不同立地条件下华北落叶松叶凋落物的分解特性

采用凋落袋法,研究2种立地条件下不同林分密度华北落叶松人工林叶凋落物基质质量、分解速率的差异。结果表明:海拔与坡度是造成2种立地(地位级Ⅲ,Ⅳ)差异的主要因子,华北落叶松叶凋落物季节失质量率均表现出双峰曲线,且在秋季失质量率最高。2种立地条件下,叶凋落物半衰期分别为2.57,2.67年,完全分解分别需要11.09,11.24年。叶凋落物年平均失质量率、分解速率及初始无机养分含量均表现出立地Ⅲ高于立地Ⅳ。与立地Ⅳ相比,在立地Ⅲ下,C/N均值、木质素含量均值更有利于凋落物分解。经t检验分析,2种立地条件下叶凋落物初始无机养分含量之间并无显著差异性,而有机养分中木质素含量、有机碳含量之间差异显著(P<0.05)。相关分析表明:凋落物分解速率与全碳、C/N、凋落物层厚度呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.735,-0.569,-0.758。叶凋落物质量指标表明:在立地Ⅲ条件下,林分密度为1675株·hm-2最为有利于凋落物分解;在立地Ⅳ条件下,则以林分密度1300株·hm-2最为有利于叶凋落物分解。     

桉树人工林土壤养分对凋落物分解的影响

以桉树人工林为研究对象,利用野外试验和室内分析相结合的方法,其中野外试验采取网袋法,系统研究了桉树人工林间作下土壤养分对凋落物分解的影响,可旨在为维护桉树人工林的长期生产以及实施人工林生态系统的经营管理提供理论支持。结果表明:桉树纯林凋落物叶和枝分解360 d后均比桉树+象草林低,比桉树+山毛豆林凋落物叶和枝分解低。不同间作模式下桉树凋落物叶和枝均先固持后释放;P含量变化不同,K、Ca、Mg含量均下降。桉树纯林土壤有机质降低34.8%,而桉树+象草林、桉树+山毛豆林土壤有分别增加147.3%和15.5%;3种林分土壤氮含量分别增加44.6%和2.9%,49.3%和12.8%,466.9%和68.9%。利用典范对应分析(CCA)得出桉树人工林凋落物分解速率、养分释放动态以及土壤养分关系明显,桉树凋落物叶和枝分解速率与土壤养分关系紧密,尤其是与土壤总磷含量。土壤总氮、有效氮、总磷和总钾对桉树凋落物叶氮含量和总磷养分释放影响较大,桉树人工林凋落物枝分解中,土壤有机质、总氮、有效磷与凋落物枝氮含量、总磷含量关系密切。间作桉树林促进桉树凋落物叶和枝分解,3种不同间作桉树人工林凋落物叶和枝分解均呈现快-慢-稍快模式,N元素质量分数属于富集-释放模式,P元素先下降后上升,除桉树+山毛豆枝凋落物外,属于释放-富集模式;K、Ca、Mg的质量分数随着分解过程一直下降,属于淋溶-释放模式,桉树纯林凋落物叶各养分元素释放速率是MgCaKNP,凋落物枝养分释放速率是MgKCaNP;桉树+象草人工林凋落物叶和枝均是MgKCaNP;桉树+山毛豆人工林凋落物叶是MgKCaNP,凋落物枝则是KMgCaPN,凋落物叶和枝中养分含量的释放尤其受土壤总氮和速效磷的调节。     

竹林养分循环Ⅰ.毛竹纯林的叶凋落物及其分解

在我国亚热带毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)主要产区的四片试验地上,随机布置了21个区组90个集叶斗,持续观察3a,以研究林内叶凋落物的动态。在相同立地上,又用同样方法布置20个区组400个落叶分解袋,通过林地潜育定期采集潜育样和样袋中残留物养分含量分析等方法,研究凋落物分解时的失重速率和N、P、K、Ca、Mg等养分元素的反馈。试验结果表明,毛竹林叶凋落物量在其年变化周期中有两个高峰期,峰值的出现时间由于立地条件的不同迟早不一。第一高峰值所代表的叶凋落物量因林分的生长特性不同其占全年总量的百分数变动于17—56％之间。竹叶凋落物在分解时其失重速率在初始期变化较快,但经20周林地潜育后渐趋稳定;养分的反馈情况因元素的不同而异,一些大量元素在其向土壤释放前于凋落物分解后的残留物中先有一个累积阶段。     

大老岭自然保护区日本落叶松林凋落物分解及养分释放研究

[目的]研究外来引进树种日本落叶松林凋落物对土壤养分的影响。[方法]采用分解袋法分别对18年生和24年生日本落叶松林以及周围针阔混交林凋落物的分解和养分释放规律进行了研究。[结果]凋落物分解和养分释放速率均表现为针阔混交林日本落叶松纯林;24年生日本落叶松林18年生日本落叶松林。其中不同林分的凋落物残留率与时间呈指数相关,凋落物年分解系数(K)也表现为针阔混交林(0.555 6)24年生日本落叶松林(0.445 0)18年生日本落叶松林(0.366 2)。凋落物分解速率与初始N元素含量呈极显著正相关,而与C/N比呈显著负相关,高的木质素含量对凋落物的分解有一定影响。C元素、K元素表现为直接释放模式,而研究中C/N比和C/P比相对较高,使N元素和P元素均表现为先富集后释放的模式。各养分元素的残留率总体呈现出18年生日本落叶松林24年生日本落叶松林针阔混交林的格局。[结论]不同林分凋落物分解和养分释放速率差异较大。凋落物年分解系数表现为针阔混交林24年生日本落叶松林18年生日本落叶松林。     

毛竹和林下植被芒箕凋落物分解特征研究

[目的]探讨竹林与其林下植被凋落物叶之间相互影响的潜在机制,为合理经营管理毛竹林林下植被提供理论参考。[方法]采用原位分解袋法研究了四川长宁毛竹与林下植被芒箕凋落物叶分解和养分释放过程。[结果](1)芒箕凋落物叶初始C、N、P含量和羟基碳高于毛竹(P 0. 05),而C∶N、C∶P、烷基碳、氧烷基碳和芳香碳低于毛竹(P 0. 05)。(2)凋落物叶分解和养分释放速率芒箕整体高于毛竹,芒箕和毛竹分解常数(k)分别为0. 58±0. 03和0. 73±0. 02,C、N、P养分释放均表现为净释放。(3)凋落物叶混合对分解速率没有显著影响,但抑制了N、P元素整个分解周期和C元素中后期的释放。(4)凋落物叶分解过程中元素含量变化格局表现为C含量和C∶N比整体呈下降趋势,N含量和N∶P比有小幅上升,P含量有微弱的下降趋势,C∶P比呈波动性变化。(5)凋落物叶分解速率与土壤温度、初始凋落物叶N和P含量呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),与初始凋落物叶的C∶N和C∶P呈极显著负相关(P 0. 01),与土壤含水量相关不显著。[结论]单独分解过程中,毛竹凋落物叶分解速率低于林下植被芒箕,养分释放特征均表现为直接释放;混合分解过程中,毛竹和芒箕凋落物叶分解速率无显著混和效应,但养分释放的混合效应表现出一定负效应和不同阶段性。     

不同林龄油松人工林叶凋落物分解特性

2005年在北京市延庆县营盘村附近中山采用网袋法,比较21、29、36年生油松叶凋落物分解动态、分解速率、基质质量的差异.结果表明:在所观测的14个月内,不同林龄油松叶凋落物分解动态差异较小,均呈快椔龡快的规律,翌年5至7月份凋落物分解速率低于2005年同期的分解速率.21 a、29 a、36 a油松叶凋落物分解速率分别为26.97％、26.10％和23.96％,半分解周期分别为2.21 a、2.29 a和2.54 a,周转期分别为9.54 a、9.91 a和10.94 a.凋落物分解速率、半周转期、周转期失重率仅在0.1水平上差异显著.林龄对叶凋落物N影响最大(P=0.004),对粗灰分(P=0.028)影响显著.林龄对纤维素、木质素、粗脂肪、粗蛋白影响不显著.不同林龄叶凋落物C/N(P=0.009)、木质素/N(P=0.048)显著差异,C/N、木质素/N与叶凋落物分解速率相关系数均为-0.333.     

木麻黄防护林生态系统凋落物及养分释放研究

运用定位研究的方法 ,在福建惠安赤湖林场定期收集木麻黄林分的凋落物 ,开展凋落物分解试验 ,并研究了木麻黄防护林的养分释放规律。结果表明 :( 1 )沿海木麻黄防护林 2 0a和 7a林分的凋落物年产量分别为 1 3 973和 1 2 3 85t·hm- 2 a- 1 ;( 2 )在凋落物分解过程中 ,木麻黄凋落物的失重率随时间而变化 ,其相互关系可用方程式W =-0 0 3 2 6t3+0 5 465t2 +2 1 5 41t+0 865 7来表达 ;( 3 )在不同林龄林分中 ,2 0a林分凋落物及其各组分中养分元素的含量高于 7a林分 ;同一林分中 ,元素种类不同 ,它们在凋落物各组分中的含量差别较大 ;( 4 ) 7a和 2 0a木麻黄林分每年归还给林地的养分总量为 2 5 0 2 4和 2 80 2 5kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ;( 5 )木麻黄凋落物分解的半衰期为 1 0 2a ,95 %的凋落物分解所需时间为 4 4a;7a和 2 0a林分每年通过凋落物分解释放进入林地土壤的养分总量分别为 1 2 5 1 2和 1 3 6 82kg·hm- 2 a- 1 。     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林凋落叶分解过程中K、Ca、Mg元素释放的影响

[目的]研究氮沉降背景下凋落叶分解过程中钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)元素的释放动态,揭示森林生态系统在氮沉降持续增加背景下养分元素的循环过程。[方法]在华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林中设置对照(CK)、低氮(L)、中氮(M)和高氮沉降(H)4个处理,以NH4NO3为氮源,采用尼龙网袋法对凋落叶进行模拟氮沉降分解试验,研究了凋落叶分解过程中K、Ca、Mg元素浓度及残留率,探讨氮沉降对凋落叶分解过程中养分释放的影响。[结果]经过1年的分解,模拟氮沉降显著抑制了凋落叶分解过程中K元素浓度的下降,显著促进了Ca元素浓度的下降,对Mg元素浓度无显著影响。在各处理中,K元素呈净释放模式,Ca元素表现为释放-富集的交替模式,Mg元素呈富集-释放模式,模拟氮沉降未改变凋落叶分解中K、Ca、Mg元素的释放模式。分解1年后,L、M和H处理的K元素残留率分别比CK高3.91%、10.27%和13.91%,模拟氮沉降显著抑制了凋落叶分解过程中K元素的释放;L、M和H处理的Ca元素残留率分别比CK低6.39%、6.51%和15.93%,模拟氮沉降显著促进了凋落叶分解过程中Ca元素的释放;L、M和H处理的Mg元素残留率与CK差异不显著,模拟氮沉降对凋落叶分解过程中Mg元素的释放无显著影响。[结论]模拟氮沉降未改变凋落叶分解过程中K、Ca、Mg元素的释放模式,但对凋落叶分解过程中K、Ca、Mg元素的释放速率产生了不同的影响。     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

系统评述森林凋落物的分解过程、凋落物分解及养分释放的影响因素、分解研究的方法等.森林凋落物的分解既有物理过程,又有生物化学过程,一般由淋溶、自然粉碎、代谢作用等共同完成.凋落物分解过程先后出现分解速率较快和较慢2个阶段,元素迁移一般呈现淋溶-富集-释放的模式.凋落物分解主要受气候、凋落物性质、微生物和土壤动物的影响,气候是最基本的影响因素,常用实际蒸散(actual evapotranspiration简称AET)作为指标.凋落物分解速率呈明显的气候地带性,与温度、湿度等紧密相关.从全球尺度来讲,凋落物质量对分解速率的影响处于次要地位,但在同一气候带内因AET变化较小,则起了主导作用.N、P和木质素浓度、C/N、C/P、木质素与养分比值是常见的凋落物质量指标,其中C/N和木质素/N最能反映凋落物分解速率.凋落物化学性质对其分解的影响作用又与分解阶段有关.凋落叶中N、P、K初始浓度高使得初期分解较快,而后期分解放慢.土壤理化性质及微生物区系也将不同程度地影响凋落物分解.尼龙网袋法(litter bag method)操作简单,是野外测定森林凋落物分解速率最常用的方法.除此之外,缩微试验也得到了广泛应用.目前普遍采用的衡量凋落物分解速率大小的指标主要有CO2释放速率、凋落物分解系数(k值)及质量损失率.在此基础上提出了指数衰减、线性回归等模型来模拟凋落物分解过程.尽管对凋落物分解在森林生态系统C、N、P循环、土壤肥力维持等方面已进行了较深入的研究,但未来研究应侧重以下方向:长期的定位观测;采用相对统一的研究方法,获得可比性强的数据进行综合;深化凋落物分解机理研究;探讨全球气候变化对森林凋落物分解的影响;评价营林措施(如林分皆伐、造林、施石灰和肥料等)对凋落物分解与养分释放的调节作用.     

胡桃楸天然次生林凋落物分解的生态学过程

采用定时定位采集与监测的方法,对辽东山区胡桃楸天然次生林凋落物分解的生态学过程进行了研究。结果表明:胡桃楸天然次生林凋落物中叶的干物质量比重最大,枝次之,花和果比重较小;凋落物叶中C/N越低,氮元素含量越高,凋落物分解得越快,C/N与凋落物分解速率呈负相关关系;5—9月凋落物干物质平均失重率为17.28%,其中5月失重率最低,为9.73%,随后的6—8月失重率逐月增加,8月失重率最高,为22.37%,9月失重率略有降低,为20.17%;凋落物分解速率与降水量、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤湿度和凋落物自然含水率都呈显著的二次函数关系;影响凋落物分解过程主要环境因子的多元线性回归显著性分析表明,降水量是影响凋落物分解的主导因子,凋落物自然含水率的影响次之。     

Responses of decomposition rate, nutrient return, and composition of leaf litter to thinning intensities in a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation

It is important to study the effect of tree density on the substrate quality and decomposition rate of leaf litter in plantations. In 2002, an experiment of the effects of thinning intensities at four different levels (i.e., 0 (I), 35.7% (II), 49.2% (III), and 64.2% (IV)) on undergrowth were carried out in an 18-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis plantation at an initial density of 3130 trees/hm² in the middle of the hills of Yingpan, Yanqing County, Beijing. Three years later, the rates of decomposition, the amount of nutrients returned, and the characteristics of leaf litter were compared by a litter bag method. The results show that the annual loss of dry matter of leaf litter in plots I, II, III, and IV was 25.81%, 26.25%, 27.68%, and 25.96%, respectively. The turnover of leaf litter was 10.04, 9.84, 9.24, and 9.97 years, respectively. Therefore, it is feasible and convenient to evaluate the effect of thinning on the rate of decomposition. In the first two months, the N, P, K, and Mg nutrients were released quickly. During the entire observation period of 14 months, the return of both N and Mg nutrients in the four plots exhibited a release-accumulation type of cycle. The return of P and K indicated a trend of release-accumulation and a relative balance. However, the return of Ca was far different from that of the other nutrients in the four plots. The total nutrient return of the four elements N, P, K, and Mg in the plots was 10.806, 31.016, 31.798, and 39.365 g/kg, respectively. Specifically, the quality of leaf litter in plot I was the worst in that N and Ca accumulated only 2.567 and 0.767 g/kg, respectively. Thinning did decrease the ratios of lignin to N and C to N and accelerated the rate of decomposition of leaf litter. The content of crude ash in leaf litter was enhanced by thinning, which prevented acid material, such as tannins and resins, from returning to the soil. The effect of thinning intensity was evaluated by the ratio of lignin to N, the ratio of C to N, and the ash content in leaf litter.     

Variation in litter decomposition-temperature relationships between coniferous and broadleaf forests in Huangshan Mountain, China

A study was conducted to identify the differences in the decompositions of leaf litter, lignin and carbohydrate between coniferous forest and broadleaf forest at 20℃ and 30℃ in Huangshan Mountain, Anhui Province, China. Results showed that at 20℃ mass loss of leaf litter driven by microbial decomposers was higher in broadleaf forest than that in coniferous forest, whereas the difference in mass loss of leaf litter was not significant at 30℃. The temperature increase did not affect the mass loss of leaf litter for coniferous forest treatment, but significantly reduced the decomposition rate for broadleaf forest treatment. The functional decomposers of microorganism in broadleaf forest produced a higher lignin decomposition rate at 20℃, compared to that in coniferous forest, but the difference in lignin decomposition was not found between two forest types at 30℃. Improved temperature increased the lignin decomposition for both broadleaf and coniferous forest. Additionally, the functional group of microorganism from broadleaf forest showed marginally higher carbohydrate loss than that from coniferous forest at both temperatures. Temperature increase reduced the carbohydrate decomposition for broadleaf forest, while only a little reduce was found for coniferous forest. Remarkable differences occurred in responses between most enzymes （Phenoloxidase, peroxidase, !5-glucosidase and endocellulase） and decomposition rate of leaf litter to forest type and temperature, although there exist strong relationships between measured enzyme activities and decomposition rate in most cases. The reason is that more than one enzyme contribute to the mass loss of leaf litter and organic chemical components. In conclusion, at a community scale the coniferous and broadleaf forests differed in their temperature-decomposition relationships.     

UV-B辐射对亚热带森林凋落叶分解的影响

采用分解袋法研究自然和UV-B辐射滤减2种环境下6种亚热带代表性树种(杉木、马尾松、木荷、香樟、青冈和甜槠)凋落叶的分解情况。结果表明:除个别分解阶段外,各树种凋落叶在2种UV-B辐射环境下的干质量剩余率均存在显著差异,且随着分解时间延长,差异逐渐加大;与对照相比,UV-B辐射滤减显著降低了6个树种凋落叶的分解速率(P<0.01),降幅为33.3%～69.6%,对香樟凋落叶分解的影响最小,对杉木凋落叶分解的影响最大;UV-B辐射处理和凋落物类型对凋落叶的分解速率均有极显著影响(P<0.001),以UV-B辐射的影响更强烈;自然和UV-B辐射滤减环境下凋落叶的分解速率均与C∶N呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。     

不同种植年限尾巨桉人工林叶片-凋落物-土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

[目的]为了解雷州半岛尾巨桉速生人工林生态系统的C、N、P分配格局及化学计量特征。[方法]采用空间换时间的方法,选取雷州半岛4种不同林龄(1、3、5、7 a)的尾巨桉人工林为研究对象,对尾巨桉叶片、凋落物及土壤的C、N、P含量及化学计量特征进行测定分析。[结果]表明:C、N含量表现为叶片凋落物土壤,P含量表现为叶片土壤凋落物,且3个库间差异显著;土壤的C含量随林龄增加而增加,N、P含量差异不显著,土壤C∶N随林龄的增加而增加,说明土壤有机质分解速率逐渐下降;凋落物的C∶N为54. 07 92. 18 ( 25),表明尾巨桉林下凋落物分解速率较慢,N元素成为主要限制凋落物分解的元素,凋落物的C∶N随林龄的增加先增加后下降,凋落物分解速度先降低后升高;叶片的N∶P为10. 80 12. 98,说明中幼林龄尾巨桉受N限制较明显。相关性分析表明:凋落物养分元素含量受叶片限制,土壤养分含量受凋落物限制,表明生态系统内部C、N、P元素在植物、凋落物与土壤之间实现了运输和转换。[结论]雷州半岛尾巨桉中、幼林龄时期土壤有机质及凋落物分解速率较慢;随林龄的增加,土壤有机质、凋落物分解速率下降,N元素成为其主要分解限制性元素,林分生长受N限制明显。     

间伐对杉木凋落物分解中生态化学计量的影响

以福建杉木人工林为研究对象,采用不同间伐强度(23%、32%、不间伐),研究间伐后不同密度样地内凋落物分解过程中的C、N、P含量及其化学计量比特征的影响。结果表明:(1)各处理叶和枝的C、N、P含量在整个分解过程中均以下降-上升的波动下降;凋落物分解1 a后,3种处理叶和枝的N、P含量以D2(弱度间伐)处理最低,叶C含量D2处理最低,枝C含量D1(强度间伐)处理最低,且D1和D2处理的叶C和叶N含量显著低于对照CK(P<0.05),D1处理的枝C含量显著低于D2和CK处理(P<0.05),3种处理的枝N含量有显著差异(P<0.05);(2)凋落物分解1 a后,2种间伐密度处理的叶和枝C︰N与对照处理CK有显著差异(P<0.05),3种处理之间叶和枝的C︰P、N︰P无显著差异(P>0.05);(3)叶C与叶N、叶C︰N,叶N与叶P均呈显著正相关,叶C与叶P呈极显著正相关;叶C︰N与叶N︰P呈显著负相关;枝C与枝P,枝N与枝N︰P呈显著正相关;枝C︰N与枝N︰P呈显著负相关;枝N与枝C︰N,枝P与枝C︰P呈极显著负相关。弱度间伐在分解240 d显著增加了枝C︰N和枝C︰P,在分解360 d时显著降低了叶C︰N,增加了枝C︰N;在整个分解过程中,弱度间伐处理对N︰P无显著影响。强度间伐在凋落物分解60 d显著降低了枝C︰N、枝C︰P和枝N︰P,在分解300 d显著降低了叶C︰P,在360 d显著降低了枝C︰N;在整个分解过程中,强度间伐对叶N︰P无显著影响。     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in early stages of forest litter decomposition as affected by nitrogen addition

The effects of nitrogen(N) availability and tree species on the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen at early stage of decomposition of forest litter were studied in a 13-week laboratory incubation experiment.Fresh litter samples including needle litter(Pinus koraiensis) and two types of broadleaf litters(Quercus mongolica and Tilia amurensis) were collected from a broadleaf-korean pine mixed forest in the northern slope of Changbai Mountain(China).Different doses of N(equal to 0, 30 and 50 kg·ha-1yr-1, respecti...     

抚育间伐对人工林凋落物分解的影响

抚育间伐是提高林分生产力的有效措施之一, 以往研究主要集中在间伐对凋落物分解速率、养分归还量以及对土壤肥力影响等直接效果方面, 而对间伐引起这些变化的原因涉及较少。文中主要综述了抚育间伐后凋落物性质、林下植被、林内小气候和土壤性质等的变化情况, 以及这些变化对凋落物分解的影响作用。     

Effects of clear-cutting on decomposition processes in leaf litter and the nitrogen and lignin dynamics in a temperate secondary forest

The effects of clear-cutting on the decomposition rate of leaf litter and on nitrogen (N) and lignin dynamics were investigated in a temperate secondary forest. Decomposition processes were examined over an 18-month period by the litterbag method and compared between a clear-cut site and an adjacent uncut control site using leaf litter from five dominant tree species (Clethra barvinervis, Quercus serrata, Camellia japonica, Ilex pedunculosa and Pinus densiflora). The decomposition rate for litter from C. barvinervis, Q. serrata and I. pedunculosa was significantly greater in the clear-cut plot than in the control plot, and there was no significant difference between plots for C. japonica and P. densiflora. Water content of litter was consistently lower in the clear-cut plot than in the control plot. Nitrogen mass increased after 6 months in the control plot, whereas no net increase of N was observed in the clear-cut plot. Nitrogen concentration increased with respect to accumulated mass loss of litter and was consistently lower in the clear-cut plot for all five species. The mass of lignin remaining in decomposing litter was generally lower in the clear-cut plot, but lignin concentration in decomposing litter was not significantly different between the clear-cut and control plots.     

Leaf and twig litter decomposition of main species in different forests along the north slope of Changbai Mountain, northeast China

From 2001 to 2003, the litter decomposition dynamics of dominant tree species were conducted using a litterbag burying method in the broadleaf-Korean pine forest, spruce-fir forest and Ermans birch forest, which represents three altitudinal belts in Changbai Mountain, northeast China. The spatial and temporal dynamics of litter decomposition and the effects of litter properties were examined. Furthermore, the decomposition trend of different species was simulated by the Olson model, and results showed that annual mass loss rates increased over time, but was not significantly correlated. Leaf decomposition rates increased after decomposing for 638 days (1.75 years), and the order of dry weight remaining rates of leaf litter for different species is: Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla) (24.56%) < Amur linden (Tilia amurensis) (24.81%) < Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) (38.48%) < spruce (Picea jezoensis var. microsperma) (41.15%) < Ermans birch (Betula ermanii) (41.53%) < fir (Abies nephrolepis) (42.62%). The dry weight remaining rates of twig litter was smaller than that of leaf litter, and followed the order of Amur linden (44.98%) < fir (64.62%) < Korean pine (72.07%) < spruce (73.51%) < Asian white birch (77.37%) < Ermans birch (80.35%). The simulation results by the Olson model showed that, in leaf, the 95%-decomposition rates ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 years, and annual decomposition rate (k) followed the order of Amur linden (0.686) > Asian white birch (0.624) > Korean pine (0.441) > spruce (0.406) > fir (0.397) > Ermans birch (0.385); in twig, it ranged from 7.8 to 29.3 years, and k follows the order: Amur linden (0.391) > fir (0.204) > Korean pine (0.176) > spruce (0.157) > Asian white birch (0.148) > Ermans birch (0.102). In general, the differences of decomposition rate are evident between leaf and twig litter and among species, and were higher in broad-leaved species compared with coniferous species at the same elevation, and decreased with the ascending of elevation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 1,037–1,046 [译自: 生态学报]     

Biomass,decomposition and nutrient release of Vaccinium myrtillus leaf litter in four forest stands

Biomass and nutrient transfer (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) leaf litter fall, as well as decomposition and nutrient release, were studied in four mature forest stands situated in Central and South Sweden. Bilberry leaf litter fall amounted to between 33 and 55 kg ha^‐1 yr^‐1 in the four stands. Only minor differences between sites were noted for litter concentrations of N, P and Ca, whereas K and Mg showed somewhat larger variability. Relative amounts of the five nutrient elements in the litter fall were generally in the order N > Ca > K > Mg > P. The amounts of nutrients returned to the forest floor by the annual leaf litter fall in the stands ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 kg ha^‐1 for N, 0.4 to 0.6 kg ha^‐1 for Ca, 0.2 to 0.7 kg ha^‐1 for K, 0.1 to 0.2 kg ha^‐1 for Mg and 0.04 to 0.08 kg ha^‐1 for P.

The decomposition of the local bilberry leaf litter was followed by means of litterbags during three years. At all sites there was an extremely rapid mass loss from the litter (between 45% and 54%) during the first four to five months of decomposition. After this initial phase, the decomposition rates decreased markedly and after three years the accumulated mass losses of the litters varied between 64% and 78% at the studied sites. After two and three years of decomposition, three of the sites exhibited almost similar litter mass losses whereas at the fourth site the litter was decomposed to a significantly lower degree. The pattern of nutrient release from the decomposing bilberry leaf litter differed somewhat from site to site. Minor differences were, however, noted for P, Ca and Mg while N and K were more strongly retained in the litter at one of the sites.