盐胁迫下雷竹的离子选择性吸收能力研究

通过对雷竹土壤用0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%不同浓度的NaCl溶液进行浇灌,并计算其根系对土壤中Na+、K+的选择性吸收能力来分析雷竹的耐盐程度和时间,结果表明,雷竹可以在短时期忍受土壤Na+浓度在0.3%以内的胁迫,适当外施钙肥能缓解雷竹受盐胁迫的伤害程度。     

提纯腐植酸钠对油橄榄刺激作用的初步探索

腐植酸钠是一种刺激物质,它不仅对大田作物有刺激作用,而且对油橄榄也同样有刺激作用。油橄榄幼树喷施过低浓度0.05％腐植酸钠后,促进抽梢,比对照加快生长17—42％。在油橄榄花蕾期,喷施低浓度0.05％的腐植酸钠,可以提高自然授粉率。最终比对照提高果实保存率15.3％。但是喷施高浓度0.3—0.5％的腐植酸钠一星期以后出现大量落花落果。喷施0.05—0.3％浓度的腐植酸钠在油橄榄树上,它能够促进过氧化氢酶的活性。但以使用0.1％浓度为好。     

NaCl胁迫下2个桑树品种的脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量变化研究

为了探索NaCl胁迫下2个桑树品种叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量变化,以‘物45’和‘铁把’的2a生嫁接苗为试验材料,设置4个NaCl浓度处理(0、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%),研究不同浓度处理下3种渗透调节物质含量随胁迫时间而呈现的动态变化。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫导致2个桑树品种体内的脯氨酸大量积累。在0.2%、0.3%NaCl处理下,2个品种的脯氨酸含量在胁迫21d时达到峰值,分别比同期对照显著增加了111.742%、146.407%和117.185%、194.443%,之后开始下降;而‘铁把’在0.4%处理下,其脯氨酸含量一直升高,至28d达到最大值时高于对照117.262%。(2)在各浓度NaCl处理下,2个品种叶片的可溶性糖含量在处理7~21d均保持较高的水平,胁迫到28d时显著下降,与胁迫初期(7d)相比,‘物45’在0.3%NaCl处理下降低最多,为81.73%;‘铁把’在0.4%NaCl处理下降低最多,为106.41%。(3)2个品种的可溶性蛋白含量在各浓度NaCl处理下均持续降低,到胁迫28d时与胁迫初期差异达到显著水平(P0.05),并在2%的NaCl处理时降低最多,分别比胁迫初期(7d)降低了82.796%、107.738%。以上结果表明,NaCl胁迫可导致2个桑树品种叶片中的脯氨酸大量积累,胁迫时间越长,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量降低越显著。     

杨树速生丰产林营造技术

杨树是一个喜水、喜肥、喜光、喜通风的强阳性树种,对立地条件要求较高,栽植杨树的土壤要求水肥充足,土层深厚疏松,易于耕作。营造丰产林,土层厚度应在1—1．5米以上,地下水位1．5—3米高,pH值在6—8．5之间,全盐量在0.3％以下,有机质在0．6-1％以上。因此规划杨树速生丰产地块时,首先要搞好土壤普查,按照每个品种的遗传特性安排地块。河淤土、黑土、潮黑土、沟谷底部的冲击土及“四旁”可规划为一类丰产林;土层深厚、水肥条件较好的沙壤土,可规划为二类丰产林。     

盐胁迫下胡杨和毛白杨悬浮细胞的离子区隔化(英文)

以耐盐的胡杨 (Populuseuphratica)和盐敏感的毛白杨 (P .tomentosa)的悬浮细胞为材料 ,利用X 射线微区分析技术研究了盐胁迫条件下细胞中离子的分布 .胡杨细胞分别经 52 ,137,2 2 3,30 9,395和 4 80mmol·L- 1NaCl溶液处理 ,毛白杨细胞只经 137mmol·L- 1NaCl处理 .结果表明 ,盐胁迫显著提高了两种杨树细胞Na和Cl离子的浓度 ,但Na在细胞壁中的浓度与Cl接近 ,而在细胞质和液泡中则明显低于Cl,表明Na和Cl是通过不同的机制由无阻空间 (细胞壁 )进入细胞内的 .在137mmol·L- 1NaCl条件下 ,胡杨细胞质中Na和Cl离子的浓度远低于毛白杨 ,而且在溶液中盐分浓度低于 2 2 3mmol·L- 1的情况下 ,胡杨细胞质中盐离子浓度始终保持在细胞壁的水平以下 .这些结果都显示胡杨质膜具有较强的排盐性 .当溶液中NaCl浓度高于 2 2 3mmol·L- 1时 ,胡杨液泡中盐离子浓度显著提高 ,表明胡杨有明显的离子区隔化功能 .相反 ,毛白杨没有离子区隔化证据 .另外 ,胡杨细胞中营养元素K和Ca未受盐胁迫的影响 ,而 137mmol·L- 1NaCl处理降低了毛白杨细胞壁和细胞质中营养元素的水平 .总之 ,胡杨在盐胁迫条件下具有较高的排盐性和离子选择性 ,并能将盐离子区隔于液泡中 ,这是其耐盐性强的重要基础     

造林绿化与环境污染

随着工农业生产的发展,大气污染已经成为当今世界上最严重的问题之一。只有通过造林绿化,增加绿色植被才能有效地保护环境。人类生活在被污染的环境里,身体受到极大的损害。空气中,当二氧化碳浓度达到0.05％时,人就感到不舒服,达到0.2—0.6％时,就会对人体产生危害。当前,一些工业发达的城市。二氧化碳浓度已达0.05—0.07％,严重的污染构成了一个无形的“化学工厂”,空气中的二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氯化氢、硫化氢等有害物质大量增加。粉尘、煤尘     

银胶菊对不同土壤盐度的生理适应性

外来入侵物种在异质性环境下产生可塑性反应是生态入侵的重要机制之一.为了揭示银胶菊(Parthenium hysterophorus)在盐胁迫下的适应特点,通过盆栽试验,研究银胶菊在盐胁迫环境下的生理适应性特点.盐处理浓度分为5个水平,分别为0.00、0.02、0.05、0.10、0.15 mol/L NaCl.处理15天后,测定银胶菊叶片中脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖的含量及POD、SOD和CAT活性.实验结果表明,盐胁迫下银胶菊叶片中脯氨酸、丙二醛和可溶性糖的含量在NaCl浓度为0.02 moL/L时最低,脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量在NaCl浓度为0.15 mol/L时达到最高值.POD活性与SOD活性与对照相比均有下降,CAT活性与对照相比均有上升,在NaCl浓度为0.05 mot/L时达到最高值.     

盐胁迫对红黄两种秋葵种子萌发的影响

为了研究NaCl盐胁迫下的红秋葵种子和黄秋葵种子的萌发特性,对其进行了品种间的比较。研究了不同浓度NaCl溶液处理下的种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等指标。结果表明两个品种的秋葵种子,在不同浓度的NaCl溶液处理下发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数均无较大差异。低浓度的NaCl溶液,即NaCl溶液浓度在0.05 mol/L以下时,对种子萌发不抑制或抑制程度较低;但NaCl溶液浓度高于0.05 mol/L后就开始产生一定的抑制作用;随着NaCl溶液浓度增大,在NaCl溶液浓度高于0.25 mol/L时,各项检测指标急剧下降,对种子的发芽情况的抑制作用明显增强。     

光肩星天牛危害杨树木材的损失量研究

光肩墨天牛Anoplophora glabripenis Motschulsky是杨树的主要蛀干害虫。过去很少有人研究木材损失量及防治指标,经过多年的研究,证明一头幼虫一生蛀食木材量为26.0374cm~3,影响材积生长量0.0010m~3。该虫年自然增长率1.818倍。防治指标,1—3年生杨树平均每株有虫不得超过0.05头,4—6年生不得超过0.3头;大树不得超过0.4头。     

NaCl胁迫对毛白杨试管小植株叶片离子吸收及荧光诱导动力学参数的影响

为更好地利用盐渍化土壤,培育耐盐植株,以毛白杨试管小植株为材料,对NaCl胁迫下小植株叶片、离子吸收及荧光诱导动力学参数进行了研究.结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,随培养基中NaCl浓度的增加,毛白杨试管小植株叶片中K+含量逐渐减少,Na+含量逐渐递增.培养基中NaCl浓度达到0.3%时,随叶序由顶叶至基叶,K+含量逐渐减少,Na+含量逐渐上升.对叶片的叶绿素a荧光活性测定结果表明,NaCl胁迫降低了叶片光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm),荧光递变率Fd/Fs也有所下降.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.