不同树枝级别和直径胡桃枝材的木射线物理形态表征

本文以河南省经济林胡桃树枝为研究对象，采用数字成像系统对解剖特征拍照，使用木材显微构造测量系统测量其木射线组织物理形态及指标，并分析了不同树枝直径和树枝级别木射线物理形态的差异。结果表明：胡桃枝材木射线类型为单列木射线和多列木射线。射线细胞类型有同型单列、同型多列、异型单列、异型Ⅲ型。木射线高度、宽度平均值分别99.54μm、14.20μm,射线细胞长度、高度、壁厚平均值分别为25.72μm、9.07μm、1.70μm。胡桃枝材的木射线各指标在树枝级别间均差异显著，其中三级枝的枝材整体木射线尺寸最小。树枝直径与胡桃枝材射线细胞长度、射线细胞壁厚、木射线宽度呈正相关，与射线细胞高度呈负相关。     

古尔班通古特沙漠2种土壤培育的梭梭幼苗木射线解剖特征

采用盆栽模拟试验,结合使用WinCell木细胞成像系统和光学显微镜技术对在2种土壤类型上培育的梭梭幼苗木射线解剖结构进行观测,探究木射线组织比量的特征。结果表明:梭梭木射线为单列或多列共存,属Kribs异形Ⅰ和异形Ⅱ,所观察到的木射线多为多列射线。沙土木射线平均高度为182.33μm,为砾石射线高度的1.7倍;沙土木射线平均宽度为39.58μm,为砾石木射线宽度的1.1倍;沙土类型的木射线细胞壁厚度为0.65μm,砾石类型的木射线细胞壁厚度为0.31μm,沙土类细胞壁厚度极显著大于砾石类(P0.01);沙土类梭梭平均木射线细胞高度为3.25μm,砾石类梭梭平均木射线细胞高度为2.97μm,二者没有显著差异;沙土类梭梭平均木射线细胞宽度为1.82μm,砾石类梭梭平均木射线细胞宽度为1.65μm,二者没有显著差异;沙土类梭梭平均木射线细胞面积为4.64μm2,砾石梭梭平均木射线细胞面积为3.84μm2,二者没有显著差异;沙土类型梭梭平均木射线比量为5.20%,砾石类型梭梭平均木射线比量为3.93%,二者没有显著差异。梭梭采用不同木射线解剖结构特征来适应不同沙漠土壤结构状况。     

X射线三维显微成像技术鉴定花梨木木种初探

X射线三维显微成像技术作为一种先进的检测技术,具有快速、准确、无损等优点。本研究开展了X射线三维显微成像技术无损鉴定花梨木木种试验,通过大果紫檀与刺猬紫檀两种花梨木的微观X射线三维显微成像,分析其木材管孔、薄壁组织、木射线等微观结构的形态与构造,进而鉴定木种。研究结果表明X射线三维显微成像技术可以做到无损且快捷地获取花梨木的微观结构信息,为鉴定花梨木提供理论依据。     

核桃芽接愈合的组织学机制

【目的】通过对核桃芽接愈合过程的组织学观察,研究不同嫁接时期砧穗在愈伤组织形成、增殖和输导组织连接过程中的组织学变化机制,旨在为核桃和其他木本植物嫁接提供理论指导。【方法】以12年生核桃品种‘香玲’半木质化新梢中部芽片为接穗,2年生本地核桃实生苗为砧木,采用方块芽接法分别于砧木萌芽后40~47天和100~107天2个时间进行芽接试验,采用本课题组建立的非均质化材料切片方法对芽接愈合过程进行组织学观察。【结果】核桃萌芽后40~47天的砧穗愈合方式与前人报道一致,即形成层细胞在嫁接体愈合过程中起主导作用,愈合过程中主要组织学变化包括:隔离层的产生(3天)→砧穗形成层细胞分化产生愈伤组织(4天)→愈伤组织连接(6天)→砧穗原有形成层的修复与连接(12天),完成愈合需要12~15天,成活率达95.6%。而在萌芽后100~107天的砧穗愈合过程中,发现了与上述常规愈合不同的嫁接愈合新方式。此过程中木射线细胞起主导作用,愈合过程依次历经隔离层的产生(3天)→木射线细胞分化产生愈伤组织(4天)→砧穗愈伤组织连接(9天)→导管分化形成(15天)→新的形成层产生以及木射线的连接(25天),需要25~30天才能完成愈合,成活率为61.7%;在木射线细胞主导的砧穗愈合过程中砧木一侧的隔离层要先于接穗发生溶解,在砧穗愈伤组织完成连接时消失,而接穗表面隔离层在愈伤组织分化时依然存在,直至新的形成层产生后才完全溶解消失。【结论】核桃芽接过程中,除了常见的由形成层细胞主导的砧穗愈合方式外,还存在由木射线细胞主导的砧穗木质部的愈合新方式,木射线细胞脱分化产生愈伤组织,并进一步分化出导管、形成层和木射线等组织完成最终的砧穗连接;在此过程中愈伤组织主要来自于砧木木射线细胞且砧木隔离层要先于接穗发生溶解。     

印度紫檀营养贮藏蛋白质的主要特性

采用光学和电子显微镜技术、十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术分离鉴定热带落叶树木印度紫檀营养贮藏蛋白质(VSPs),并采用免疫印迹技术分析包括印度紫檀在内的5种热带树木VSPs之间的免疫相关性.结果表明:印度紫檀VSPs包括4种蛋白质,分子质量分别为33.5、28、21和19.5 ku;它们主要分布在枝条木薄壁细胞、木射线薄壁细胞、韧皮薄壁细胞和韧皮射线薄壁细胞、皮层薄壁细胞以及树干、大根的韧皮薄壁细胞和韧皮射线薄壁细胞中;它们的超微结构存在明显差异,大致可以分为电子致密的团块状、絮状和均一状3种形态,不同形态的VSPs存在于不同的贮藏蛋白质细胞中,具有细胞特异性;在新梢发育时期,积累在枝条中的VSPs明显消失,但积累在树干和大根中的VSPs和落叶期相比没有明显变化,积累在枝条中的营养贮藏蛋白质是新梢生长发育所需氮素的主要来源;同一科树木的营养贮藏蛋白质之间存在较强的免疫相关性,但不同科树木的营养贮藏蛋白质之间缺乏免疫相关性.树木营养贮藏蛋白质生化性质的多样性可能反映了生物学功能的多样性.     

杏木结构特征分析

为给杏(Armeniaca vulgaris)木的合理利用提供理论支持,利用生物数码显微镜对杏木的宏观和微观特征进行观察与分析。结果表明,杏木边材为黄红色至黄褐色,心材为红褐色和灰褐至带红的浅黄褐色;心、边材区别明显。环孔材;早材管孔宽1～3(稀4)列;晚材管孔为单管孔及径列复管孔(2～3个),少数呈管孔团,散生或斜列;单穿孔,穿孔板倾斜;管间纹孔式互列;未见侵填体;早材和晚材管孔螺纹加厚明显。木纤维壁薄,具缘纹孔较多。木射线非叠生,射线组织异形Ⅱ型,少数为Ⅲ型;单列射线高1～18个细胞或以上;多列射线宽2～8个(多数为2～6个)细胞,高8～64个细胞或以上。生长轮外缘具创伤树胶道。杏虽为进化树种,但保留了部分原始形状特点,说明杏的进化是不同步的。杏木的结构与生长环境相适应。     

人工兴安落叶松次生木质部的解剖学研究

运用木材解剖图像分析系统和显微照相的方法对人工兴安落叶松次生木质部的解剖结构进行研究,结果表明:落叶松具正常树脂道和受伤树脂道两种类型,前者常见于晚材。落叶松生长轮内的早晚材在干和枝内急变,在根内缓变。早材管胞呈六边形至多边形,胞壁常见单列具缘纹孔,偶见对列具缘纹孔;晚材管胞多呈矩形,胞壁鲜见具缘纹孔,通常为单列具缘纹孔。落叶松木射线同时具有单列木射线和纺锤形木射线两种类型,纺锤形木射线中仅含一枚纵行树脂道。纵行管胞与木射线交叉形成的纹孔场为云杉型。从根到干再到枝,管胞逐渐细化,管胞长度逐渐减小,木射线分布由密到疏。     

国产青杨和进口加拿大杨木在干燥过程中产生缺陷的原因及预防措施

1关于皱缩产生的原因及预防 杨木的皱缩多数是产生在心材与边材的交界出,皱缩一般不是区段的,而是贯穿整个材长的,并呈带状。其宽度与树径大小成正比,原木直径越大,皱缩带越宽,宽度一     

紫檀属木材荧光性能种间差异和心边材差异

为促进紫檀属木材树种的快速准确识别,分别研究6种紫檀属木材荧光性能的种间和心边材差异。结果显示,6种紫檀属木材种间和心边材的荧光性能差异均为显著;通过荧光光谱检测,综合考虑荧光强度等定量指标和荧光颜色等定性指标,可以准确判定檀香紫檀和染料紫檀,同时将安哥拉紫檀与大果紫檀、刺猬紫檀和非洲紫檀区分。荧光性能标准化定性和定量检测,可以辅助解剖学识别方法,提高紫檀属木材的鉴定水平。     

不锈钢纤维/木纤维复合中纤板的研究

本文重点研究了不锈钢纤维的施加比率对钢/木纤维复合中纤板性能和电磁屏蔽效能的影响.结果表明,不锈钢纤维的施加比率对复合中纤板的力学性能影响显著;在钢/木混合纤维中施加一定量的异氰酸酯胶可显著改善中纤板的胶合性能并达到国标要求.不锈钢纤维的施加比率及其在中纤板中的复合位置对电磁屏蔽效能影响显著,当钢/木纤维混合比率为3:1并复合在中纤板的双侧表面时,其电磁屏蔽效能可达55 dB以上.     

湖南主要阔叶树材微观构造的研究

对湖南 19科 2 8属 3 4种主要阔叶树材的微观构造进行了研究 .结果表明 :单位面积管孔数及导管分子长度与管孔直径成反比 ;各种类型轴向薄壁组织所占比率 ,按从小到大排列顺序为轮界型 <傍管型 <离管型 ;按纤维长度分级 ,各级所占比率按从大到小排列顺序为中等 >长 >甚长 >极长 ;按宽度分级 ,各级所占比率按从大到小排列顺序为细 >中 >粗 >甚粗 ;纤维长宽比 >45 ;射线高度的变化规律是 ,单列、二列射线的木材所占比率 ,按从小到大排列顺序为环孔材 <半环孔材 <散孔材 ,多列射线的木材所占比率 ,按从小到大排列顺序为环孔材 <散孔材 <半环孔材 ;纤维微纤丝角度较小     

广西融水特色红心杉木优树材质性状变异规律研究

[目的]通过测定和分析广西融水种源红心杉木优树材质性状指标,以了解该地区红心杉木材性状变异规律。[方法]以广西融水种源60株20年生的红心杉木优树为研究材料,测定单株材积、红心率、基本密度、组织比量、管胞性状、微纤丝角等10个材质性状指标,分析各材性性状指标分布和变异规律及性状间的相关关系。[结果]表明:红心率、基本密度、木射线比量、管胞比量、管胞长、管胞宽、管胞长宽比等性状数据分布服从正态分布。融水两个地区红心杉优树轴向薄壁细胞比量的变异系数分别为35.08%和44.97%,变异较大。管胞比量变异系数分别为3.28%和3.56%,变异较小。红心率、木射线比量、管胞长、管胞宽、微纤丝角等性状差异极显著(P0.01),轴向薄壁细胞比量差异显著(P0.05)。10个材质性状间存在12对表型显著相关。[结论]测定的10个性状均是连续性数量性状。早、晚材的管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比等性状数据呈从心材至边材逐渐增加的规律。作为重要经济性状的红心率与木射线比量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),单株材积与轴向薄壁细胞比量呈显著正相关(P0.05),而单株材积与基本密度的相关性不显著,这使红心杉木生长量与材性相结合的遗传改良成为可能。     

The Delignification Pattern of Ailanthus excelsa Wood by Inonotus hispidus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst.

In vitro laboratory decay tests on Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. wood revealed that I. hispidus exhibits a combination of both white-rot and soft-rot patterns of wood decay. Early stages of wood decay showed dissolution of the middle lamella as well as defibration and localized delignification of fiber walls; vessels, axial, and ray parenchyma remained unaltered. Delignification commenced from the middle lamellae at the cell corners without any marked effect on the primary and secondary wall layers. In later stages of growth, the species produces typical soft-rot decay pattern by forming erosion channels through the S₂ layers of fiber walls, transverse bore holes in the cell walls, and erosion channels alongside/following the orientation of cellulose microfibrils. The rays showed signs of cell wall alterations only after the extensive damage to the fiber walls. After 120 days of incubation, the vessels also showed localized delignification, the erosion of pits, and separation from associated xylem elements. The extensive weight losses under natural and in vitro decayed wood as well as the very soft nature of severely degraded wood indicate that I. hispidus alters wood strength and stiffness.     

Responses of water-stressedPinus thunbergii to inoculation with avirulent pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus): Water relations and xylem histology

The effect of water-stress conditioning on water relations and histological features ofPinus thunbergii Parl. inoculated with avirulent isolate ofBursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, pine wood nematode, were investigated. Pines were kept under 8 days cycle of severe water stress. One-half of the water-stressed pines died as a result of infection by avirulent pine wood nematode and water stress tended to induce increased susceptibility and/or decreased resistance of pines to avirulent pine wood nematode. In dead pines, the water conducting function of xylem was lost, and all of the parenchyma cells died. In surviving pines, the xylem hydraulic conductivity and the xylem water content were significantly reduced (12 to 23% and 77 to 83%, respectively) compared to controls. Safranin dye perfusion of excised axis stem segments indicated that the water conductance was limited to the very narrow peripheral area of xylem. Embolism caused by cavitation in the tracheids occurred in the central part of xylem and in that dysfunctional region of the xylem the axial parenchyma cells surrounding the epithelial cells, and ray parenchyma cells partly degenerated but the epithelial cells survived. The disruption of tracheid shape observed in surviving pines indicates that avirulent pine wood nematode temporarily disturbed cell division of the cambium. Considering the differences in responses between dead pines and surviving pines after inoculation with avirulent pine wood nematode, the death of water-stressed pines apparently resulted from death of cells, in particular the vascular cambium and the loss of xylem hydraulic function by cavitation.     

毛白杨枝条木质部细胞分化的动态变化及其与形成层活动的相互关系

应用定量解剖学和显微图像分析技术 ,得到了毛白杨枝条形成层细胞与其衍生木质部细胞解剖特征在形成层活动期内的变化情况 ,并探讨了两者之间的关系。采用X射线微密度测定技术 ,了解了同一生长轮内木材密度沿径向方向上的变异 ,讨论了其与木质部细胞解剖特征之间的关系。结果表明 ,形成层纺锤形细胞的径向和弦向宽度在活动期不同阶段差异不显著 ,而纤维长度、纤维宽度、壁腔比、微纤丝角、导管分布频率和胞壁率差异极显著 ;导管组织比量差异显著 ;导管分子长度、纤维比量和射线比量差异不显著。同一生长轮内木材密度的径向变异与活动期不同阶段形成的木质部细胞数量及其解剖特征直接相关。形成层带细胞层数与纤维长度、纤维长宽比和壁腔比呈极显著负相关 ,与纤维宽度呈显著正相关 ;形成层纺锤形细胞的径向宽度与纤维长度、纤维长宽比和射线比量呈显著负相关 ;形成层纺锤形细胞的弦向宽度与纤维宽度呈显著正相关。总体看来 ,在整个形成层活动期 ,形成层纺锤形细胞与木纤维的解剖特征之间随时间变化的相关性较好 ,而与导管分子的相关关系则不明显     

尾叶桉材性指标在株内、株间和无性系间的变异性研究

以8年生尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake)无性系林为试材,就材性指标在株内、株间和无性系之间变异进行了研究分析。结果表明:纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比、管孔弦向直径、纤维双壁厚度和纤维壁腔比在树干水平方向上的不同部位具有极显著性差异,呈由内向外逐渐增大的规律;微纤丝角度、单位面积管孔数和纤维腔径比在树于水平方向上的不同部位亦具有极显著性差异,但呈由内向外逐渐减小的规律;而木材胞壁率、木纤维比量、导管比量、射线比量、轴向薄壁组织比量和木纤维胞腔直径在树干水平方向上没有显著性变异;主要材性指标在同一无性系内的植株之间无显著性差异,但在无性系之间的差异均达到显著或极显著性水平。     

Radial variation of wood properties in Neolamarckia cadamba trees from an East Java community forest

Radial variations in wood properties, cell morphologies and cell proportions were investigated for nine 4-year-old Neolamarckia cadamba trees planted in a community forest in East Java, Indonesia. The relationships between stem diameter and wood properties, cell morphologies or cell proportions were determined to ascertain the effects of stem diameter on these properties. In the radial variations, almost all of the wood properties, cell morphol- ogies and cell proportion in N. cadamba were changed at around 4 to 6 cm distance from the pith, except for fibre diameter, and the proportion of fibre and axial parenchyma. For trees with larger stem diameter, the vessel diameter was also found to increase. In addition, the ray parenchyma and cell wall proportions in trees with larger stem diameter were lower than those in trees with smaller stem diameter. However, the wood properties obtained from the larger stem diameter trees did not always show lower values. The wood properties in N. cadamba were correlated to fibre wall thickness and vessel diameter.     

Connection of growth and wood density with wood anatomy in downy birch grown in two different soil types

Soil affects the anatomy of downy birch wood (Betula pubescens), which raises the question whether the growth of this species differs between mineral and peat soils. The aim of this study was to compare growth, density and structure of xylem of B. pubescens between trees grown in different soils. Both growth and density differed between trees grown in different soils. All measured anatomical characteristics, except double thickness of fibre walls, percentage vessel area and ray number, showed differences between the soil types: the cell dimensions were larger and numbers smaller in trees grown in mineral soil. In peat, high growth rates decreased the wall:lumen ratio of fibres in maturing wood, while no such correlation was observed in trees grown in mineral soil at any studied cambial age. In addition, axial parenchyma may have a different role in trees grown in different soils, as the rapid growth decreased and increased axial parenchyma in mineral and peat soil, respectively. The characteristics affecting wood strength were more similar between trees grown in different soils than those affecting water conductance. The observed differences between trees grown in different soils emphasise rapid growth particularly at young ages and shorter reasonable rotation period in mineral soil.