苏尼特右旗草原矿区土壤重金属污染特征与生态恢复

以苏尼特右旗某草原采矿区的气象资料及采矿区周边草原表层土重金属含量为依据,分析该草原矿区输沙势能与土壤重金属污染特征。结果表明:调查区域的土壤重金属污染主要集中在以尾矿库为中心的主导风向的下风向,即主要输沙势方向的下风向,重金属铜污染是导致该草原区土壤重金属污染的主要因素。常年的主导风向对尾矿库周边草原的土壤重金属污染程度的影响显著。苏尼特右旗受风蚀影响比较严重的地区,应该加强对尾矿区的底泥和矿渣的苫盖措施,防治风、水蚀加剧对草原土壤重金属污染的影响。输沙势较大的上风向要建植防风林带或沙障,对输沙势较大的下风向要采取生态修复措施,不同的受损生态系统的恢复,根据区域特征结合生态恢复建议进行生态恢复,保证生态系统健康发展,保障人畜健康安全。     

干扰程度对巴音温都尔沙漠天然梭梭林表层土壤粒径特征影响的研究

土壤粒度特征是反映土壤质地的重要属性之一。为了弄清不同干扰程度对巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭林表层土壤粒径特征的影响,本文对不同干扰程度的巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭林下表层土壤进行采样实测,分析了巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭树下表层土壤粒度特征。结果表明:不同干扰程度下梭梭林下土壤中极细砂含量百分比最高,且自然状态样地极细砂含量为56.86%,轻度干扰样地为44.15%,中度干扰样地为34.25%;中砂含量百分比随干扰程度的增加而增加,自然状态样地为7.94%,轻度干扰样地为18.75%,中度干扰样地为31.00%。中等干扰样地平均粒径为2.19 mm,轻度干扰程度为2.53 mm,自然状态下为2.94 mm。自然、轻度干扰、中度干扰状态下分选系数平均值分别为-0.78、-1.00、-0.79。偏度为轻度中度自然,均属负偏;峰度平均值分别为1.10、1.79、1.18,分别属中等、很窄和窄峰态。植被保护使梭梭林能够有效降低风速,增加土壤表层较细颗粒物含量。     

江淮丘陵不同土地利用类型的土壤水分和容重变化特征

在江淮丘陵地区选取了林地、花生、大豆和玉米四种不同的土地利用类型,分析了不同土地利用的土壤水分和容重变化特征。研究结果表明:土壤含水量垂直分布上,林地、花生和玉米三种土地利用表现为从表层向下逐渐增加的变化特征,而大豆地土壤含水量表现为从表层向下先增加后减少的变化特征;土壤含水量大小表现为林地和花生地大于大豆和玉米地;表层土壤容重表现为林地大于玉米和大豆大于花生地;土地利用对江淮丘陵地区土壤含水量的垂直分布和含量大小以及表层土壤容重均有着很大的影响。     

基于不同林龄的辽西北油松人工林表层土壤粒度特征研究

为探究油松人工林土壤粒度特征随林龄变化的规律,揭示油松人工林对林下土壤的影响作用,为辽西北地区以油松为建群种的造林模式、土壤地力恢复及环境保护提供科学依据,以辽宁省昌图县东部太阳山风景区13、25、37和44年生的油松人工林为研究对象,采集各林龄油松林表层(0~20cm)土壤样,基于激光衍射技术,对土壤粒度,组成和特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)研究区内土壤粒度组成以沙粒为主,其次是粉粒和黏粒;(2)中龄林的粒度特征最好,其次为近熟林、成熟林,而幼龄林稍差,且有林样地的粒度特征均比对照好;(3)整体上,从幼龄林期到中龄林期,油松林随林龄的增大,表层土壤粒度特征有良好的发展趋势,而从中龄林期到近熟林、成熟林期,油松林随林龄增大表层土壤粒度特征逐渐变差。     

沙袋沙障对沙丘表层粒径影响的研究

PLA纤维是一种新兴固沙材料,用它灌沙形成的筒状沙袋铺设于沙丘上形成沙障,可以改变近地表风沙流结构和地表粗糙度等因子。为了解该PLA沙障对沙丘地表土壤粒径的影响情况,在铺设沙障沙丘及对照沙丘分别取0～11 cm土样,用Rise-2008型激光粒度分析仪测定土样平均粒径,对比研究不同规格、不同部位PLA沙障与对照沙丘表层平均粒径的差异。结果表明：1 m×1 m、2 m×2 m、3 m×3 m PLA沙障3种规格相比,规格越大其平均粒径反而越小,但是均显著高于对照沙丘（P〈0.005）;铺设沙障沙丘的迎风坡、坡顶和背风坡平均粒径分别比对照沙丘高11.4%、26.8%和1.8%;并且坡顶平均粒径最大,迎风坡次之,背风坡最小,对照出现相同的变化趋势。     

坡度及旅游干扰对土壤粒度特征的影响

以天马山土壤粒度特征为研究对象,通过室外调查与室内试验相结合,分析了不同坡度对土壤粒度特征的影响以及受旅游干扰后土壤粒度特征的变化。结果表明:研究区土壤粒度组成以黏粒为主,粉粒次之,砂粒最低;粒度特征受旅游干扰影响后呈现出分选性变差,偏度多为极负偏,峰态值普遍偏高。不同坡度的平均粒径不存在显著差异;分选系数、偏度、峰度之间均存在显著性差异。相关分析证明分选系数与偏度呈显著正相关关系,与峰度呈极显著的负相关。表明土壤粒度分选性越差,偏度值越小,峰度值越趋向窄峰态。受旅游干扰后土壤粒度频率分布曲线均发生明显变化,由对称的单峰曲线向复杂的多峰曲线转移。说明在旅游干扰下粒度特征存在多成因组分,且平坡较陡坡更易受到旅游干扰的影响。     

甘肃河西绿洲边缘积沙带的稳定性初步研究

一般的研究结果认为,金字塔沙丘是由三组以上风力差别不大的风塑造形成的沙丘。而在甘肃河西沙区一般都具有明显的主风向,如在民勤沙区,主风向为NW,其他方向一般无大风,而这些高大裸露沙丘为什么能够稳定存在呢?研究结果表明:1)当风速≥8 m/s时,积沙带顶部风速小于上风向空旷地风速,即沙丘顶部并不是强风区。2)当风速≥2 m/s时,沙丘下风向防御风范围大于积沙带高度的20倍。3)当气流到达沙丘迎风坡时,是通过沿坡面抬升和向两翼分流两种方式释放能量并降低流速的。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿植冠下表层土壤粒径特征分析

为探索毛乌素沙地油蒿植冠下表层土壤结构与土壤稳定性的关系,分析了油蒿植冠微环境下土壤粒径特征及其相关因素。研究表明:油蒿植冠下表层土壤机械组成以砂粒为主,占总质量的81.51%,其次是粉粒,占16.66%,粘粒含量最少,占1.83%,有机质平均含量4.52 g/kg,总氮平均含量0.19 g/kg,受油蒿植株形态结构特征等因素影响,油蒿植冠下表层土壤不同方向、同一方向不同距离处土壤颗粒组成及养分状况存在差异;油蒿植冠下表层土壤颗粒分形维数介于1.694至1.876之间,土壤分形维数与土壤粘粒含量呈显著正相关(p0.05),与砂粒、粉粒的相关性不显著,与土壤有机质、总氮含量呈显著负相关(p0.05)。土壤微团聚体作为土壤结构的颗粒单元,其含量及组成与土壤抗侵蚀性密切相关,在对油蒿群落进行恢复重建过程中,要充分考虑油蒿植冠微环境下表层土壤粒径特征。     

黄土丘陵区林-草景观边界土壤表层大型动物多样性研究

文章通过对黄土高原丘陵区刺槐林-草地复合系统景观边界上3种景观位置的土壤表层大型动物调查、分析,结果表明:复合系统共有大型土壤动物16类,隶属于3门6纲;林缘处是土壤表层大型动物多样性最高的地方,这里土壤动物群落较复杂,类群数较多,分布均匀;草地是土壤表层大型动物多样性最低的地方,这里土壤动物群落较单一,土壤动物类群数偏少,个体数偏多,分布的均匀性较差,优势类群表现突出;林地的土壤表层大型动物多样性介于二者之间。林缘与林地内土壤动物的分布特征相似性较大,林缘与草地内土壤动物的分布特征相似性较小。     

南岭小坑果园土壤微生物数量状况初步研究

研究了韶关市曲江小坑果园表层土壤(0~20 cm)和亚表层土壤(20~40 cm)中细菌、放线菌、真菌数量状况及垂直分布特点.结果表明:(1)果园中土壤微生物数量在土壤中具有明显的垂直分布特征,土壤微生物数量随土壤深度的增加而递减.表层土壤的3种微生物总数高于亚表层(p=0.001),是亚表层的4.03倍.(2)表层与亚表层土壤中的细菌数量均远高于同层的放线菌、真菌的数量,前者约占微生物总量的80%,后两者各占微生物总数的10%左右.(3)果园土壤微生物数量随不同时间而变化,总体变异系数为8.7%,且不同土壤深度的微生物数量变化存在明显差异(p=0.001).表层土壤的微生物数量变动系数(10.7%)为亚表层土壤变动系数(1.3%)的8.2倍.     

Above- and belowground nutrients storage and biomass accumulation in marginal Nothofagus antarctica forests in Southern Patagonia

The above- and belowground biomass and nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, S and Mg) of pure deciduous Nothofagus antarctica (Forster f.) Oersted stands grown in a marginal site and aged from 8 to 180 years were measured in Southern Patagonia. The total biomass accumulated ranged from 60.8 to 70.8 Mg ha⁻¹ for regeneration and final growth stand, respectively. The proportions of belowground components were 51.6, 47.2, 43.9 and 46.7% for regeneration, initial growth, final growth and mature stand, respectively. Also, crown classes affected the biomass accumulation where dominant trees had 38.4 Mg ha⁻¹ and suppressed trees 2.6 Mg ha⁻¹ to the stand biomass in mature stand. Nutrient concentrations varied according to tree component, crown class and stand age. Total nutrient concentration graded in the fallowing order: leaves > bark > middle roots > small branches > fine roots > sapwood > coarse roots > heartwood. While N and K concentrations increased with age in leaves and fine roots, concentration of Ca increased with stand age in all components. Dominant trees had higher N, K and Ca concentrations in leaves, and higher P, K and S concentrations in roots, compared with suppressed trees. Although the stands had similar biomass at different ages, there were important differences in nutrient accumulation per hectare from 979.8 kg ha⁻¹ at the initial growth phase to 665.5 kg ha⁻¹ at mature stands. Nutrient storage for mature and final growth stands was in the order Ca > N > K > P > Mg > S, and for regeneration stand was Ca > N > K > Mg > P > S. Belowground biomass represented an important budget of all nutrients. At early ages, N, K, S, Ca and Mg were about 50% in the belowground components. However, P was 60% in belowground biomass and then increased to 70% in mature stands. These data can assist to quantify the impact of different silviculture practices which should aim to leave material (mainly leaves, small branches and bark) on the site to ameliorate nutrient removal and to avoid a decline of long-term yields.     

孟加拉哈提亚地区海岸造林对土壤性质的影响

在孟加拉诺阿卡利地区及相临裸地,对海岸植被(12年和17年生无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala)进行探索性研究,以便了解海岸造林对土壤特性的影响.在三种不同地带(内陆、中部、海边),在12年生和17年生无瓣海桑林下,土壤深度分别为0-10,10-30和30-40cm,土壤湿度、土壤粒度、有机质、C含量、总N、pH、有效P、K、Na、Ca和Mg含量明显高(p≤0.05,p≤0.01,p≤0.001)于其相临裸地的数据,土壤含盐量明显(p≤0.01)低于其相临裸地的数据.在内陆CharAlim植被,土壤表面的土壤湿度,土壤粒度,有机质,C含量、总N、pH、土壤含盐量、有效P、K、Na、Ca和Mg含量分别为:31.09%、2.24 g·cm-3、2.41%、4.14%、0.58%、7.07、O.09 dS·cm-1、28.06 mg·L-1、O.50 mg·L-1、11.5 mg·L-1、3.30 mg·L-1和2.7 mmol·kg-1;而在相邻的Char Rehania贫瘠地区的相同土壤深度,其相关值分别为:16.69%、1.25g·cm-3、O.43%、0.74%、O.25%、6.57、0.13 dS·cm-1、13.07mg·L-1、O.30mg·L-1、1.4 mg·L-1、O.30 mmol·kG-1和0.50 nag·L-1.然而,在小内陆到海边的植被中,土壤湿度、土壤密度、有机质、C含量、总N、pH、有效P、K、Na和Ca含量逐渐降低,而土壤含盐量、Na和Mg含量却逐渐增加.虽然,在植被与相临裸地的不同土壤深度中土壤质地不同,植被地中砂土份额明显(p≤0.01)低于相临裸地,而粉砂土份额则明显(p≤0.001)高于裸地.在本研究中,所有参数的评价也在为其他地区相关研究得到应用.     

Effects of Ca^2＋concentrations on accumulations of mineral elements in the components of Pteroceltis tatarinowii

The bark ofPteroceltis tatarinowii is a raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper. The effects of Ca²⁺ concentrations on the accumulation of mineral elements in the bark, leaf and root ofPteroceltis tatarinowii were studied under controlled conditions. The types of Hoagland nutrient solution with three Ca²⁺ concentrations levels (200, 400 and 600 μg·g⁻¹) and a control (without Ca²⁺ were designed to culturePteroceltis tatarinowii. After 6 months, contents of seven mineral elements including Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Na in the root, leaf and bark were analyzed. The results indicated that Ca accumulations content in the root, leaf and bark had positively relation with Ca²⁺ concentrations (200, 400, 600 μg·g⁻¹), and the order of the Ca content in the three components was root>leaf>bark. Ca content in the root treated with 600 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 5.5 times as high as that of the control, and about 1.4 times as high as that of the root treated in 200 and 400 μg/g Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively. On the contrary, K and Mg contents in the root, leaf and bark were negatively related to Ca²⁺ concentrations, especially in the bark, and their accumulation trend followed the order of leaf>root>bark. K content in the bark treated with 600 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 39.3% of that of the control, and was 79.0% and 91.8% of that of the bark treated with 200μg·g⁻¹ and 400μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively; Mg content in the bark treated with 600μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 23.4% of that of the control, and was 27.1% and 35.4% of that of the bark treated with 200 and 400 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively. Compared with the control, the general tendency of Mn, Zn and Cu content decreased with increasing of Ca²⁺ concentrations and their contents were in the order: root>leaf>bark. Based on the results of this study, the experiment has been useful for providing academic bases in improving the bark quality ofPteroceltis tatarinowii on non-limestone soil. Foundation item: This paper is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970608). Biography: Fang Shengzun (1963), male, Professor in Stiiviculture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210027, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Below-ground root yield and distribution in natural and replanted mangrove forests at Gazi bay, Kenya

Estimation of total biomass in woody ecosystems is important because of its relevance to nutrient turnover and the potential to store carbon. Most work on mangrove biomass, particularly in the Western Indian Ocean Region, has concentrated on the above-ground component; comparatively little is known on below-ground biomass. The current study was conducted at Gazi bay on the southern coast of Kenya. The objective was to determine the below-ground biomass of three species of mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata Lamarck, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh and Sonneratia alba J. Smith, in natural and replanted stands. The effects of distance from the tree base and of soil depth on root biomass and size distributions were also studied using coring. Live below-ground biomass (mean ± S.E.) ranged from 7.5 ± 0.4 t/ha to 35.8 ± 1.1 t/ha, 48.4 ± 0.7 t/ha to 75.5 ± 2.0 t/ha and 39.1 ± 0.7 t/ha to 43.7 ± 1.7 t/ha for R. mucronata, S. alba and A. marina, respectively, depending on the age of the stand. Including dead roots produced total biomass values of 34.9 ± 1.8–111.5 ± 5.6 t/ha, 78.9 ± 3.3–121.5 ± 7.3 t/ha and 49.4 ± 1.1–84.7 ± 5.4 t/ha for R. mucronata, S. alba and A. marina. These values imply carbon contents of live roots ranging between 3.8 ± 0.2 C t/ha and 17.9 ± 0.6 C t/ha, 24.2 ± 0.4 C t/ha and 37.7 ± 1.0 C t/ha and 19.5 ± 0.4 C t/ha and 21.9 ± 0.9 C t/ha for R. mucronata, S. alba and A. marina stands, respectively, and 17.4 ± 0.9 C t/ha and 55.7 ± 2.8 C t/ha, 39.4 ± 1.7 C t/ha and 60.7 ± 3.6 C t/ha and 24.7 ± 0.6 C t/ha and 42.4 ± 2.9 C t/ha for R. mucronata, S. alba and A. marina stands, respectively if dead roots are included. Stand densities were 4650 ± 177 stems/ha, 3800 ± 212 stems/ha and 3567 ± 398 stems/ha for R. mucronata 6-year old, 12-year-old and natural stands respectively. Mean stem diameter, and basal area were highest in the 12-year-old plantation while below-ground root biomass increased with age. Stand density for S. alba, was highest in the 12-year-old plantation (7900 ± 141 stems/ha) while the 9-year-old stand had trees with the largest diameter (7.7 ± 0.9 cm). Below-ground biomass was highest in the 12-year old (75.5 ± 2.0 t/ha) and lowest in the natural stand (48.4 ± 0.7 t/ha). Stand density for A. marina was highest in the 12-year-old plantation (4300 ± 919 stems/ha) while mean stem diameter (7.9 ± 0.7 cm) and basal area (16.2 ± 2.1 m²/ha) were highest in the natural stand. Below-ground biomass in the 12-year-old (43.7 ± 1.7 t/ha) and natural stands (39.1 ± 0.7 t/ha) was similar. Root densities decreased with soil depth and with distance from the base of trees for all species and stands. Fine roots (diameter <5 mm) constituted between 24% and 45% of the total stand live root biomass. The information generated is important in establishing the total biomass and thus the potential amount of carbon sequestered by mangroves in the study area.     

Effect of soybean cultivar on life history parameters of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a very polyphagous pest with a worldwide distribution. In order to appraise population growth parameters of this pest, samples of two-spotted spider mites were taken from soybean (Glycine max) fields of Moghan region, Iran in June 2007 and are reared on bean plants var. Derakhshan (Phaseolus vulgaris) in a growth chamber. The life table parameters of this pest were calculated on three commercial soybean cultivars (Zane, Hach, and L17) and one hybrid (Hob × Will) at 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10%RH, and 16 h photophase. The developmental times of immature stages varied from 9.69 on Hach to 9.82 days on L17, whereas the immature survival was 57–79% on Hach and Hob × Will, respectively. On average, there were 65.5, 40.8, 38.8 and 34 eggs produced per female on L17, Hach, Hob × Will and Zane, respectively. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m ) for T. urticae on Hob × Will was the highest, whereas the values for r _m ranged from 0.211 (females/female/day) on Zane to 0.292 on Hob × Will. Also, jackknife values of other life table parameters such as net reproductive rate (R ₀), generation times (T), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of increase (λ) on these cultivars were estimated. Overall, the two-spotted spider mite indicated a better performance on Hob × Will than on the other soybean cultivars.     

Shrub yield and fodder quality variations in a non-tropical dryland environment in West Asia

Integration of shrubs into the smallholder crop-rangeland-livestock farming systems in non-tropical dry areas could reduce feed gaps, rangeland degradation and desertification, but data on yield and fodder quality of most native and exotic shrubs are scanty. The study aimed at identifying shrubs for dryland agroforestry based on agronomic and fodder quality attributes. Fodder and wood yield, percent fodder (FBR) and fodder quality of 26 non-legume shrubs were determined from 6 to 8 months regrowth in north-west Syria. Seed yield was estimated from plants that were not cut. Fodder (31–87 Mg DM ha⁻¹), wood (16-2064 Mg DM ha⁻¹) and seed (0-132 Mg DM ha⁻¹) yield, FBR (24–87%), fodder concentrations of crude protein (69–195 g kg⁻¹.), acid detergent lignin (ADL) (24–109 g kg⁻¹), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (102–267 g kg⁻¹), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (214–526 g kg⁻¹), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) (391–526 g kg⁻¹), and in vitro gas production after 24 h of incubation (25–39 ml 200 mg⁻¹ DM) varied (P < 0.05) among the shrubs. Atriplex halimus-halimus and A. herba-alba from Spain, A. canescens, A. ploycarpa and A. lentiformis from USA, A. halimus and A. herba-alba from Syria and A. nummularia from Australia and South Africa had greater potential for development of dryland agroforestry technologies. The promising shrubs could be integrated into the rangeland-crop-livestock systems in non-tropical dryland environs to provide fodder, fuel-wood, shade, medicine, stabilize sand-dunes, and sequester carbon; thereby contributing to mitigation of rangeland degradation and global warming; if major constraints to adoption of fodder trees such as agronomic problems, low multipurpose value, land shortage and quality seed supply could be overcome.     

O_3胁迫对三种楠木幼苗光合作用的影响及伤害症状

[目的]随着全球O_3浓度升高,O_3胁迫对植物影响的研究已成为研究的热点之一。我国的相关研究较少,主要以农作物为主,且大多局限在北方地区。本研究探讨O_3胁迫下,亚热带三种楠木幼苗光合作用的变化规律及其可见伤害症状,以期为后续研究提供理论依据。[方法]以一年生亚热带乡土树种桢楠、闽楠和刨花楠幼苗为材料,采用开顶式气室(OTCs),研究低浓度O_3、环境大气、100 n L·L-1O_3、150 n L·L-1O_3处理对光合作用的影响及伤害症状。[结果]研究表明:(1)O_3胁迫下,三种楠木幼苗的光合作用受到一定的抑制,气孔导度和净光合速率的相关性降低,对光合有效辐射的利用范围整体减小,出现了明显的光抑制现象。O_3浓度越高,对桢楠和刨花楠光合作用的抑制效果越明显,而100 n L·L-1O_3处理对闽楠光合作用的抑制效果较150 n L·L-1O_3处理明显。环境大气中的O_3浓度均值较低,但由于其较高的O_3浓度峰值,仍对三种楠木幼苗的光合作用产生了一定的抑制。与环境大气相比,低浓度O_3处理通过消除较高的O_3浓度峰值从而缓解了O_3对光合作用的不利影响。(2)O_3胁迫下,桢楠叶片出现褪绿、黄斑和坏死斑的症状,闽楠叶片出现褪绿、黄斑和水渍的症状,刨花楠叶片出现红褐色斑、水渍、坏死斑、卷曲皱缩、失水萎蔫的症状。三种楠木幼苗叶片的伤害症状随O_3浓度的增加而更明显。[结论]三种楠木幼苗叶片的光合作用均受到O_3的抑制,并出现了伤害症状,可作为O_3污染的指示树种。光合作用对O_3敏感性的关系为:刨花楠闽楠桢楠,其中刨花楠对O_3更敏感,伤害症状也较多样,因此指示O_3污染的效果更好。     

A study on the shade tolerance ofMuehlewbeckia complera

Muehlewbeckia complera was introduced to China in 2002 as indoor-hanging ornamental foliage plant. The experiment of the shade tolerance for this species was carried out in different light intensities (0.14–946.00 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹). After 40 days in experimental areas, leaf photosynthentic characteristics indexes ofM. complera in different photosynthesis active radiation (PAR) were measured with LI-COR6400 apparatus, such as the light compensation point, light saturation point, and maximum net photosynthesis rate, at the same time, the increments of total leaf area and leaf amount were measured. The results showed that the optimum light intensity range forM. complera was from 9.26 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ to 569.00 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ (463–28150 lx, relative humidity (RH) for 46–60%, temperature at 16–22°C). Under this condition, leaf photosynthetic efficiency was tiptop. AlthoughM. complera belonged to the moderate sun-adaptation plant species, the plant growth was inhibited when PAR increased to the level of 569.000 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ or above.M. complera could sprout new leaves in photosynthesis active radiation of 0.16–19.22 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ (8–961 lx), or 10 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ for above 6 h. Foundation item: This study was supported by the Research Foundation of Northeast Forestry University. Biography: YUE Hua (1962-), female, Associate professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

毛竹TIPs基因家族成员组织表达模式研究

[目的]通过研究毛竹TIPs的分子特征和表达模式,为揭示逆境胁迫条件下TIPs在竹子中的作用提供证据,为培育抗逆的植物新品种提供新的基因资源。[方法]以毛竹为对象,利用生物信息学方法对毛竹基因组中的TIPs基因进行了全面分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析基因在不同组织及干旱、水淹和Na Cl胁迫下的表达模式。[结果]毛竹基因组中含有6个TIPs同源基因,分别隶属于3个亚类(TIP1、TIP2和TIP4)。基因结构预测显示,Pe TIP1;1、Pe TIP1;2、Pe TIP2;2和Pe TIP4;2由2个外显子和1个内含子组成,而Pe TIP2;1和Pe TIP4;1由3个外显子和2个内含子组成。蛋白结构分析显示,毛竹6个TIPs均具有2个典型的NPA结构域和4个ar/R模体。通过转录组数据分析基因的组织表达特异性,结果表明Pe TIP1;1在各组织中的表达丰度均较高;Pe TIP1;2主要在花中表达;Pe TIP2;1在根和鞭中表达量较高;Pe TIP2;2在根中特异表达;Pe TIP4;1在叶片中表达丰度最高;Pe TIP4;2在笋和鞭中表达水平较高,在根中最低。实时定量PCR结果分析证明,干旱处理后毛竹根中Pe TIP4;1的表达量显著升高(p0.01),Pe TIP2;1、Pe TIP2;2和Pe TIP4;2表达受到抑制(p0.01);水淹处理后根中Pe TIP1;1和Pe TIP4;1表达量显著增加(p0.01),Pe TIP1;2、Pe TIP2;2、和Pe TIP4;2则显著降低(p0.01);Na Cl处理后根中6个Pe TIPs的表达量均显著增加(p0.01)。干旱处理后毛竹叶片中Pe TIP1;1、Pe TIP1;2和Pe TIP4;1表达量均显著增加(p0.01);水淹处理后叶片中Pe TIPs表达量均显著提高(p0.01);Na Cl处理后叶片中Pe TIP2;1表达受到明显抑制(p0.01)。[结论]Pe TIPs可能在毛竹抵抗干旱、水淹和Na Cl等非生物胁迫中发挥着不同程度的作用。     

Comparison of litterfall and nutrient return in a Vaccinio uliginosi–Betuletum pubescentis and an Empetro nigri–Pinetum forest ecosystem in northern Poland

Litterfall abundance and composition of organic and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus forms were studied for 34 months in two different forest ecosystems (Vaccinio uliginosi–Betuletum pubescentis (Vu–Bp) and Empetro nigri–Pinetum (En–P)) in S?owiński National Park (northern Poland). Including broadleaves, litterfall abundance in Vu–Bp was above 25% higher than in En–P. In Vu–Bp the mean litterfall abundance was equal to 4050 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with needles (31%) and broadleaves (32%) dominating while in En–P the mean litterfall abundance was equal to 2828 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and needless made up 59% of total. Almost all litterfall fractions in both forest ecosystems followed a clear, coherent seasonal pattern with maximal values in Autumn and minimal values in the growing season. In general, inter-annual fall variation of needles, branches, broadleaves and seeds was not significant in both ecosystems, however, for the fall of needles and branches a decreasing tendency was observed. In Vu–Bp and in En–P total litterfall (Vu–Bp: T-N 97.5%, N_org 96.8%, En–P: T-N 95.6%, N_org 97.9%) as well as the needless (Vu–Bp: T-N 31.9%, N_org 46.4%; En–P: T-N 53.5%; N_org 53.6%) were the most abundant with nitrogen with the supremacy of organic forms. Besides needles fall, the highest nitrogen return in Vu–Bp was contributed by broadleaves, seeds and branches fall, while in En–P with branches and bark fall. The lowest nitrogen return was contributed by inflorescences and flower buds fall. Similar to organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus was dominant in Vu–Bp (91%) and in En–P (77%) ecosystems. In Vu–Bp total phosphorus contributed by broadleaves was comparable to deposited with needles. In the fallen needless phosphorus contribution was significantly higher in En–P than in Vu–Bp. Nearly 40% of total phosphorus return was contributed by branches, seeds and other litterfall material in Vu–Bp. Litterfall mass in Vu–Bp showed positive correlation with air humidity, total nitrogen content in the rooting zone, and negative with underground water level and air temperature indicating lower resistance towards climatic stress. At both forest ecosystems total litterfall mass, total nitrogen and organic nitrogen were positively correlated with air humidity, while neither total litterfall, nor total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) at both forest ecosystems were correlated directly with precipitation volume. This is probably because air humidity is partially related to precipitation (r_Sp = 0.31), however it could be also an effect of sea sprays contribution. Homogeneous Pinus sylvestris stand indicates higher resistance towards unfavorable climatic conditions than Betula pubescens, and this is why it should be preferably used in afforestation campaigns in seashore.