章古台沙地赤松人工林土壤种子库及天然更新特征

研究了章古台沙地赤松人工林土壤种子库及天然更新特征。结果表明：在赤松人工林土壤种子库中,47．47％的种子分布在枯枝落叶层中,种子平均密度可达253粒？m^-2;52．53％的种子分布在0～5 cm 深的土层中,种子平均密度为280粒？m^-2。从种子品质来看,空粒种子占种子总数的40．90％,腐烂种子占39．96％,完整种子占19．14％。赤松天然更新主要为林下更新,更新幼树呈不规则分布,密度为20348～71798株？hm^-2;其次为林隙更新,更新幼树以群团状分布为主,带状分布为辅,密度为7659～14836株？hm^-2;赤松林缘更新的主要条件是有林缘扩展带,林缘更新密度为856～10810株？hm^-2。     

小陇山林区栓皮栎天然更新影响因素分析

为研究栓皮栎的天然更新状况,进一步揭示其更新规律,以促进该地区栓皮栎林建康经营,采用典型样地调查法对小陇山林区栓皮栎的更新密度进行调查,通过灰色关联法对影响栓皮栎林天然更新的林窗、郁闭度、种子产量等因子进行关联性分析。结果表明:(1)栓皮栎针阔混交林下更新状况最好,更新密度为10 653株/hm~2;其中栓皮栎针叶混交林,更新密度为6 015株/hm~2;栓皮栎纯林林下更新密度最小,为5 458株/hm~2。(2)优势树种栓皮栎更新状况明显优于其他树种,更新密度最高可达6 100株/hm~2,频度可达80%。(3)影响栓皮栎更新的15个环境因子关联度排序为:林窗林分密度种子产量土壤厚度年龄结构郁闭度林木健康程度林分长势物种多样性坡度成层性啮齿动物数量灌草盖度海拔枯枝落叶层厚度。(4)在15个因子中不可控制因子包括土壤厚度、种子产量、年龄结构、坡度、海拔;可控制因子包括林窗、林分密度、郁闭度、林木建康程度、林分长势、物种多样性、成层性、啮齿动物数量、灌草盖度、枯枝落叶层厚度。为促进栓皮栎林天然更新,可通过营造栓皮栎针阔混交林以及对可控因子的调整来促进其天然更新,促进该地区栓皮栎林建康稳定生长。     

红锥种子雨土壤种子库与幼苗更新动态

【目的】研究红锥母树种子雨、土壤种子库及幼苗更新的动态,以期探究其更新制约因素及机制。【方法】采用样线法布置种子雨收集器,分别收集2017、2018年的红锥种子雨和落叶,统计分析不同散种期的种子雨密度、质量、总量及落叶量。同时在母树林下的土壤中设置小样方,对枯落物层、0～5 cm腐殖层和5～10 cm土层取样,统计计算土壤种子库密度和完整种子数量,并在室内测定种子千粒质量和发芽能力。2018年5月,在母树的各取样点附近设样方,调查幼苗的更新情况。【结果】1)红锥种子雨从9月中旬持续至12月下旬,集中散种期为10—11月。2017年为种子大年:种子产量高,种子雨密度为(480. 97±11. 61)粒·m~(-2);种子质量好,完整种子数(433. 86±12. 65)粒·m~(-2),占种子雨总量90. 20%±1. 09%。2018年为种子小年:产种量低,种子雨密度为(126. 37±12. 04)粒·m~(-2);种子质量差,完整种子数(45. 54±11. 47)粒·m~(-2),约占种子雨总量36. 04%±0. 95%。2) 2018年4月的土壤种子库主要源于2017年的种子雨,种子库平均密度为(360. 09±10. 43)粒·m~(-2),完整种子数(215. 13±10. 04)粒·m~(-2),占种子库总量的59. 74%±8. 56%。经室内发芽试验测定,种子库中完整种子的发芽率平均为28. 53%±7. 50%。自然萌发前,约(61. 38±18. 57)粒·m~(-2)种子具有发芽能力;将种子埋于林下土壤保存至2019年4月时,发芽率降为2. 85%±0. 86%,约(8. 59±1. 90)粒·m~(-2)种子具发芽力。种子库中63. 79%±3. 55%的种子分布于枯落物层。3)红锥当年生幼苗的更新频度平均为16%,林下更新的78株幼苗仅11株存活。其中,阳坡的母树更新幼苗数量明显大于阴坡,阳坡的幼苗出现频度为40%,阴坡的为0。【结论】红锥种子雨扩散动态与落叶散落过程一致,其种子库垂直空间分布差异显著,其中大部分种子落入枯落物层;种子发芽率及当年生幼苗存活率低,即使在种子大年后仍难以实现幼苗的建成。因此,种子发芽率低及枯落物阻隔等是导致红锥更新不良的主要因素。     

植物种群天然更新障碍机制研究进展

在研究了国内外大量文献基础上,从种子生产障碍、种子传播障碍和幼苗幼树建成障碍3个阶段对天然更新障碍机制进行了综述。对种子生产来说,具有生活力的种子缺乏是影响森林天然更新障碍的重要因素。种子雨和土壤种子库动态变化在一定程度上造成种子传播限制;分别从种子的输入(即种子雨);种子的输出(种子库的消耗);种子的留存等方面阐述了种子库的变化对更新的影响。对建成障碍来说,光、温度和水分等环境因子对于幼苗幼树建成具有重要的影响;枯落叶层可通过生物因子(动物侵害和微生物致病)、化学因子(化感作用)和物理因子(物理阻断)等对植物更新造成负面影响;不同的植被类型对植物天然更新的影响不同,植被类型(如竹林)是不适宜植物更新的环境。最后提出了今后该领域的研究展望:在植物天然更新障碍时,采取适当营林措施促进更新尤为重要;造成传播障碍中涉及动物行为的过程极其复杂,深化种子传播障碍机制结合动物行为的定量研究,进而建立植物天然更新障碍因子及其影响机制模型应是未来的一个研究方向。     

海南霸王岭陆均松天然更新土壤种子库研究

[目的]了解自然条件下陆均松(Dacrydium pierrei Hickel)土壤种子库的组成和时空动态,揭示其天然林更新机制。[方法]从2014年4月开始,对海南霸王岭陆均松土壤种子库种子数量、成分类型、时空动态进行为期3年的观测,用地统计学等方法分析其与环境因子的关系。[结果](1)陆均松土壤种子库中完好种子、霉烂种子、空心种子、缺损种子占种子库种子总数的比例分别为0.48%、45.55%、29.68%、24.30%;(2)距母树不同距离所含种子数量与距离呈反"J"形曲线递减关系;(3)土壤种子库种子具有明显的空间格局;(4)种子数量垂直分布特征为:枯落物层(87.78%)0~5 cm层(11.01%)6~10 cm层(1.20%),0~5 cm土壤层种子分布急剧减少,至6~10 cm层几乎没有种子分布;(5)土壤种子库无活力种子的数量和比例都较高,最高的100%,有活力种子数量少且萌发率低(14%),种子寿命不到1 a。[结论]土壤种子库的上述特征表明:陆均松具有极大的天然更新障碍,陆均松土壤种子库完好种子数量少,种子质量差、萌发能力弱、寿命较短,种子大量集中在枯落物层,无法与土壤有足够的接触从而降低萌发率。     

刺槐林的天然更新

刺槐种子天然更新是困难的，天然更新的主要方式是根蘖更新和萌芽更新。根蘖更新能形成优良的刺槐林分。     

银杏芽苗砧接

为快速繁殖银杏嫁接苗，缩短育苗期，提高苗木优质，嫁接时应注意如下关键技术。种子贮藏供试种子用千分之一的高锰酸钾溶液进行消毒，然后用干净河沙在室内贮藏，一层河沙一层种子，河沙湿度用手提成团，松手即散为好，贮藏期间每月翻种一次，并把霉烂种子清除掉。温床催根在河沙贮藏的银杏中，挑选无病虫害和无霉变的种子在室内进行催根。即室内采用砖和木板垒成床状，床上铺稻草4厘米，再铺河沙5厘米，上摆银杏种子一层再覆沙4厘米，以此重复多层，其顶部压沙厚10厘米，然后）B塑料膜将床面覆盖，室内用电炉升温，温度控制在15－20C左右…     

黄山松种子发芽率及活力测定

采用综合逆境法，对采自安徽黄山风景区内的黄山松种子进行发芽率及综合逆境活力的测定。结果表明：黄山松种子的发芽率为２１．６％，综合逆境活力为１５．５％。黄山松种子发芽率和种子活力均较低，在一定程度上影响了黄山松的繁殖和更新能力。     

试论火与兴安落叶松种子发芽条件的关系

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)自然分布区大兴安岭的立地条件和种子发芽条件的特殊性,导致了兴安落叶松天然更新的特殊性。瘠薄的棕色针叶林土,生长季短、冬季漫长以及土壤表层较厚的死地被物层增加了天然更新的难度。然而兴安落叶松的天然更新效果却是令人满意的。兴安落叶松在母树林冠下更新良好,只是在某些林型如草类落叶松林的成熟林冠下更新不良;而在3—10年的择伐迹地和火烧迹地上平均每公顷有13500株幼树。大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松火烧迹地天然更新良好的奥秘何在?火灾后兴安落叶松的种子发芽条件如何?火灾在这方面的作用是什么?作者从天然更新的关键之一——种子     

红松种子变温快速催芽法

红松种子的种皮较厚,有蜡质层,并含有单宁,因此,透水性与通气性差。一般在自然条件下,成熟的种子须经过一冬一夏到第三年才能大量发芽。过去主要的处理方法是“隔年埋藏法”、“室内自然温度催芽法”和“综合催芽法”。上述方法处理种子时间长,费工费事,管理不当往往达不到催芽目的。随着更新造林事业的发展,我们近两年大量引进一些红松种子,为了缩短种子休眠期,提高种子发芽率,促进苗木速生丰产,我们用了“变温快速催芽法”。这种方法处理     

Post-harvest Regeneration of Lowland Black Spruce Forests in Northeastern Ontario

Success of natural regeneration has been a concern since the introduction of heavy machinery in harvesting. The objective was to compare the effect of three operational harvest methods careful logging around advanced growth (CLAAG), group seed tree (GST), and group seed tree followed by shearblading site preparation (SHE) on natural regeneration in the Clay Belt region of Ontario. A total of 30 stands, 562 cluster sample plots, were surveyed. Total density of black spruce regeneration did not differ, but height structure of black spruce regeneration did among harvest methods. The CLAAG method resulted in highest total regeneration density of other conifers. Decreasing density of other conifers from the CLAAG to GST to SHE sites indicated that the CLAAG method protected advance regeneration as expected and the SHE method removed advance regeneration in the path of the shearing blade. Both black spruce and other conifer regeneration densities increased with increasing time since harvest. Stocking of black spruce, all conifers, or all tree species did not differ significantly among harvest methods, nor did it change with time since harvest. Stocking was nonlinearly related to regeneration density. Models developed in this study predict that full stocking (i.e., 60%) can be reached based on regeneration density of 5000 stems per ha regardless of crop species choice preference. However, the existing stocking criterion for assessing black spruce regeneration may be problematic.     

清林对云冷杉针阔混交林天然更新的影响初探

对吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场云冷杉针阔混交林择伐作业林分的归堆法、归带法和散铺法3种清林方式,采用标准地和路线调查法进行了天然更新调查。结果表明这3种清林方式对云冷杉针阔混交林的天然更新影响较小;散铺法对该林型林下植被的生长有影响。堆放时间超过10a的枝堆上出现了一定数量的云冷杉幼苗,这说明堆枝可以为云冷杉天然更新的发生提供更多必要条件。     

Can a natural experiment be used as a tool to design partial cutting regimes? The decline of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Austrocedrus chilensis</Emphasis> forests,an example

The forests of Austrocedrus chilensis in Argentina suffer mortality from what is locally known as ‘mal del ciprés’. This disturbance usually appears as aggregations of dead trees of varying sizes. The mortality process seems unpredictable, and regeneration establishment is variable under these conditions. The highly variable mortality rates results in a natural experiment that allows the correlation of overstory mortality with regeneration rate. This correlation should then make it possible to estimate the regeneration success which would follow after different levels of partial cutting, allowing the purposeful direction of the regeneration process. We collected data from eight Austrocedrus chilensis-dominated stands and reconstructed overstory mortality over time and correlated it to the regeneration recruitment. Mortality showed two patterns: increasing ‘continuous’ mortality over time, and ‘pulses’ of important basal area loss in short periods. Overstory mortality had an effect on the recruitment and composition of the regeneration by allowing different species establishment depending on the degree of mortality. By quantifying mortality basal area and recruitment over time, we calculated estimates that can provide partial cutting guidance. Partial cuttings would then allow the purposeful direction of the regeneration process. Stand reconstruction studies provided a useful tool to help designing regeneration systems using a natural experiment. Some specific management implications for symptomatic A. chilensis forests are given.     

干扰与森林更新

干扰是森林生态系统动态中的主要影响因素。它可破坏或改变原有的环境，对森林群落的发展产生深远的影响。森林对于各种干扰的反应十分复杂，但总的反应可分为两类：一种格局表现为植被结构的重组，另一种格局是通过更新，形成新的植被。因此，森林更新是与各种干扰不能分隔的一个极为重要的生态学过程。本文主要对近年来有关干扰和森林更新的研究进行了综述，分析了干扰的强度、频率和空间范围等方面的变化，以及这些变化对森林产业的作用及其森林的反应，重点讨论了不同的干扰与森林更新机制的关系、干扰对更新的窨格局的影响，干扰与更新周期性的关系、干扰对种子扩散和更新幼苗的影响等方面的问题。     

Predicting natural forest regeneration: a statistical model based on inventory data

Regenerating forest stands through natural seedlings is a commonly accepted silvicultural strategy in Germany. To plan for and increase natural regeneration within a given stand, foresters must be able to estimate whether the stand in its current state can produce sufficient saplings to replace the overstory. In this paper, we present two approaches to building a model that can estimate the probability of natural regeneration occurring, based on variables that are typically readily available from forest inventories. To estimate model parameters we used the large database of the third National Forest Inventory, which covers forest stands and sites across the whole of Germany, as well as weather and soil data. We examined how these variables impact the emergence of natural regeneration, ultimately fitting a model that can predict the occurrence of natural regeneration in 72% of cases. The influence of the variables on the predicted occurrence of natural regeneration was mixed, with most stand variables contributing only minor impact and most likely influencing natural regeneration via complex interactions. The exception was vertical structure (number of stand layers), which accounted for a large proportion of the goodness-of-fit of the model. An important finding was that forest ownership structure is a key variable for the prediction of the presence of regeneration. Data from this study support the assumption that some forest owners manage their stands in a way that fosters natural regeneration.     

Key attributes to the disturbance response of montane cloud forest trees: shade tolerance,dispersal mode and the capacity to form a seed bank

? Context

Understanding the biological mechanisms related to plant response to disturbance is essential for predicting the changes in the structure of plant communities resulting from disturbance.

? Aims

The aims of this study are to identify the regeneration traits linked to the response to disturbance of tree species of a montane cloud forest in order to define regeneration types and to explore whether disturbance intensity acts to select specific regeneration types that can colonize disturbed plots.

? Methods

A theoretical model was developed and evaluated using structural equation modeling to link two latent variables: regeneration type and vulnerability to disturbance. We studied two plots that were subjected to different intensities of disturbance and one plot of mature forest.

? Results

Shade tolerance, dispersal mode, and the capacity to form a seed bank were the traits that determine regeneration type. There was a trend for re-sprouting capacity to be associated with the regeneration types dominant in disturbed plots. Regeneration types were differentially distributed among the sites.

? Conclusion

There was evidence that disturbance intensity has a filtering effect on the colonization of disturbed plots. Species vulnerability to disturbance depends on specific combinations of regeneration traits. Structural equation modeling is useful for exploring plant response to disturbance using key parameters linked to plant persistence.     

Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia

Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations.     

Are sprouts the dominant form of regeneration in a lowland Quercus pubescens–Quercus frainetto remnant forest in Northeastern Greece? A regeneration analysis in the context of grazing

The present study was conducted in a lowland degraded Quercus remnant forest in northeastern Greece. In 2006, ten plots of 50 m × 50 m were randomly selected in two site types. Site type A is covered by Quercus pubescens–Quercus frainetto stands that are under grazing pressure. In Site type B there are Q. pubescens stands and grazing pressure is more intense. Inside these plots 180 subplots of 2 m × 2 m were established in three regeneration environments and the number of sprouts and seedlings was counted. The three regeneration environments were: (a) rather dense groups of trees, (b) areas with bare soil that alternate with areas with grazed herbs and (c) areas covered only from sparse scattered trees. Moreover the regeneration plants were classed as recently grazed and not recently grazed plants. Six years later, 180 regeneration plants having a height equal to or over 20 cm were selected and were classed as seedlings or sprouts. Sprouts were the dominant form in regeneration. The sprouting ability of Q. pubescens and Q. frainetto seems to be an adaption that enables them to endure grazing. Grazing was the main factor that determined the distribution of regeneration. The ecological differences of the two species do not seem to substantially influence their distribution in the different regeneration environments. It seems that intense grazing keeps the regeneration plants in low height. However, regeneration density can be considered adequate for the perpetuation of the studied stands if the grazing stops.