透明木材的研究进展

天然木材由于其本身的构造及化学组成原因,呈现出不透明性,而以纳米纤维素为骨架随后浸渍树脂,可制备出透明木材,兼具高透光和高雾度特性且力学性能优异。进一步在树脂中添加不同纳米粒子,还能使之具有发光性、磁性等功能化特性。透明木材在新一代环保建筑、光学器件等方面具有潜在的应用价值,是当前改性木材领域的研究热点。笔者综述了目前制备透明木材的有效方法,通过木质纳米纤维素骨架的制备、折射指数匹配的树脂浸渍、树脂的固化等工艺过程,达到高透光率和高雾度的实现。并对制备透明木材的现有方法进行了归纳和分析,为寻求快速、便捷、可工业化生产的制备方法提供新的研究思路,并为实现透明木材的工业化制造提供理论基础。同时,对透明木材应用前景进行了论述,系统介绍了其在节能建筑、光电子器件及家居材料方面的应用前景展望。最后,对未来透明木材的发展趋势进行了初步描述。     

透明木材合成机理及其应用研究进展

透明木材是一种新型工程复合材料，具有良好的光学特性和优异的机械性能。根据所填充聚合物类型的不同，可将透明木材应用于透明建筑节能材料、电子器件、阻燃、光学等领域。本文从机理、制备工艺、透明木材改性与应用等方面归纳分析了近年来透明木材的相关研究成果，着重分析并总结了透明木材的光学合成机理，及其功能化改良，论述了透明木材在功能化材料等方面的应用。最后，对透明木材现存问题进行了讨论，以期对透明木材未来的研究提供理论基础。     

糠醇树脂木材改性技术研究进展

人工林是当前我国木材供应的主要来源,其材质问题限制了应用。糠醇树脂改性是一种环境友好的木材改性技术,具有改性剂天然可再生和对生物、环境毒害小的独特优势,为国内外学者广泛关注。作者系统总结利用糠醇树脂木材改性技术的机理、工艺、性能及影响因素的研究现状,以期为糠醇树脂改性技术的产业化提供借鉴。     

电气石/木材复合材制备及微观结构分析

电气石具有释放负氧离子等特殊功能,可以改善环境质量以及促进各种产品的功能化。本研究将电气石以浸渍的方式引入木材中,通过树脂固化的方式将其固定于木材内部,从而得到具有释放负氧离子的功能性木质材料。利用满细胞法,经MUF处理,电气石浓度在5%,偶联剂浓度为4%,浸渍时间为60 min,木材浸渍增重率达到36.9%且分布均匀,负氧离子释放量约为1 086个/cm^3。PEG处理材流失率为15.7%,MUF浸渍处理材的流失率仅为1.3%。     

三聚氰胺-尿素-乙二醛树脂改性对橡胶木物理力学性能的影响

采用三聚氰胺、尿素和乙二醛合成一种环保型三聚氰胺-尿素-乙二醛(MUG)树脂,并以6种质量分数(5%、15%、25%、35%、45%、55%)浸渍处理橡胶木,通过加热聚合,在木材内部形成固体疏水树脂。试验结果表明,随着树脂质量分数的增加,改性材的增重率和密度均增大,吸水率和浸出率减小,抗胀缩率先增大后减小。SEM-EDX分析表明,MUG树脂分布在改性材的细胞腔和细胞壁中。与未改性对照试材相比,25%MUG树脂改性材的抗弯强度和弹性模量分别增大了19.9%、14.3%,顺纹抗压强度增大了19.2%。经MUG树脂改性后,橡胶木的尺寸稳定性等物理性能和抗弯强度等力学性能均明显提高。     

用于木材改性的脲醛树脂的合成研究

采用Ｌ（９）３４正交试验法，找出了用于木材改性的脲醛树脂的最佳合成条件，实验表明该树脂对板栗木、青岗木、耳木的改性效果良好     

平压浸注填充PF树脂工艺对杨木增重率的影响研究

为探讨浸注工艺对木材增重率的影响,以PF树脂为浸注材料,以树脂浓度、压缩次数、保压时间、浸渍时间和压缩率为试验因素,采用单因素试验方法在平压浸注装置上对杨木试件进行了浸注填充。结果显示:2次压缩较1次压缩,杨木木材增重率增加了20. 2%;保压时间从0 min延长至10 min,杨木木材增重率增加了11. 5%;浸渍时间从1 h延长至2 h,杨木木材增重率提高了8. 8%;再增加压缩次数、延长保压时间和浸渍时间,杨木木材增重率均变化不大;而杨木木材增重率随PF树脂浓度和杨木木材压缩率增加呈线性增加,PF树脂浓度与压缩率对杨木木材增重率具有显著影响。因此选择压缩次数为2次,保压时间为10 min,浸渍时间为1 h,PF树脂浓度与杨木木材压缩率由改性木材的用途决定。     

脱木素工艺对透明木材性能的影响

以木材为基本原料,通过去除木质素,再浸渍折射率相匹配的树脂可以制备出既保留木材的分层结构,又具有优异光学和力学性能的透明木材。脱木素工艺是制备透明木材的关键步骤,然而木质素的过量去除不仅浪费试剂、消耗时间,且容易直接导致木材的机械性能减弱。因此,优化脱木素工艺,实现透明木材的高透光率与优良力学性能的平衡至关重要。笔者采用正交试验法研究了脱木素工艺的影响因素及各因素对化学成分,透明木材光学性能及力学性能变化的作用,优化了透明木材制备过程中的脱木素工艺的最佳参数。同时,结合傅里叶红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、环境扫描电镜分析(SEM)对样品的化学组成和表面形貌进行了评价。实验结果表明脱木素最佳工艺条件为:NaClO_2的质量分数为1%,处理温度为85℃,处理时间为6 h,该条件下制备的透明木材的透光率为68%,拉伸强度为113 MPa。     

乙二醛-尿素树脂的合成及橡胶木改性应用

以不同量比合成乙二醛-尿素浸渍树脂(GU),开发环保型树脂用于橡胶木改性。结果表明,当乙二醛、尿素的量比(G/L)为1.6时,树脂合成反应完全,其固体含量、黏度、水溶性、储存期等综合性能良好。将该树脂调配成质量分数30%的溶液,用于浸渍处理橡胶木,与未处理材相比,改性材的弹性模量和抗弯强度分别提高了21.5%和32.6%,尺寸稳定性(ASE)达到65.9%,改性效果良好。     

花生壳苯酚液化产物制备高耐水性木材胶黏剂的研究

以花生壳苯酚液化产物(PL)为主要原料,采用正交试验研究了加成反应的低温反应时间、缩聚反应的高温反应时间以及反应结束时的温度对花生壳苯酚液化产物-甲醛(PLPF)树脂胶合性能的影响,优化了树脂合成工艺,研究了三聚氰胺改性树脂及其PLPF的共混改性工艺,制备出了高耐水性生物质基木材胶黏剂。研究结果表明:当高温反应时间为40 min,最终反应温度为70℃时,可以获得性能优良的PLPF树脂。通过与三聚氰胺改性树脂共混改性PLPF胶黏剂所制试件的胶合强度可知:将PLPF树脂与三聚氰胺以7∶3的质量比共混,可以将共混改性PLPF树脂所制试件的平均胶合强度提高到1.1 MPa;而将改性树脂单独用于胶合板制备时,胶合性能较差。全反射红外光谱图显示,三聚氰胺与PLPF树脂会发生交联反应,改性PLPF树脂的图谱中存在明显的三聚氰胺特征结构,同时,也保留了部分PLPF树脂的特征结构。DSC分析显示,改性PLPF树脂与PLPF树脂相比,固化温度范围变小,反应热降低,热固化反应程度降低。     

Effect of chemical modification on the properties of wood/polypropylene composites

对以铝酸酯为偶联剂对木粉进行表面改性处理后制备的木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的力学性能和形态学特征进行了研究。结果表明:铝酸酯偶联剂可以增加木塑复合材料的抗冲击强度,但会对复合材料的抗拉强度和抗弯强度造成负面的影响。对木塑复合材料的动态力学性能和微分扫描热量分析研究表明,以铝酸酯作为偶联剂,对木塑复合材料的储存模量和损失模量有少许增加,同时可降低材料的熔点和熔解热。利用扫描电镜观察木塑复合材料的木材与塑料界面发现,经铝酸酯处理过的木材与聚丙烯复合界面之间具有更好的相容性。这些研究结果表明,在木塑复合材料制造过程中利用廉价的铝酸酯作为木材化学改性剂,对改善复合材料的性质同样起作良好的作用。图6 表2 参16。     

Static bending and toughness of wood polymer composites (yellow birch and basswood)

Wood polymer composites (WPC) were made from basswood and yellow birch using six cell lumen type polymer formulations. The study was designed to get insight into the influence of wood density and polymer formulation on certain WPC mechanical properties. Small specimens were tested for toughness, stiffness, hardness and bending strength using standard ASTM methods. Results showed that stronger and stiffer polymers produce tougher and stronger WPC, but the effect is small. Thus, there is a wide range of polymer properties which produce useful WPC properties. Study of the fracture surfaces using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that WPC made with different polymers fractured differently and polymer containing a coupling agent bonded to the cell wall. However the cell wall bonding had no noticeable influence on WPC mechanical properties.     

渗透剂对桉木化学机械法制浆性能的影响

研究了不同渗透剂对桉木化学机械法制浆性能的影响,结果表明:不同类型的渗透剂对桉木浸渍性能的影响差异较大,其中磺化琥珀酸二辛酯钠盐类渗透剂S4对桉木浸渍性能改善程度最高,渗透剂用量为0.4%时,可以使木片的吸液量和Na OH吸收率分别比对照样提高7.34%和9.97%。渗透剂对桉木化学机械浆的性能影响如下:浸渍段添加0.4%渗透剂S4,制取加拿大游离度(CSF)为300 m L的纸浆,可以使磨浆电耗降低10%以上,浆中的细小组分减少9个百分点以上,纤维束减少46%;纸浆的抗张强度、耐破强度及撕裂强度均有不同程度的提高,可分别提高11.4%、14.3%和15.6%,但对纸浆的白度无明显影响。     

偶联剂对木塑复合材料拉伸性能与热膨胀性能的影响

以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE 6761)为基体,松木(Pine)粉为增强材料,以MAPE(EpoleneG2608)和MAPP(ExxelorVA1840)为偶联剂采用注塑法制备WPC,测定了不同配比WPC的热膨胀性能与拉伸性能,结果表明:在没有加入MAPE只加入木粉的情况下,WPC的拉伸强度较没有加入任何助剂的HDPE有所下降;偶联剂的加入量按不同配比加入对拉伸模量影响不大;对WPC热膨胀系数主要的影响因素应该是木粉的加入量及塑料基体的种类。     

Effect of nanofillers on flame retardancy, chemical resistance, antibacterial properties and biodegradation of wood/styrene acrylonitrile co-polymer composites

Wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) based on simul wood (Bombex ceiba, L.) were prepared by impregnation of styrene acrylonitrile copolymer, γ-methacryloyloxy trimethyl silane-modified TiO₂, SiO₂ nanoparticles and nanoclay intercalating mixture through vacuum impregnation. The impact of nanofillers on the physical properties, flame retardancy, water resistance, anti-swelling efficiency and biodegradability of the resultant WPNCs was investigated. Remarkable enhancement in wood properties such as flame retardancy, water resistance and anti-swelling efficiency was achieved with the treatment. The results showed that all the properties were maximum for wood samples treated with SAN/TiO₂ (0.5 %)/SiO₂ (0.5 %)/nanoclay (0.5 %). The presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles in WPNC exhibited antibacterial activity. The resistance to biodegradation was observed by incorporation of nanofillers into wood.     

Ultraviolet resistance and other physical properties of softwood polymer nanocomposites reinforced with ZnO nanoparticles and nanoclay

Wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) based on nano-ZnO and nanoclay were prepared by impregnation of melamine formaldehyde–furfuryl alcohol copolymer, 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), a cross-linking agent and a renewable polymer obtained as a gum from the plant Moringa oleifera under vacuum condition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) studies were employed for the characterization of modified ZnO and WPNCs. The change in crystallinity index (CrI) value of the cellulose in wood and the distribution of ZnO nanoparticles in composites were determined using FTIR and XRD. Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of nanoparticles and nanoclay in the cell lumen or cell wall of wood. An enhanced UV resistance property was shown by the treated wood samples as judged by lower weight loss, carbonyl index, lignin index, cellulose CrI values, and mechanical property loss compared to the untreated wood samples. Wood polymer composites treated with 3 phr each of nanoclay, ZnO, and the plant gum showed an improvement in mechanical properties, flame-retarding properties, thermal stability, and lower water uptake capacity.     

木塑复合材料的表面润湿性研究

热塑性聚合物之间的熔融共混改性和木材纤维与热塑性聚合物之间的复合,加入偶联剂均可提高复合材料的润湿性,对材料的相容有利;在偶联剂加入量相同的情况下,增加木材纤维的用量可以加速材料的润湿速度,有利于提高材料的润湿性;在热塑性聚合物用量一定的前提下,改变加入的增强材料的形状,对材料润湿性有影响,木材纤维可以提高复合材料的润湿性.     

Preparation of acetylated wood meal and polypropylene composites II: mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the composites

Acetylated wood meals of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) wood were prepared by mechanochemical processing using a high-speed vibration rod mill. Weight percent gain (WPG) of the acetylated wood meals ranged from 7.0 to 35.5 %. Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) containing 50 % acetylated woods were produced by an injection molding technique. The polymer matrix used was polypropylene homopolymer. Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was also used as a compatibilizing agent. The mechanical properties of WPCs in bending and tensile tests were independent of WPG of acetylated wood meals, and the test values for WPCs containing acetylated wood meals were lower than that of unmodified wood meal. The use of MAPP increased bending and tensile strength, but no effect on bending modulus was found. An increase in WPG significantly decreased water absorbability and thickness swelling of WPCs as measured by dimensional stability tests. These results demonstrated that mechanochemical processing is a promising technique for preparing WPC material with improved dimensional stability. The future challenge is to inhibit the decreases in mechanical properties of WPCs containing acetylated wood meals.     

Effects of impregnation and heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood

Wood modification, of which thermal modification is one of the best-known methods, offers possible improvement in wood properties without imposing undue strain on the environment. This study investigates improvement of the properties of heat-treated solid wood. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was modified in two stages: impregnation with modifiers followed by heat treatment at different temperatures. The impregnation was done with water glass, melamine, silicone, and tall oil. The heat treatment was performed at the temperatures of 180°C and 212°C for three hours. The modified samples were analyzed using performance indicators and scanning electron microscope micrographs. The mechanical and physical properties were determined with water absorption, swelling, bending strength, and impact strength tests. All the modifiers penetrated better into sapwood than hardwood; however, there were significant differences in the impregnation behavior of the modifiers. As regards the effect of heat treatment, generally the moisture properties were improved and mechanical strengths impaired with increasing treatment temperature. In contrast to previous studies, the bending strength increased after melamine impregnation and mild heat treatment. It is concluded that the properties of impregnated wood can be enhanced by moderate heat treatment.     

Effect of nano-SiO2 on properties of wood/polymer/clay nanocomposites

Wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNC) based on nano-SiO₂ were prepared by impregnation of styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), SiO₂ nanoparticles modified with γ-trimethoxy silyl propyl methacrylate (MSMA), and nanoclay into wood. The structure of modified SiO₂ nanoparticles and WPNC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD analysis showed the delaminated structure of SAN/SiO₂/clay-treated wood composites. The synergistic effect of nano-SiO₂ and nanoclay was investigated. Thermal stability of SiO₂ nanoparticles decreased after modification, while that of wood treated with SAN, SiO₂, and nanoclay improved. Morphological characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties, water uptake (%), dimensional stability, hardness, and flammability were found to improve due to incorporation of SiO₂ and nanoclay into wood polymer composites. Maximum improvement in properties was observed in the wood polymer composites containing SiO₂ and nanoclay at the ratio of 1:1.