEOS sol by forming a good barrier on the wood surface, thereby providing superior resistance to water and weather. Dipping of wood into the sol was seen to provide better protection when compared to spray coating. Dipping into the MPTMS+boehmite sol for 24 h and curing at 130°C for 2 h were found to be the optimal processing parameters yielding the best properties.     

木材改性技术发展现状及应用前景

系统阐述了木材改性的背景、方法及意义,重点介绍了热改性、乙酰化、糠基化改性,及压密化和热处理组合改性的基本原理和工艺,及其对木材性质的影响;分析了这些改性方法的应用现状及工业化应用前景,并提出了今后需着重研究的关键问题。