元谋干热河谷旱季不同林地土壤的渗透性能研究

在对元谋干热河谷旱季5种林分林地以及膨胀土和裸地土壤物理性状测定的基础上,对其土壤的渗透性能进行了研究。结果表明,不同林地土壤的容重、含水率、土壤的总孔隙度以及初渗和稳渗速率均有一定差异。同一林分内林地不同土层土壤的初渗和稳渗速率表现出的规律,是表层土壤(0~15 cm)的渗透性能要优于下层土壤的渗透性能;而不同林分,其林地土壤平均初渗能力的大小顺序为:加勒比松—车桑子混交林>加勒比松纯林>山合欢纯林>桉树纯林>山毛豆—车桑子混交林>裸地>膨胀土。     

鲁中南山地生态修复区人工林植被枯落物层蓄水特征

在山东省莱芜市石质山地生态修复区,对5种人工林分枯落物层涵蓄水分特征进行了观测。结果表明:不同林分枯落物层的蓄水保水功能具有明显差别①5种林分枯落物最大持水率在95.0%~208.2%之间,以阔叶林明显高于针叶林。②不同林分枯落物蓄积量在8.8~19.6t/hm2之间;针叶林枯落物蓄积量较大,因而持水量较高;5种林分枯落物最大持水量在1.8~2.6mm之间,针阔叶混交林依次高于针叶林、阔叶林。③不同林分枯落物层有效拦蓄水深在0.8~1.6mm之间,依次为针阔叶混交林大于阔叶林、针叶林(具体为刺槐×侧柏混交林>刺槐单纯林>麻栎单纯林>赤松单纯林>赤松×侧柏混交林)。④在石质山区生态修复的林业工程中,应尽量增加针阔叶混交林分或阔叶林分的培育、减少针叶林分,以提高人工林分枯落物层在防止土壤侵蚀和涵养水源中的作用。     

冀北山地不同类型白桦林枯落物及土壤持水性能研究

以冀北山地4种不同类型白桦林为研究对象,分别选取代表性样地,对林地枯落物层和土壤层的持水性能进行分析研究。结果表明:1)枯落物总储量变化范围为10.98~17.76 t/hm~2,针阔混交林高于阔叶林。枯落物的最大持水量与有效拦蓄量的变化规律一致,表现为白桦纯林落(少)桦混交林落(多)桦混交林杨桦混交林,不同林分类型间有效拦蓄量差异显著(p0.05)。2)0—40 cm深度内,随着土壤深度的增加,容重值增大,土壤孔隙度、最大持水量、有效持水量减小。土壤最大持水量与有效持水量均为混交林高于纯林。3)经综合评价,落(少)桦混交林的林地持水能力最高。     

广东流溪河5种林分的枯落物与土壤持水性

文章以流溪河林场5种不同林分为研究对象,分析其枯落物和土壤持水特性。结果表明:(1)5种林分枯落物持水能力表现为:荔枝(Litchi chinensis)林针阔混交林杉木林阔叶混交林毛竹林;(2)5种林分0~60 cm土壤容重随土层深度增加而增大,60 cm土层平均容重大小依次为:毛竹林针阔混交林阔叶混交林杉木林荔枝林;(3)5种林分土壤总孔隙度平均大小依次为毛竹林针阔混交林阔叶混交林杉木林荔枝林;(4)5种林分土壤贮水量大小为毛竹林针阔混交林荔枝林杉木林阔叶混交林。总体而言,荔枝林枯落物持水性最好,毛竹林土壤持水性最强。     

福建柏不同造林模式的水源涵养功能

为了定量评价福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii)不同造林模式的水源涵养功能,采用野外实地调查和室内浸水法,对广西玉林市六万林场28年生福建柏2种(纯林、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)+福建柏混交林)造林模式林分林冠层、活地被物层、凋落物层和土壤层的拦蓄能力进行了研究。结果表明:福建柏混交林林冠层的最大持水量、最大截留量均明显大于纯林;纯林活地被物层的最大持水量、最大截留量显著大于混交林;混交林凋落物最大持水量稍大于纯林、最大截留量小于纯林;0~20 cm层的土壤容重和总孔隙度在混交林和纯林间差异不大,纯林20~40、40~60 cm层的土壤容重明显大于混交林、混交林总孔隙度明显大于纯林;混交林土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和非毛管持水量在3个土层中均大于纯林,其中20~40、40~60 cm层的最大持水量和0~20、20~40 cm层的非毛管持水量差异显著。福建柏混交林地总拦蓄水量大于纯林,其拦蓄水能力是纯林的166.48%。因此,福建柏混交造林更能发挥其水源涵养功能。     

北沟林场两种不同林分林下枯落物现存量及持水能力的研究

以承德地区北沟林场落叶松纯林和落叶松山杨混交林为研究对象,测定枯落物厚度和现存量,通过室内浸泡法测定持水量和持水率。结果表明:落叶松纯林林下枯落物现存量明显高于落叶松山杨混交林,分别为9.02t/hm2和6.55t/hm2;枯落物最大持水能力落叶松纯林略小于落叶松山杨混交林,分别为2.11t/hm2、2.41t/hm2。不同林分的林下枯落物持水量与浸水时间的动态变化规律基本相似,枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈正相关,达到最大持水量的时间也基本一致。     

华北地区不同林分类型枯落物层持水性能研究

为探究华北地区不同林分类型枯落物层的持水能力,于2015年7月对北京寨儿峪小流域内油松纯林、侧柏纯林、栓皮栎纯林和混交林进行森林调查,采用浸泡法测定每种林分下枯落物层持水能力,分析比较了4种常见林分类型枯落物现存量与持水过程。结果表明:1枯落物平均现存量为侧柏(18.44t/hm2)>油松(17.65t/hm2)>针阔混交林(15.76t/hm2)>栓皮栎林(11.59t/hm2)。24种林分枯落物层持水能力为:栓皮栎>侧柏>针阔混交林>油松。3样地最大持水量为侧柏纯林[(46.27±4.26)t/hm2]>油松纯林[(42.79±3.94)t/hm2]>针阔混交林[(39.10±3.69)t/hm2]>栓皮栎纯林[(33.22±3.24)t/hm2]。     

安徽省中南部几种主要森林类型水文特性研究

通过对安徽省中南部主要森林类型林下枯落物蓄积量、持水量、吸水速率等的研究,结果表明：①针叶林中杉木（CK）枯落物的厚度最大,达到95mm,针阔混交林的蓄积量最大,为21．94t／hm2,马尾松枯落物的厚度较低,苦槠蓄积量最低。②马尾松×枫香的最大持水量为12．62t／hm2,其他林分的最大持水量均在10t／hm2以下,其中苦槠最低,为2．04t／hm2。③针阔混交林的有效拦蓄能力明显高于阔叶林和针叶林,有效拦蓄量最高的是马尾松×枫香,为17．69t／hm2．苦槠的有效拦蓄量最低,仅为2．47t／hmz。两种不同杉木林分有效拦蓄量均达到10t／hm2左右。可见针阔混交林的水文生态效益优于阔叶纯林和针叶纯林。     

人工诱导阔叶红松林改良土壤效果分析

文章通过比较不同类型红松针阔混交林和红松纯林的林分枯落物含量、土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性等性状可知,单位面积枯落物总量红松针阔混交林比红松纯林高40%~60%,其半分解的枯落物量均高于未分解的枯落物量,而红松纯林则相反;红松针阔混交林中枯落物的持水量较红松纯林高26%~75%,养分含量明显高于红松纯林;红松针阔混交林土壤理化性质及酶活性都明显优于红松纯林。     

马尾松与几种阔叶树混交后水源涵养功能的变化

通过对马尾松与山杜英、枫香、拟赤杨和光皮桦混交后水源涵养功能的研究,结果表明:地上部分持水量以马尾松纯林最大,其次是混交林,最小为阔叶树纯林;活地被物枯落物部分持水量以阔叶树纯林最大,其次为混交林,最小为马尾松纯林;土壤渗透能力和贮水能力以混交林最大,其次为阔叶林,最小为马尾松林。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.