基于三分式径流增肥整地方式下不同营林模式对土壤孔隙状况和养分变化的影响

笔者基于三分式径流增肥整地的方式,分析了山西省黄土丘陵区相同林龄(8 a)4种不同营林模式下林地土壤孔隙和养分的状况,研究结果表明,林地土壤孔隙状况总体表现为水平沟整地优于鱼鳞坑整地;土壤养分改善状况总体表现为水平沟整地优于鱼鳞坑整地;总体来看,营林模式一[水平沟(A/B)整地+针阔块状混交+壮苗+抚育]造林效果最佳。     

不同整地方式对金银花造林效果及花产量的影响

该文研究梯田挖穴、水平沟、鱼鳞坑等不同整地方式对金银花成活、生长和开花的影响。结果表明:采用梯田挖穴整地方式造林的金银花成活率最高,植株生长和花的质量好;其次为水平沟,不整地的造林效果最差。     

秦岭山区油松不同整地方法造林试验研究

梯田挖穴整地造林最好,其次为水平沟整地造林和鱼鳞坑整地造林,不整地造林效果最差。在生产中根据地形情况与林农习惯,采用前三种整地造林,均可不同程度的起到保土、保肥、保水的作用,有利于油松生长。     

不同整地造林方式对油桐生长与结实的影响

研究了梯田挖穴、抽槽、鱼鳞坑、“一锄法”等不同整地造林方式对油桐生长、开花结果和产量的影响.研究结果表明:以梯田挖穴整地造林最好,其次为水平沟整地造林和鱼鳞坑整地造林,“一锄法”整地造林效果最差.     

造林整地应该回填表土

造林前整地,如挖水平沟、鱼鳞坑、或大坑整地等,应注意回填表土。为什么强调造林前整地要回填表土呢?因为覆盖在地球表面的具有一定肥力的表层土壤,是由坚硬的岩石等成土母质经过几千万年或几万年的风化和生物作用以及经过物理的破碎和化学的     

内蒙古西部干旱、半干旱丘陵山区油松造林技术要点

油松,松科松属,常绿乔木,分布广,适应性强,根系发达,有良好的保持水土和保护环境功效,是内蒙古丘陵山区的主要造林树种之一。在造林过程中主要应加强以下几个方面的技术措施。一、提前整地为了提高土壤含水量,增强抗旱保墒能力,提高造林成活率,最好提前半年或一年整地。沿等高线采用机械化挖水平沟和挖鱼鳞坑整地相结合的方式。水平沟沟深４０～５０厘米,沟底宽不小于２５厘米;鱼鳞坑规格为长１．２米,宽０．９米,深０．５米,株距２米,行距３米,呈“品”字形排列。二、加强苗木的选择和调运管理严格选择２年生健壮的油松出圃苗,因其抗寒,抗…     

不同整地造林对核桃生长结果影响的试验研究

为提高核桃造林成活率，促进核桃生长结果，通过梯田挖穴、抽槽、鱼鳞坑、一锄法等不同整地方式进行整地造林。研究结果表明：以梯田挖穴整地造林最好，其次为水平沟整地造林和鱼鳞坑整地造林，一锄法整地造林效果最差。在生产中应根据地形情况与果农习惯，采用前三种整地造林，均可不同程度的起到保土、保肥、保水的作用，有利于核桃生长和开花结果，提高核桃产量。“一锄法”，不整地，是一种简单粗放的造林方法，生产中应不予采用。     

三分式径流增肥整地对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性状和蓄水能力的影响

依托中日合作第二期黄河中游流域防护林建设项目,以昕水河流域的典型地区吉县、大宁、蒲县、隰县4个县为试验点,运用三分式径流增肥整地技术对该地区土壤理化性质、蓄水能力展开了试验研究,结果表明:土壤孔隙状况得到明显改善,10 cm~60 cm土层总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度平均提高了6.4%~7.8%和8.8%~11.2%,特别是0 cm~30 cm土层,与对照相比,孔隙状况得到极大改善;4种三分式径流增肥整地方式0 cm~40 cm土层的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及水解氮、有效磷、速效钾均有较大提高,与对照相比分别提高了57.1%,21.21%,17.0%,3.2%,38.1%,51.1%和22.5%;水平沟整地秋季、春季土壤含水率分别比对照高1.1%和1.3%,相对提高了5.7%和13.7%.鱼鳞坑整地秋季、春季土壤含水率分别比对照高1.1%和2.4%,相对提高了5.5%和26.4%.在最干旱的6月份,水平沟整地和鱼鳞坑整地平均土壤含水率分别提高了2.5%和2.4%,相对提高了35.7%和37.5%.     

片麻岩山地抗旱造林技术

一、大穴整地客土回填 片麻岩山地地表植被少，土层薄，浅山区宜采用大穴深坑整地，标准为鱼鳞坑100cm×80cm×80cm，水平沟宽2m、深80cm，水平沟或坑整好后回填坡面表层土及地表杂草。     

鄂尔多斯市东胜区油松造林技术的研究

油松在丘陵区造林,应选择在阴坡的中下部或厚层土立地;采用鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地,比不整地造林成活率分别提高19.6%和34.3%;整地时间应在造林前一年的雨季前;坐水造林成活率比对照提高21.6%;合格苗造林成活率比不合格苗提高47.3%。     

深圳宝安区生态风景林典型造林地土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的研究

深圳市宝安区为了美化城市 ,改善环境 ,计划大力营造具有保护环境 ,以生态效益和社会效益为主的生态风景林。由于人为干扰 ,深圳原有的常绿阔叶林受到严重破坏 ,现以桉树(Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓｓｐｐ .)纯林 ,马占相思 (ＡｃａｃｉａｍａｎｇｉｕｍＷｉｌｌｄ .)林和马尾松 (Ｐ     

杉木人工林不同发育阶段土壤微生物数量及其生物量的变化

土壤微生物参与土壤中多种生物化学反应,如矿化-同化、氧化-还原等,是植物营养转化、有机碳代谢及污染物降解的驱动力,在土壤肥力演变,尤其是养分循环中具有重要意义。土壤微生物生物量是指除了植物根系和体积大于5×103μm3的土壤动物以外的土壤中所有活的有机体的量(Paulet a     

巨桉人工林根际可培养土壤微生物数量的季节变化

巨桉人工林生态系统根际与根外可培养土壤微生物数量季节变化研究表明,根际与根外细菌和放线菌季节变化规律基本一致,都表现为秋季显著高于冬季,而真菌数量季节之间差异不显著;巨桉人工林土壤微生物具有明显的根际效应(R/S值为1.40),各季节根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量显著高于根外;巨桉人工林根际土壤好气性细菌、真菌数量显著高于毗邻青冈次生林,根际土壤有效养分指标大多显著或极显著高于青冈次生林;根际土壤微生物与根际土壤养分之间存在密切的关系,根际土壤有机质、水解N、速效P与根际土壤微生物数量都呈极显著正相关。     

Diversity of soil microorganisms in natural Populus euphratica forests in Xinjiang, northwestern China

To better understand the distribution of soil microorganisms in Populus euphratica forests in Xinjiang, northwestern China, we studied and compared the populations and numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the soil at four different age stages of natural P. euphratica forests, i.e., juvenile forests, middle-aged forests, over-mature forests and degraded forests. Results showed that there were clear differences in the amount of microorganism biomass and composition rates across the four forest stages. Dominant and special microorganisms were present in each of the four different soil layers. The vertical distribution showed that the microorganism biomass decreased with increasing soil depth. The population of microorganisms was the lowest at 31–40 cm of soil depth. The microorganisms consisted of bacteria, actinomycetes, as well as fungi. Bacteria were the chief component of microorganisms and were widely distributed, but fungi were scarce in some soil layers. Aspergillus was the dominant genus among the 11 genera of fungi isolated from the soil in different age stages of P. euphratica forests. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(5): 127–131 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

厦门市坂头林场森林土壤微生物生态分布研究

以森林土壤微生物数量 ,土壤中细菌、放线菌、丝状真菌的优势种群为指标 ,对厦门市坂头林场针叶林、阔叶林土壤微生物的生态分布进行研究。结果表明 ,该林场内森林土壤微生物数量分布阔叶林大于针叶林 ,细菌数量为 10 5～ 10 7CFU·g-1样品 ,丝状真菌 10 4 ～ 10 7CFU·g-1样品 ,放线菌 10 3 ～ 10 5CFU·g-1样品 ,土壤芽孢杆菌数量 10 4 ～ 10 6CFU·g-1样品 。土壤全氮、全磷与微生物总数复相关系数为 0 83,可用微生物总数作为林地肥力的判断指标。细菌分布以腊状芽孢杆菌和巨大芽孢杆菌为主 ;放线菌中链霉菌属为优势种群 ,占总放线菌数 82 4%～ 90 9% ,还有少量的稀有放线菌 ,如小单孢菌属和诺卡氏菌属等 ,链霉菌的不同类群以及稀有放线菌的分布在不同林分中的分布比例有较大的不同 ;土壤丝状真菌属种多样 ,优势属种为青霉、木霉、镰孢霉属等 ;显示了该林场森林土壤微生物的多样性特征。     

滨海盐碱地枣园土壤酶活性与土壤养分、微生物的关系

对垦利县黄河口镇枣园的土壤酶活性进行研究。结果表明：随土层深度的增加，土壤酶活性下降。脲酶与过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0．996、0．943；脲酶与多酚氧化酶相关性不大，相关系数为0．377；过氧化氢酶与过氧化物酶呈显著正相关，相关系数为0．911；多酚氧化酶与其他3种酶的相关性不大。土壤酶与土壤养分、pH值、土壤微生物有较强的相关性，其中脲酶与土壤养分、pH值和固氮菌、真菌、细菌的相关性显著，相关系数在0．444以上；多酚氧化酶与土壤养分和微生物的相关系数较小；过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶与土壤养分、pH值、纤维素分解菌和真菌的相关性显著，相关系数在0．451以上。     

杉木人工林不同发育阶段林下植被、土壤微生物、酶活性及养分的变化

土壤微生物总数及细菌、真菌数量、土壤酶活性（特别是蛋白酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶）及土壤养分状况（主要是有机质含量）从杉木幼龄林到中龄林随着林冠的郁闭，林下植被盖度急剧下降，呈明显下降趋势；土壤微生物总数，细菌总数，蛋白酶，磷酸酶，蔗糖酶以及土壤有机质从中龄林到成熟林随着林木密度及郁闭度下降，林下植被盖度逐步得到恢复，也呈明显的上升趋势。由于过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性的降低，有可能导致中龄林土壤中多酚类有毒物质的积累，这或许是杉木连栽产量下降或成活率低的原因之一。     

Assessment of rhizospheric microorganisms of transgenic Populus tomentosa with cowpea trypsin inhibitor ( CpTI ) gene

To have a preliminary insight into biosafety of genetically transformed hybrid triploid poplars (Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. tomentosa with the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, two layers of rhizospheric soil (from 0 to 20 cm deep and from 20 to 40 cm deep, respectively) were collected for microorganism culture, counting assay and PCR analysis to assess the potential impact of transgenic poplars on non-target microorganism population and transgene dispersal. When the same soil layer of suspension stock solution was diluted at both 1:1 000 and 1:10 000 rates, there were no significant differences in bacterium colony numbers between the inoculation plates of both transgenic and non-transgenic poplars. The uniform results were revealed for both soil layer suspension solutions of identical poplars at both dilution rates except for non-transgenic poplars at 1:10000 dilution rates from the same type of soil. No significant variation in morphology of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed under the microscope. The potential transgene dispersal from root exudates or fallen leaves to non-target microbes was repudiated by PCR analysis, in which no CpTI gene specific DNA band was amplified for 15 sites of transgenic rhizospheric soil samples. It can be concluded that transgenic poplar with the CpTI gene has no severe impact on rhizospheric microorganisms and is tentatively safe to surrounding soil micro-ecosystem. [Supported by the National Project in Transgenic Plant and Application (Grant No. J2002-2003)]     

Assessment of Rhizospheric Microorganisms of Transgenic Populus tomentosa with Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTI) Gene

To have a preliminary insight into biosafety of genetically transformed hybrid triploid poplars (Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. tomentosa with the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, two layers of rhizospheric soil (from 0 to 20 cm deep and from 20 to 40 cm deep, respectively) were collected for microorganism culture, counting assay and PCR analysis to assess the poten-tial impact of transgenic poplars on non-target microorganism population and transgene dispersal. When the same soil layer of suspension stock solution was diluted at both 1:1 000 and 1:10 000 rates, there were no significant differences in bacterium colony numbers between the inoculation plates of both transgenic and non-transgenic poplars. The uniform results were revealed for both soil layer suspension solutions of identical poplars at both dilution rates except for non-transgenic poplars at 1:10 000 dilution rates from the same type of soil. No significant variation in morphology of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed under the microscope. The potential transgene dispersal from root exudates or fallen leaves to non-target microbes was repudiated by PCR analysis, in which no CpTI gene specific DNA band was amplified for 15 sites of transgenic rhizospheric soil samples. It can be concluded that transgenic poplar with the CpTI gene has no severe impact on rhizospheric microorganisms and is tentatively safe to surrounding soil micro-ecosystem.     

皇甫川流域不同林地土壤微生物类群的初步研究

土壤微生物的种类和多寡能够反映土壤质量。本文对皇甫川流域松林和沙柳灌丛的土壤微生物（包括芽孢型细菌、放线菌）进行培养、分类、分析、研究。结果表明：两种不同林地的土壤微生物区系组成、种类、多寡均不同，且油松林地大于沙柳灌丛，所以，油松林的土壤质量要比沙柳灌丛的土壤质量高。