南京地区浙江楠苗期冻害调查研究

对南京地区引进的浙江楠苗木冻害进行了调查。结果表明，播种密度不同，苗木受害程度不同，当播种密度为80，160，200，240粒／m^2时，苗木遭受重度冻害（Ⅳ＋V）的比率分别为1．96％，4．05％，4．96％，1．45％，冻害指数分别为0．21，0．29，0．22，0．16。1年生苗遭受冻害的程度较重，而2年生苗遭受冻害的程度较轻；在遮荫处理后，苗木抗寒力减弱。1层遮荫与全光处理苗木的重度冻害（Ⅳ＋Ⅴ）比率相差不大，而2层遮荫和3层遮荫处理后，苗木重度冻害（Ⅳ＋Ⅴ）比率与不遮荫相比有较大的差异。移植苗木的抗寒性减弱。移植苗木重度冻害（Ⅳ＋Ⅴ）比率普遍高于留床苗木重度冻害（Ⅳ＋Ⅴ）比率。     

遮荫、微波辐射和IBA浸种对云南松苗木生长的影响

采用遮荫(全光照、遮荫75%)裂区下的L9(34)正交设计对云南松种子进行微波辐射(A1、A2、A3分别为0、5、10 s)、IBA浸种(B1、B2、B3分别为0、0.10、0.20 g·L-1)试验,探究其对云南松苗木地径和苗高生长的影响。结果表明,因受微波辐射与IBA极显著交互作用的影响,在全光照条件下,苗木地径的实际优水平组合为A2B1(微波辐射5 s+清水浸种)、A3B2(微波辐射10 s+IBA0.10 g·L-1浸种),与理论优水平组合A1B1(对照)不符;遮荫75%条件下,理论优水平组合与实际优水平组合一致,均为A1B3(无辐射+IBA 0.20 g·L-1浸种)。2种小环境苗高的优水平组合均为A1B2(无辐射+IBA0.10 g·L-1浸种),与实际结果相一致。微波辐射抑制云南松苗木生长;与之相反,IBA浸种促进苗高生长,IBA 0.10 g·L-1浸种效果最好。在其他条件一致的情况下,全光照苗木的平均地径极显著大于遮荫苗木的平均地径,而平均苗高极显著低于遮荫苗木的平均苗高。     

狭叶冬青实生苗繁育技术研究

本文通过正交试验设计方法研究了狭叶冬青的播种育苗技术,结果表明,不同土壤、不同遮荫措施和不同种子处理方法对种子出苗率、苗木质量影响显著。以腐殖质土,透光率为50%的单层遮荫网遮荫,酸蚀种子用浓度250mg·kg-1GA3溶液在常温下浸种24h,并经层积沙藏为最佳,种子出苗率最高,为21.2%,苗木质量最好,为生产中较为理想的培养方案。     

毛黄肉楠光强适应性的初步研究

用100％、81％、41％、28％和5％五种光照处理毛黄肉楠苗木,研究结果表明：（1）5％光照处理下的苗木全部死亡,而另外4个处理苗木存活率为100％,长势较好;（2）毛黄肉楠的光饱和点较低（250—300umol·m^-2·s^-1）,且随遮荫的加强而降低;（3）苗高、地径、叶面积、总生物量、叶绿素含量、表观光舍量子速率的变化规律皆以遮荫处理下（81％、41％、28％）为高。综合光合特性、生理特性和自然分布特点表明,毛黄肉楠为中性树种,在半荫蔽条件下生长良好,表现出对弱光环境的适应。     

不同处理方式对山杜英播种育苗的影响

在田间采用随机区组设计和正交设计2种方案研究了不同的浸种水温,不同的催芽时间和播后不同的覆盖物对山杜英合格苗产量的影响.结果表明:热水浸种催芽可显著提高山杜英苗木产量;以600C热水浸种,用混砂催芽2个月,播后用遮阳网遮荫为最佳组合.     

云南松胚根与胚轴伸长对遮荫、微波和IBA处理的响应

全光照和75％遮荫作为裂区，微波辐射和IBA浸种采用L9（3^4）正交设计进行裂区下的正交试验，了解以上3因素对云南松苗木胚根和胚轴伸长的影响。结果表明，胚根和胚轴在全光照时的理论优水平组合分别为A2 B1和A1 B2；在75％遮荫时分别为A1 B1和A2 B2，仅胚轴在全光照时的理论优水平组合与实际试验结果相一致。全光照下微波辐射促进胚根伸长，而75％遮荫下其促进胚轴伸长。0.1 g/L的IBA浸种促进胚根和胚轴的伸长。     

不同遮荫强度对几种苗木生长的影响

以黄金榕、花斑垂叶榕、乳斑榕的苗木为试验材料，来探讨不同遮荫强度苗木生长、水份利用及苗木生长环境的影响，试验表明：一层遮荫网处理的苗木比无遮荫网和二层遮荫网处理的苗木在株高、冠幅、根径以及叶片数目等方面均增长较快，苗木的地下部分、叶和茎含水量均较低。无遮荫处理利用较多水分，以及土壤温度在14：00点左右的时间明显高于所有的遮荫处理。     

不同遮荫强度对几种苗木生长的影响

以黄金榕、花斑垂叶榕、乳斑榕的苗木为试验材料，探讨不同遮荫强度对3种容器苗木生长、水分利用、苗木生长环境及土壤温度的影响。试验表明：一层遮荫网处理的苗木比无遮荫网和二层遮荫网处理的苗木在株高、冠幅、干径以及叶片数目等方面均增长较快；苗木的地下部分、叶和茎含水量均较低。无遮荫处理利用较多水分，土壤温度在14：00点左右明显高于所有遮荫处理。     

不同遮荫度对南方红豆杉保存率及苗木生长量的影响

研究不同的遮荫(不遮荫处理、30%遮荫处理、50%遮荫处理、80%遮荫处理)对1年生红豆杉成苗保存率及生长量的影响。经方差和显著性分析结果表明:选择遮荫率达50%的遮荫物,对苗木保存率最好,可达88.5%;对1年生红豆杉苗高、地径、主根长3个生长指标表现最为显著,可在本地区红豆杉育苗推广使用。     

马甲子播种育苗试验研究

试验应用随机区组设计在田间进行了马甲子不同播种密度和苗期不同遮荫处理的对比试验,结果表明：不同播种密度和苗期不同遮荫处理对马甲子苗木的生长量和苗木质量具有极显著影响,以株行距15 cm×10 cm密度的马甲子生长量最高、苗木质量最优;全光育苗比遮荫育苗效果好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.