Numerical calculation of secondary discharge peak from a small watershed using a physically based watershed scale infiltration simulation

Numerical infiltration simulations were performed to reproduce secondary discharge peaks in a mountainous forest watershed (watershed area, 1.89 ha; average topsoil depth, 2.61 m; and bedrock geology, Mesozoic–Paleozoic) using a simplified physically based three-dimensional saturated and unsaturated water-flow model based on Richards’ equation. We were able to calculate the quick discharge during rain and a secondary discharge peak at the watershed simultaneously, using observed topographical information, the topsoil depth distribution, and soil hydraulic characteristics, and by dividing the watershed by 2.5 m horizontally and ten cells vertically. Although the calculated hydrograph did not agree entirely with the observed hydrograph, we conclude that the characteristics of the observed hydrograph were explained with better accuracy using the smaller soil porosity patterns than using the observed patterns. We verified that the simulation method based on Richards’ equation was effective to analyze the rainfall-runoff processes toward the intended watershed. Computational comparisons clarified that lower soil porosity quickens the timing of secondary discharge peaks and increases their volume. Additional examinations, such as the distribution of soil hydraulic characteristics and the actual condition of Hortonian overland flow, are necessary to simulate rainfall-runoff processes precisely at the intended watershed.     

国内外土壤水分研究现状与进展

该文论述了国外在土壤水分入渗、土壤-植物-大气连续体中水流的运动、土壤水分运动的数值模拟、土壤水分运动参数的确定和土壤水分测试技术等方面的研究进展。文中指出,进入80年代以后,我国土壤水分的研究,在理论、方法和手段方面都逐步与国际趋同,如土壤水势理论已作为土壤水分定量化研究的理论基础,测定土壤水势的方法和仪器已日趋完善,土壤水分运动数值模拟得到了广泛应用。我国在森林土壤坡地三维渗透条件下土壤水分运动的定量化研究方面取得了较大的进展,如利用数学物理方法和计算机数值技术计算山坡林地顺坡方向和垂直方向的水量,并将所涉及的数据处理、计算和多维图形制作作为一个完整的系统编制成计算机软件。在这方面已经具有较高的水平。     

Water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity in sandy cambisols: impacts of forest transformation on soil hydrological properties

Soil hydrological properties like infiltration capacity and hydraulic conductivity have important consequences for hydrological properties of soils in river catchments and for flood risk prevention. They are dynamic properties due to varying land use management practices. The objective of this study was to characterize the variation of infiltration capacity, hydraulic conductivity and soil organoprofile development on forest sites with comparable geological substrate, soil type and climatic conditions, but different stand ages and tree species in terms of the effects of forest transformation upon soil hydrological properties. The Kahlenberg forest area (50 km northeast of Berlin in the German northeastern lowlands) under investigation contains stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) of different age structures forming a transformation chronosequence from pure Scots pine stands towards pure European beech stands. The water infiltration capacity and hydraulic conductivity (K) of the investigated sandy-textured soils are low and very few macropores exist. Additionally these pores are marked by poor connectivity and therefore do not have any significant effect on water infiltration rate. Moreover, water infiltration in these soils is impeded by their hydrophobic properties. Along the experimental chronosequence of forest transformation, the thickness of the forest floor layer decreases due to enhanced decomposition and humification intensities. By contrast, the thickness of the humous topsoil increases. Presumably, changes in soil organic matter storage and quality caused by the management practice of forest transformation affect the persistence and degree of water repellency in the soil, which in turn influences the hydraulic properties of the experimental soils. The results indicate clearly that soils play a crucial role for water retention and therefore, in overland flow prevention. There is a need to have more awareness on the intimate link between the land use and soil properties and their possible effects on flooding.     

中国长江三峡地区花岗岩坡面管流运动特性

人们早就认识到土体内的水分运动 ,在很多时候并不都遵从达西定律所描述的呈层流流态 ,只有当雷诺数Re≤ 10时 ,土壤水分运动才遵从达西定律 .该文通过观察位于中国长江三峡地区湖北省秭归县花岗岩坡面下部开挖的一长度为 2 9m、深度为 2 13 2 6 0m的土壤剖面 ,发现土管主要分布在B层 (花岗岩风化程度较高的层次 )和C层 (花岗岩风化程度较低的层次 )的过渡带附近 .在坡面下部坡脚部位垂直于坡长方向上 ,每米宽度大约分布有土管 5 7个 .通过连续观测实验坡面的土管在多场降雨过程中的管流现象 ,发现管流流速与沿程水力坡降呈现非线性关系 ,而呈一定的抛物线关系 .结合土壤、地质和土地利用状况等调查结果 ,经对多场降雨及管流观测数据进行整理分析 ,建立了研究地点的管流模型 .由管流模型计算的管流流速VP、流量QP 和土管半径r,与 4个管流的实测值具有较好的相似性 .尤其是依据模型模拟的土管长度X ,反映出不同土管由于所处剖面位置的差异 ,其长度差别较大 ,所模拟的 4条土管长度分别为研究集水区最长距离的 98 1%、2 7 6 %、11 0 %和 3 0 % .管流模型建立过程及模拟结果均反映出管流是土壤水分运动的一种特殊形式 ,它遵从Darcy Weisbach定律所描述的土壤水分运动 .其水分通量远大于一般意义上的土壤     

Residual effects of fallows on selected soil hydraulic properties in a kaolinitic soil subjected to conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)

Improved fallows have been used to reduce time required for soil fertility regeneration after cropping in low input agricultural systems. In semi-arid areas of Southern Africa, Acacia angustissima and Sesbania sesban are among some of the more widely used improved fallow species. However the residual effects of improved fallows on soil hydraulic properties during the cropping phase is not known. The aim of this study was to quantify the residual effects of fallows and tillage imposed at fallow termination on soil hydraulic properties (infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity and soil porosity) during the cropping phase. Treatments evaluated were planted fallows of Acacia angustissima, Sesbania sesban and natural fallow (NF) and continuous maize as a control. Steady state infiltration rates were measured using a double ring infiltrometer and porosity was calculated as the difference between saturated infiltration rates and tension infiltration measurements on an initially saturated soil. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K_o) and mean pore sizes of water conducting pores were measured using tension infiltrometer at tensions of 5 and 10 cm of water on an initially dry soil. While there was no significant difference in steady state infiltration rates from double ring infiltrometer measurements among the fallow treatments, these were significantly higher than the control. The steady state infiltration rates were 36, 67, 59 and 68 mm h^-1 for continuous maize, A. angustissima, S. sesban and NF respectively. Tillage had no significant effect on steady state infiltration rate. Pore density at 5 cm tension was significantly higher in the three fallows than in maize and varied from 285–443 m⁻² in fallows, while in continuous maize the pore density was less than 256 m⁻². At 10 cm tension pore density remained significantly higher in fallows and ranged from 4,521–8,911 m⁻² compared to 2,689–3,938 m⁻² in continuous maize. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at 5 cm tension were significantly higher in fallows than in continuous maize and were 0.9, 0.7, 0.8 cm and 0.5 cm h⁻¹ for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively. However there were no significant treatment differences at 10 cm tension. Fallows improved infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity and soil porosity relative to continuous maize cropping. Through fallowing farmers can improve the soils hydraulic properties and porosity, this is important as it affects soil water recharge, and availability for plant growth     

Xylem sap flow and drought stress of Fraxinus excelsior saplings

We report on diurnal and seasonal variations in sap flow rate and stem water potential of Fraxinus excelsior L. saplings growing at the edge of a Fraxino-Aceretum forest in western Germany. Because of shallow soil, the trees were subjected to drought in summer. When soil water availability was not limiting, sap flow rate was related to changes in solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit. Maximum transpiration rates per leaf area were 3.5-7.4 mmol m-2 s-1, and maximum daily totals were 1.7-3.3 kg m-2 day-1. Under drought conditions, stem water potential dropped to midday minima of -2.6 to -3.5 MPa and sap flow rate was strongly related to this parameter. After the drought period, reduced apparent (whole-plant) hydraulic conductance was observed, which was attributed to a continued reduction in stomatal conductance after the drought stress had ceased. A model was developed that linked sap flow rate directly to climatic variables and stem water potential. Good correlation between measured and simulated sap flow rates allowed the model to be used for data interpretation.     

Physical properties of soil in Pine elliottii and Eucalyptus cloeziana plantations in the Vhembe biosphere,Limpopo Province of South Africa

Plantation establishment using invasive alien plants is common in South Africa,but the effects of these plants on soil physical properties in the Vhembe biosphere is unknown.In this comparative study,soils underneath Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus cloeziana were assessed for differences in physical properties compared to soils underneath adjacent natural sites in the Entabeni plantation in the Vhembe biosphere in Limpopo Province,South Africa.Soils were collected from topsoil over 3 months and quantified for gravimetric soil moisture,penetration resistance,soil infiltration,hydraulic conductivity and soil water repellency.For all 3 months,soils from both P.elliottii and E.cloeziana plantations were compact and had low penetration resistance compared to soils from adjacent natural sites.Soil infiltration and hydraulic conductivity were significantly(p\0.05)lower in soils from plantations compared to soils from adjacent natural sites,and more so from the E.cloeziana plantation than from P.elliottii.Soil water repellency was observed in soils from E.cloeziana only in May and June.Soils from the invasive alien tree plantation have decreased soil moisture,infiltration rate,hydraulic conductivity and are compact as well as repellent(only E.cloeziana),all poor soil physical properties.However,this decline in soil physical properties was not uniform between the two invasive alien plantation species;hence we cannot generalize about the effects of invasive alien plantation species on soil physical properties,and further research is required across different ecological regions.     

Infiltration characteristics of water in forest soils in the Simian mountains, Chongqing City, southwestern China

Spearman rank-correlation analysis and grey relational grade analysis were used to study infiltration characteristics of water in different forest soils in the Simian mountains, Chongqing City. The results indicate that the soil bulk density, contents of coarse sand, and porosity of macropores were significantly correlated with saturated hydraulic conductivity. Porosity of macropores and contents of coarse sand were positively correlated with soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil bulk density negatively. Based on the initial infiltration rate, the stable infiltration rate, time required for infiltration to reach a stable state, and cumulative infiltration, all of which are crucial parameters determining soil infiltration capacity, the results of grey relational grade analysis showed that the grey relational grades of the different forest soils were listed from high to low as broad-leaved forest (0.8031) > Phyllostachys pubescens forest (0.7869) > mixed conifer-broadleaf forest (0.4454) > coniferous forest (0.4039). Broadleaf forest had the best ability to be infiltrated among the four soils studied. The square roots of the coefficients of determination obtained from fitting the Horton infiltration equation, simulated in our study of forest soils, were higher than 0.950.We conclude that soils of broad-leaved forests were the best suited for infiltration processes of forestry in the Simian mountains. __________ Translated from Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 22(4): 95–99 [译自: 水土保持学报]     

Hydraulic redistribution of soil water by neotropical savanna trees

The magnitude and direction of water transport by the roots of eight dominant Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) woody species were determined with a heat pulse system that allowed bidirectional measurements of sap flow. The patterns of sap flow observed during the dry season in species with dimorphic root systems were consistent with the occurrence of hydraulic redistribution of soil water, the movement of water from moist to drier regions of the soil profile via plant roots. In these species, shallow roots exhibited positive sap flow (from the soil into the plant) during the day and negative sap flow (from the plant into the soil) during the night. Sap flow in the taproots was positive throughout the 24-h period. Diel fluctuations in soil water potential, with maximum values occurring at night, provided evidence for partial rewetting of upper soil layers by water released from shallow roots. In other species, shallow roots exhibited negative sap flow during both the day and night, indicating that hydraulic redistribution was occurring continuously. A third sap flow pattern was observed at the end of the dry season after a heavy rainfall event when sap flow became negative in the taproot, and positive in the small roots, indicating movement of water from upper soil layers into shallow roots, and then into taproots and deeper soil layers. Experimental manipulations employed to evaluate the response of hydraulic redistribution to changes in plant and environmental conditions included watering the soil surface above shallow roots, decreasing transpiration by covering the plant and cutting roots where probes were inserted. Natural and manipulated patterns of sap flow in roots and stems were consistent with passive movement of water toward competing sinks in the soil and plant. Because dry shallow soil layers were often a stronger sink than the shoot, we suggest that the presence of a dimorphic root system in deciduous species may play a role in facilitating leaf expansion near the end of the dry season when the soil surrounding shallow lateral roots is still dry.     

Variation in infiltration with landscape position: Implications for forest productivity and surface water quality

Variation of infiltration rates with landscape position influences the amount, distribution, and routing of overland flow. Knowledge of runoff patterns gives land managers the opportunity to affect changes that optimize water use efficiency and reduce the risk of water quality impacts. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of landscape position and associated soil properties on infiltration in a small (147 ha) forest/pasture watershed in the Ozark Highlands. Three previously reported studies measured infiltration rates using double ring, sprinkling, single ring, and tension infiltrometers on soils at varying landscape positions. Although large variation in infiltration rates was observed among measurement techniques, upland and side slope soils (Nixa and Clarksville) had consistently lower infiltration rates compared to the soil in the valley bottom (Razort). A conceptual understanding of watershed runoff is developed from these data that includes infiltration excess runoff from the Nixa and Clarksville soils and saturation excess runoff on the Razort soil. Management of the soil water regime based on this understanding would focus on increasing infiltration in upland soils and maintaining the Razort soil areas in forest. Forest productivity would be enhanced by increasing plant-available water in upland soils and decreasing flooding on the Razort soil. Surface water quality would be improved by reducing the transport of potential water contaminants from animal manure applied to upland pastures.     

Evaluation of pedotransfer functions for estimating soil hydraulic properties of prevalent soils in a catchment of the Bavarian Alps

In this study, two types of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were evaluated for their accuracy and applicability to a broad range of Alpine soils in the Halbammer area in southern Bavaria (Germany). The first model is ROSETTA, which is based on neural network analyses. It implements five hierarchical PTFs using limited to more extend input data. The second model is SOILPROP that is based on physical methods and predicts the soil hydraulic properties from particle size distribution and bulk density. The PTF were evaluated by comparing predicted with measured water retention values. The accuracy was quantified by direct statistical evaluation with the correlation coefficient (R), the mean error (ME) and the root mean square difference (RMSD). Additionally, a process based functional validation was performed by simulating the water flow using the measured and predicted soil hydraulic data. The RMSD values from ROSETTA models ranged from 0.068 to 0.202 cm³/cm³ for the water retention and from 0.450 to 0.579 log K_s (cm/day) concerning the hydraulic conductivity (K _s). The ME indicated underestimated water contents at high suctions and for soils with high organic content. The functional evaluation was the better as the more input data were used in the hierarchical PTFs. The RMSD of SOILPROP was 0.073 cm³/cm³ for water contents and 0.718 log K_s (cm/day) for the hydraulic conductivity. The water contents in the middle suction range were underestimated in sandy soils and overestimated in soils with low bulk density. The functional evaluation showed improved model accuracy when the predicted saturated conductivity was adjusted to more realistic values from literature showing its sensitiveness towards water flow modelling.     

九仙山小流域不同植物群落土壤蓄水功能研究

采用森林水文学研究方法,对九仙山小流域不同植物群落的土壤水分贮存与入渗特征进行研究。结果表明:1)森林群落具有显著提高林地土壤孔隙度、土壤贮水量和土壤入渗速率的作用,其中麻栎林要好于侧柏林、刺槐林、杨树林,而枣树林最差;2)有林地的土壤入渗率明显高于荒草坡地,说明不同森林群落具有改善土壤入渗性能的作用。其中侧柏林提高土壤入渗速率的幅度最高,随后是麻栎林、刺槐林、杨树林,最差的是枣树林;3)Horton模型比较适用于模拟研究区的土壤入渗过程,但通用幂函数模型和Philip模型的适用性较差。     

Affecting factors of preferential flow in the forest of the Three Gorges area, Yangtze River

In order to study the factors affecting preferential flow, a 2.9 m-long, 2.6 m-deep soil profile was dug in the Quxi watershed, Yangtze River. To analyze the influence of rainfall on preferential flow, the preferential flow process was observed when the rainfalls were recorded. Soil physical and infiltration characteristics were also measured to study their effect on preferential flow. The results showed that the rainfall amount that could cause preferential flow was over 26 mm. There are four types of rainfall in the Three Gorges area, namely gradually dropping rain, even rain, sudden rain and peak rain. Preferential flow process was found to be relevant to the rainfall process. It was determined that with different rainfall types, preferential flow appeared at different times, occurring first in peak rain, followed by sudden rain, gradually dropping rain, and then even rain. Preferential flow would appear when the rainfall intensity was over 0.075 mm/min. In the studied area, the coarse soil particles increased with the soil depth, and for the deeper soil layer, the coarse particles promote the formation of preferential flow. Preferential flow accelerates the steady infiltration rate in the 83–110 cm soil horizon, and the quickly moving water in this horizon also enhanced the further formation and development of preferential flow. __________ Translated from Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(5): 28–33 [译自: 水土保持学报]     

Simulation of soil water dynamics in a Caragana intermedia woodland in Huangfuchuan watershed

As vegetation coverage increases, soil water content can decrease due to water uptake and evapotranspiration. At a very high level of plant density, poor growth and even mortality can occur due to the decrease of soil water content. Hence, a better understanding of the relationship between soil water content and the density of plants is important to design effective restoration projects. To study these relationships, we developed a soil water dynamic simulation model of a Caragana intermedia woodland under different slope gradient and slope aspect conditions in the Huangfuchuan watershed on the basis of the previous studies and field experiments. The model took into account the major processes that address the relationships of plants and the environment, including soil characteristics, precipitation, infiltration, vegetation transpiration, and soil evaporation. Daily changes in soil water content, transpiration, and evaporation of the Caragana intermedia woodland with different vegetation coverage, slope gradient, and slope aspect were simulated from 1971 to 2000. Based on the model simulations, we determined the functional relationships among soil water content, plant coverage and slope as well as the optimal plant density on flat slopes. We also determined the effects of slope gradient and slope aspect on soil water content. When slope gradient was less than 10°, the optimal plant density was sensitive to slope gradient. In the slope range from 10° to 30°, plant density was not sensitive to slope gradient. Therefore, it is important to consider planting densities on the hillsides with slope gradients less than 10° for reconstructing vegetation. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(6): 910–917 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Mapping the relative risk of surface water acidification based on cumulative acid deposition over the past 25 years in Japan

Sensitivity maps of atmospheric acid deposition in Japan have not been updated in 20 years. Here, we propose new relative risk maps of surface water acidification in forests based on a weighted overlay of cumulative potential acid deposition (CPAD) simulated for a 25-year period (1981–2005), including the sensitivities of soil and bedrock to acidification. We assumed that relative acidification risk is high in areas that exhibit high sensitivities of soil and bedrock to acid and have received a large amount of cumulative acid deposition over the past several decades. We aggregated fine soil and bedrock maps into a 20-km mesh for overlay onto an 80-km mesh map of CPAD by considering their spatial structures in Japan. Allocation of the weights among CPAD and soil and bedrock sensitivities was performed based on observational trends in river pH over the past 30 years. The resulting risk map for surface water acidification showed that large areas of western Japan, as well as smaller areas of Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, and Kyushu, are at high risk of surface water acidification. Seventy-seven percent of all rivers for which a declining trend in pH was observed from 2001 to 2009 were also high-risk areas. Acid deposition might be one factor controlling surface water acidification in areas with high bedrock sensitivity, in addition to high CPAD and soil sensitivity, although the risk of soil acidification remains unclear.     

The influence of stoniness and canopy properties on soil water content distribution: simulation of water movement in forest stony soil

Mountainous forest soils usually contain a large number of rock fragments (particle diameter >2?mm), which influence soil properties. Data characterizing hydraulic properties of these soils usually describe only the fine soil fraction (particle diameter <2?mm) properties. To quantitatively describe soil water movement in stony soils, it is necessary to evaluate effective hydrophysical characteristics, involving the influence of stones, that is, the effective hydraulic conductivity and retention capacity should be known. Properties of evaporating surface (plant canopy) also play important role in formation of soil water movement and retention. This work presents results of the study of rock fragments (stoniness) effect on soil water content profiles and soil water dynamics during the season. Stony and homogeneous soil behavior is compared. The effect of different canopies (spruce forest, low vegetation) and bare soil in both types of soils on soil water dynamics is also studied. Stones as a part of soil are decreasing its water capacity and hydraulic conductivity as well. This is expressing in the decrease of stony soil water content retention capacity. High interception capacity of trees, followed by the low undercanopy precipitation, leads to the decreased soil water content of the upper soil layer. Combination of stony soil and dense forest canopy led to the low undercanopy precipitation, to relatively low infiltration totals into soil, and to decreased outflow.     

Water utilization,plant hydraulic properties and xylem vulnerability in three contrasting coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivars

Water use, hydraulic properties and xylem vulnerability to cavitation were studied in the coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cultivars San Ramon, Yellow Caturra and Typica growing in the field under similar environmental conditions. The cultivars differed in growth habit, crown morphology and total leaf surface area. Sap flow, stomatal conductance (g(s)), crown conductance (g(c)), apparent hydraulic conductance of the soil-leaf pathway (G(t)), leaf water potential (Psi(L)) and xylem vulnerability to loss of hydraulic conductivity were assessed under well-watered conditions and during a 21-day period when irrigation was withheld. Sap flow, g(c), and G(t) were greatest in Typica both with and without irrigation, lowest in San Ramon, which was relatively unresponsive to the withholding of irrigation, and intermediate in Yellow Caturra. The cultivars had similar g(s) when well watered, but withholding water decreased g(s) more in Typica and Yellow Caturra than in San Ramon. Typica had substantially lower Psi(L) near the end of the unirrigated period than the other cultivars (-2.5 versus -1.8 MPa), consistent with the relatively high sap flow in this cultivar. Xylem vulnerability curves indicated that Typica was less susceptible to loss of hydraulic conductivity than the other cultivars, consistent with the more negative Psi(L) values of Typica in the field during the period of low soil water availability. During soil drying, water use declined linearly with relative conductivity loss predicted from vulnerability curves. However, cultivar-specific relationships between water use and predicted conductivity loss were not observed because of pronounced hysteresis during recovery of water use following soil water recharge. All cultivars shared the same functional relationship between integrated daily sap flow and G(t), but they had different operating ranges. The three cultivars also shared common functional relationships between hydraulic architecture and water use despite consistent differences in water use under irrigated and dry soil conditions. We conclude that hydraulic architectural traits, rate of water use per plant and crown architecture are important determinants of short- and long-term variations in the water balance of Coffea arabica.     

应用官司河分布式水文模型模拟流域降雨-径流过程

由于地理要素（地形、气候、土壤、植被等）的空间异质性,森林的生态服务功能,尤其是涵养水源和保持水土的功能,也存在着空间分异。本文根据森林水文过程和森林水文生态功能的形成机理,建立了通用性较强的官司河分布式水文模型。官司河模型根据流域内部地理要素的空间异质性把流域分成一系列的单元和作用层,以单元和作用层为基本单位,连续计算每个单元和作用层的水文过程和水文要素变化,包括降雨输入、冠层截留、枯落物层吸水、入渗、蒸散、壤中流、地表径流等,进而得到流域水文的时空变化。用此模型模拟了四川绵阳官司河流域的降雨－径流过程,计算结果与观测结果基本吻合。     

云南松林土壤水文特征对计划烧除的响应

为探究计划烧除对云南松林土壤水文特征的影响,为计划烧除后森林生态系统服务功能评价提供依据,以云南省新平县实施多年计划烧除的云南松纯林为研究对象,设立20 m×20 m计划烧除样地和不进行计划烧除的自然对照样地各3块。2019年2月实施计划烧除作业,进行样地调查、火烧强度和枯落物储量调查,2020年6月采集土样,测定土壤物理、化学性质和土壤入渗性能。结果表明,计划烧除后土壤容重增加且在0~10 cm土层差异显著;毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度减少但差异不显著;有机质减少并在0~20 cm土层差异显著。计划烧除后土壤自然含水率、饱和持水率、毛管持水率和田间持水量减少但差异不显著;吸湿水量减少并且在0~20 cm土层差异显著。计划烧除后土壤初渗速率、土壤平均入渗速率和土壤稳定入渗率减少;土壤初渗速率和平均入渗速率在不同样地0~20 cm土层差异显著。计划烧除对土壤稳定入渗率的显著影响因素为土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质和饱和持水率。说明计划烧除后云南松林土壤持水性能下降,入渗性能下降,对于入渗性能的影响主要是源于土壤理化性质的改变。     

The fate of hydraulically redistributed water in a semi-arid zone eucalyptus species

Although hydraulic redistribution has been observed for a range of tree species, including Eucalyptus kochii subsp. borealis (C. Gardner) D. Nicolle, there is limited direct evidence that water taken up by deep roots in moist soil is in fact exuded by shallow roots in dry soil. This paper reports an experiment designed to test this hypothesis. Water enriched with deuterium was added to the groundwater via a slotted tube at 4.5 m depth below 5-year-old E. kochii subsp. borealis trees. Nocturnal sap flow increased markedly immediately after deep irrigation, indicating that the trees were using water from this depth. Two weeks later, samples of surface soil and xylem water were found to contain levels of deuterium up to 30% higher than soils and xylem water from a control plot upslope of the main treatment plot. This is strong evidence that trees used groundwater and that efflux of important amounts of hydraulically redistributed water occurred via the roots of E. kochii subsp. borealis.