Residual effects of fallows on selected soil hydraulic properties in a kaolinitic soil subjected to conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) |
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Authors: | G Nyamadzawo P Nyamugafata R Chikowo K Giller |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Cnr College and Knox Rd, MSC 3Q, Box 30003, Las cruces, NM 88003-0003, USA;(2) Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe;(3) Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | Improved fallows have been used to reduce time required for soil fertility regeneration after cropping in low input agricultural
systems. In semi-arid areas of Southern Africa, Acacia angustissima and Sesbania sesban are among some of the more widely used improved fallow species. However the residual effects of improved fallows on soil
hydraulic properties during the cropping phase is not known. The aim of this study was to quantify the residual effects of
fallows and tillage imposed at fallow termination on soil hydraulic properties (infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity
and soil porosity) during the cropping phase. Treatments evaluated were planted fallows of Acacia angustissima, Sesbania sesban and natural fallow (NF) and continuous maize as a control. Steady state infiltration rates were measured using a double ring
infiltrometer and porosity was calculated as the difference between saturated infiltration rates and tension infiltration
measurements on an initially saturated soil. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Ko) and mean pore sizes of water conducting pores were measured using tension infiltrometer at tensions of 5 and 10 cm of water
on an initially dry soil. While there was no significant difference in steady state infiltration rates from double ring infiltrometer
measurements among the fallow treatments, these were significantly higher than the control. The steady state infiltration
rates were 36, 67, 59 and 68 mm h-1 for continuous maize, A. angustissima, S. sesban and NF respectively. Tillage had no significant effect on steady state infiltration rate. Pore density at 5 cm tension was
significantly higher in the three fallows than in maize and varied from 285–443 m−2 in fallows, while in continuous maize the pore density was less than 256 m−2. At 10 cm tension pore density remained significantly higher in fallows and ranged from 4,521–8,911 m−2 compared to 2,689–3,938 m−2 in continuous maize. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at 5 cm tension were significantly higher in fallows than in continuous
maize and were 0.9, 0.7, 0.8 cm and 0.5 cm h−1 for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively. However there were no significant treatment differences at 10 cm tension. Fallows
improved infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity and soil porosity relative to continuous maize cropping. Through fallowing
farmers can improve the soils hydraulic properties and porosity, this is important as it affects soil water recharge, and
availability for plant growth |
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Keywords: | Infiltration rate Fallowing Hydraulic conductivity Porosity Tillage |
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