秦岭北坡水灾迹地岭南核桃种群数量特征与生长的初步研究

本文初步研究了秦岭北坡水灾迹地岭南核桃种群数量特征、生长和存活动态。水灾造成很多生长在泥石流迹地中的核桃树损毁,改变了核桃种群的数量特征和存活动态。调查结果表明,水灾迹地核桃种群为增长型,地径0—15cm的个体占到79．3％。存活曲线为Ⅲ型。人为耕地开垦、水灾和人工栽培是促进核桃种群更新的原因。自然和人为干扰是塑造核桃种群发展型和存活动态的主要因素。结合种群自疏过程,强调了核桃个体发育对空间和资源的不断占据是种群存活动态的根源。最后,依照核桃生长的生物学特征,提出了核桃种群栽培和丰产的一曲瘴议．     

小兴安岭白桦种群径级结构与生命表分析

根据12块总面积为6 000 m2样地的实地调查资料,分析了白桦种群的径级结构,编制了该种群的特定时间生命表,绘制了存活曲线、死亡率曲线和损失度曲线,并用4个生存函数进行种群的生存分析.结果表明:白桦种群幼年个体丰富,中老年个体相对较少,种群在第Ⅴ龄级出现死亡高峰,种群存活曲线属于Deevey-Ⅱ型,白桦种群目前表现为增长型种群.在自然条件下,当白桦胸径达到15 cm左右时,应对其进行抚育管理以提高木材利用率.     

贵州铜仁油茶林种群生命表及其谱分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,编制贵州铜仁油茶林种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、种群亏损曲线和死亡曲线,分析研究了种群生命过程,结果表明,油茶有3个死亡高峰：即DBH 2-4 cm、DBH 10-12 cm和DBH 20-22 cm。存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型。应用谱分析方法研究油茶种群动态,结果表明,在油茶种群更新过程中存在着明显的周期性。     

《四川林业科技》第28卷总目次

总目次第1期(2007年2月)·研究报告·水灾迹地油松和白桦种群更新过程研究何亚平,费世民,蒋俊明,等(1)………………………………………………中国硬叶常绿高山栎类植物的起源与演化刘兴良,杨冬生,刘世荣,等(6)……………………………………………长宁竹海主要林分林冠降雨分配格局蒋俊明,费世民,余英,等(13)…………………………………………………核桃壳液化及其与甲醛反应能力的研究………马天旗(19)·综述·岷江上游亚高山针叶林植被恢复研究综述杨军,李荣伟,胡庭兴,等(23)……………………………………………木兰科濒危种的种质资源保存…     

冀北山区典型森林类型林木树高Weibull分布规律研究

林木树高是林分结构的基本特征,在林分生长过程中,树高分布遵循一定的规律。本试验以冀北山区3种典型林分为研究对象,采用Weibull分布密度函数对其树高分布规律进行了拟合,结果表明:落叶松与桦木混交林树高分布的实测与理论值的拟合度比较高,曲线属于典型的单峰山状;山杨与白桦阔叶混交林树高分布的实测与理论值拟合度高,曲线属于典型的单峰左偏型;油松蒙古栎针阔混交林树高分布曲线中部分曲线拟合度较高,变化趋势相同,其实测值曲线为双峰山状,但拟合不明显。     

湖南阳明山甜槠次生林优势种群结构与分布格局研究

运用典型样方调查法,从龄级结构、静态生命表特征、存活曲线和4种聚集强度指标(分布系数R、负二项指数K、平均拥挤度指数M*、聚块性指数PAI)等方面研究湖南阳明山国家森林公园甜槠次生林种群结构特征和分布格局。结果表明:1)阳明山甜槠种群结构为纺锤形,属于衰退型种群;2)甜槠种群在总体上存活数随龄级增加先上升后降低,存活曲线接近Deevey I型,即曲线凸型;3)在研究样地内,甜槠种群的分布格局整体呈现为集群分布,符合最普遍的种群样式。种群结构和分布格局与生态因子、生物学特性密切相关,自然干扰和人为破坏也有一定的影响。     

平陆后其凹南坡油松种群结构及动态分析

以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,采用静态生命表和生存分析方法,研究了平陆县后其凹山南坡不同海拔油松种群结构和动态规律。结果显示：该地区油松种群随着海拔从882 m,975 m升高到1 035 m,种群密度不断增大,径级分布范围逐渐减小,种群存活曲线由D eeveyⅡ型过渡到D eeveyⅠ型,种群由稳定型过渡为增长型,说明油松种群由低海拔到高海拔,处于不同的演替和发展阶段,且随着油松径级的增大,种群的平均生命期望陡降,预示着种群的生理衰退。结合生境条件可得出结论,土壤层厚度及水分是引起上述结果的主要原因。     

大兴安岭落叶松种群生态特征研究

文章以大兴安岭呼中区兴安落叶松林为研究对象,结合径级结构、静态生命表、存活率曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线,对兴安落叶松种群的年龄结构和生态特征进行了研究。研究发现在不同龄级下落叶松种群的个体数量有明显差异,I~Ⅲ龄级落叶松种群个体数占绝大多数,IV~VI龄级落叶松种群个体数相对较少;落叶松种群的存活曲线呈DeeveyⅡ型(对角线型);消失率和死亡率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均呈现单峰型,I~Ⅲ龄级落叶松种群的消失率和死亡率逐渐增加,IV~VI龄级落叶松种群消失率和死亡率逐渐减少。     

山西太岳山天然油松林主要木本植物种群结构及空间分布格局研究

油松是暖温带落叶阔叶林区的代表性树种之一,是我国北方地区重要的造林绿化树种。研究了太岳山林区天然油松林主要木本植物种群的径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明:油松种群由于缺乏幼苗幼树,径级结构呈倒金字塔型,属衰退型种群;辽东栎、青楷槭等5种阔叶树种种群的径级结构呈纺锤形,属进展种群。油松、辽东栎、杨树、山杏、山楂在整个尺度范围内呈集群分布;白桦与茶条槭在小尺度范围呈明显的集群分布,在中、大尺度变成随机分布;青楷槭在中尺度范围呈随机分布,但是小尺度和大尺度呈集群分布;五角枫在整个尺度上呈随机分布的趋势;赤杨在尺度变化过程中由集群分布变成均匀分布。上层阔叶树和下层阔叶树呈集群分布的趋势,但下层阔叶树随尺度的变化由集群分布变成随机分布。种群的空间分布格局是物种的生物学、生态学特性及其自然环境长期作用的结果,是种群的一种生存策略或适应机制。     

木兰围场天然次生油松林年龄结构及更新动态研究

通过对天然次生油松林下更新状况的调查,编制静态生命表、绘制存活曲线,研究分析河北木兰围场自然保护区内不同立地条件(坡底、坡中、坡顶)下天然油松次生林的年龄结构和更新动态,结果表明:(1)影响天然次生油松林更新的主要因子是郁闭度、灌草盖度。较高郁闭度、较高湿度更利于油松更新,幼苗更新密度最大值达4.192株/m2。(2)该保护区不同立地条件下油松种群年龄结构均为增长型年龄锥体;0~10a生个体数最多,坡中处最多达525株;生命期望最大值集中于10~20a龄级,该龄级属于生理旺盛期,应予以保护。(3)不同立地条件下油松种群的存活曲线变化趋势相似,油松存活率均在10~20a生间急剧下降;在20~60a生间,除坡底30~60a生存活曲线逐渐下降外,坡中和坡顶的存活曲线均大体趋于稳定,但60a生后3块标准地存活曲线均大幅下降,其中坡底处油松种群在70a存活率最小,为0;整体而言,存活率由大到小依次为坡顶、坡底、坡中。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.