林木生长的灰色预测

在应用灰色模型GM(1,1)进行森林资源预测时,要具体问题区别对待。本文对灰色系统模型GM(1,1)与指数函数Ae~(bx)的一致性进行了探讨;针对森林系统的非平稳过程的预测,提出了灰色校正模型,来扩大GM(1,1)的使用范围。     

海岸带木麻黄防护林经营模式的配置研究与筛选

对福建东山赤山林场木麻黄防护林现存的主要配置模式进行了筛选。选取对海岸带防护林体系建设有重要影响的生态防护价值、经济价值、社会价值3大类8个指标,建立评价指标体系,运用应用层次分析法进行定性分析、定量评价。结果表明:在策略层各评价因子中,生态防护功能依然占首位,社会经济价值指标也占了较高的比例。在综合效益上,各配置模式排序为:木麻黄与相思类混交(D1)>林果复合经营(D6)>木麻黄与多树种混交(D4)>木麻黄与桉树类混交(D2)>木麻黄与其他树种混交(D5)>木麻黄与灌木(D7)混交>麻黄与松树类混交(D3)。并根据海岸带立地条件的差异对各模式的梯次配置进行分析。研究结果对海岸带防护林的可持续经营与管理有一定的指导价值。     

应用灰色系统理论预测城峰镇"十五"期间有林地面积与森林蓄积量变化的研究

以永泰县城峰镇1986～1999年历年有林地面积、森林蓄积量数据为基础,应用灰色系统理论与方法,建立灰色预测GM(1,1)模型,以城峰镇“十五”期间的有林地面积与森林蓄积量进行预测。经检验,有林地面积GM(1,1)模型(1986～1999年)预测值的平均误差2.23％,森林蓄积量GM(1,1)模型(1986～1999年)预测值的平均误差1.16％,预测精度较高,可以对“十五”期间城峰镇有林地面积与森林蓄积量进行预测。     

青海云杉、华北落叶松边材液流变化规律及其与气象因子的关系

运用Granier热扩散式探针(TDP)法对青海大通黄土高寒区主要针叶树种青海云杉Picea crassifolia和华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii夏季边材液流变化规律进行连续观测,利用自动气象站对周围气象因子太阳辐射(R_s)、空气温度(T_a)、空气相对湿度(R_H)和风速(W_s)进行同步观测,并对气象因子与青海云杉、华北落叶松边材液流通量(F_s)的相关性进行分析.结果表明:(1)边材面积(A_s)与胸径(D_(BH))存在较高的相关性,两者可以用幂函数很好地拟合.(2)青海云杉、华北落叶松边材液流速率(V_s)变化规律主体表现一致,晴天变化幅度最大,阴雨天变化幅度最小.(3)华北落叶松边材液流通量(F_s)仅为0.75 kg·h~(-1),而青海云杉高达1.84kg·h~(-1),为华北落叶松的2.4倍;青海云杉日耗水量(W)在9.56～37.14 kg·d~(-1)之间,而华北落叶松日耗水量W在5.61～14.25kg·d~(-1)之间.(4)青海云杉、华北落叶松F_s与气象因子关系密切.但气象因子的作用过程表现复杂.复相关分析表明:青海云杉、华北落叶松F_s与R_s、T_a、W_s之间呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度R_H呈极显著负相关.按相关程度排序为:R_s＞T_a＞R_H＞W_s.     

银杏叶聚戊烯醇的分离纯化及其亲水衍生物的合成

首先对银杏叶聚戊烯醇含量测定的方法及方法学进行了考察,结果表明:采用高效液相色谱,以C18为色谱柱,以异丙醇/甲醇(体积比32∶18)为流动相,在210 nm下测定聚戊烯醇具有较高的精密度(RSD为0.89%)、较好的稳定性(RSD为3.26%),平均加标回收率为97.4%(RSD为1.75%)。然后通过正己烷提取、皂化、乙醇和丙酮脱蜡,以及硅胶柱层析(V(乙醚)∶V(正己烷)=3∶97)获得纯度为98.6%的聚戊烯醇。在此基础上,对高纯度聚戊烯醇末端羟基进行亲水改性,先与邻苯二甲酰亚胺进行光延反应(mitsunobu反应),再与水合肼进行还原反应,合成了氨基聚戊烯醇,并通过红外和核磁共振氢谱对其结构进行了表征,确认了氨基聚戊烯醇的成功合成。     

用北海道的三种桦树的分离部分对测定光合作用的方法进行检验

一、引言在树木的生态生理研究中,用树木离体部分研究光合作用率的例子很多,这种方法是可行的,因为它能粗略地算出树木大体上的光合能力。关于受伤树枝或叶柄影响光合能力的报导只有几篇,例如:G_(LARK)(1954),N_(EGISI)与S_(ATOO)(1955)报导了用乔木材料进行研究的结果;B_(ARUA)(1960)和I_(TO)(1965)报导了用灌木材料进行研究结果;另外R_(ICHARDSON)(1957)、S_(AKAGAMI)与D_(OI)(1963)和N_(AKAMURA)(1970)在乔木材料方面也有部分报导。     

氢化诺卜基甲酸及其酯的合成与结构分析

由氢化诺卜基氯(RCl)与金属镁在乙醚中反应制得氢化诺卜基氯化镁(RMgCl),然后通入二氧化碳并经稀盐酸水解合成了氢化诺卜基甲酸(RCOOH)。在草酸催化下,将氢化诺卜基甲酸分别与甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇和正己醇进行酯化反应,合成了氢化诺卜基甲酸的6种烷基酯,得率在85%以上,酯的GC纯度达98%以上,并对合成的酸与酯进行红外光谱(IR),核磁共振(1H NMR,13C NMR)与质谱(MS)分析,表征了其结构。     

接触角法测量马来海松酸改性双组分水性聚氨酯的表面能

将亲水改性的多异氰酸酯分别与马来海松酸改性聚酯多元醇(MPP)、聚酯多元醇(PP)和Bayhydrol D270聚酯多元醇水分散体进行复合交联制得MPP-2K-WPU、PP-2K-WPU和D270-2K-WPU,并采用FT-IR和DSC对产物进行表征。利用接触角法研究了n(—NCO)∶n(—OH)及多元醇组分种类对2K-WPU涂膜接触角、表面能和耐水性的影响,并采用Equation of State法和Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble法对试验数据进行分析。结果表明,与甲酰胺系列(甲酰胺、甲酰胺-二碘甲烷)检测液体相比,水系列(水、水-二碘甲烷)检测液体能更好地对2K-WPU涂膜表面性能进行描述;随着n(—NCO)∶n(—OH)的增加,MPP-2K-WPU的表面能先减小后增大,耐水性呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,当n(—NCO)∶n(—OH)为1.5∶1时其表面能最小、耐水性最强;与2种对照样(PP-2KWPU和D270-2K-WPU)相比,MPP-2K-WPU的表面能最小且耐水性最强。     

烟雾机温度测试系统的建立及测试结果的分析

对我国现有三种机型的燃烧室喷管和冷却管外壁温度进行了试验测试与分析,并对新研制的燃烧室喷管(B_1)以及3y-14型机喷管(B_2)分别配置三种不同化油器进行对比试验、测试及分析。结果表明:新制喷管(B_1)与金马化油器(A_1)具有良好的匹配特性,整机综合性能优于现有各机型,为部课题燃烧室与化油器结构主参数的设计提供了重要依据。     

植物纤维增强生物塑料的研究进展

介绍可生物降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)、聚己内酯(PCL)的性能与特点。综述了植物纤维增强生物塑料制备复合材料的研究进展和现状,并且对生物可降解复合材料的应用和未来发展进行展望。     

外源苯甲酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系膜脂过氧化的影响

大多数果树都存在连作障碍(重茬、再植病、忌地现象)现象,其中苹果(Malus)、李(Prunus salicina)、桃(Prunus)等连作障碍更为严重.杨兴洪等(1991)调查苹果重茬地成活率只有40%～60%,美国华盛顿州10年间苹果产区因重茬每公顷损失4万美元,山东省烟台大量苹果园已经表现并将面临更大面积的苹果连作问题.     

An analysis of light effects on foliar morphology,physiology, and light interception in temperate deciduous woody species of contrasting shade tolerance

Maximum Rubisco activities (V(cmax)), rates of photosynthetic electron transport (J(max)), and leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations were studied along a light gradient in the canopies of four temperate deciduous species differing in shade tolerance according to the ranking: Populus tremula L. < Fraxinus excelsior L. < Tilia cordata Mill. = Corylus avellana L. Long-term light environment at the canopy sampling locations was characterized by the fractional penetration of irradiance in the photosynthetically active spectral region (I(sum)). We used a process-based model to distinguish among photosynthesis limitations resulting from variability in fractional nitrogen investments in Rubisco (P(R)), bioenergetics (P(B), N in rate-limiting proteins of photosynthetic electron transport) and light harvesting machinery (P(L), N in chlorophyll and thylakoid chlorophyll-protein complexes). On an area basis, V(cmax) and J(max) (V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max)) increased with increasing growth irradiance in all species, and the span of variation within species ranged from two (T. cordata) to ten times (C. avellana). Examination of mass-based V(cmax) and J(max) (V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max)) demonstrated that the positive relationships between area-based quantities and relative irradiance mostly resulted from the scaling of leaf dry mass per area (M(A)) with irradiance. Although V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max) were positively related to growth irradiance in C. avellana, and J(m) (max) was positively related to irradiance in P. tremula, the variation range was only a factor of two. Moreover, V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max) were negatively correlated with relative irradiance in T. cordata. Rubisco activity in crude leaf extracts generally paralleled the gas-exchange data, but it was independent of light in T. cordata, suggesting that declining V(m) (cmax) with increasing relative irradiance was related to increasing diffusive resistances from the intercellular air spaces to the sites of carboxylation in this species. Because irradiance had little effect on foliar nitrogen concentration, the relationships of P(B) and P(R) with irradiance were similar to those of V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max). Shade-intolerant species tended to have greater P(B) and P(R) and also larger V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max) than more shade-tolerant species. However, for the whole material, P(B) and P(R) varied only about 50%, whereas V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max) varied more than 15-fold, further emphasizing the importance of leaf anatomical plasticity in determining photosynthetic acclimation to high irradiance. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations and fractional nitrogen investments in light harvesting increased hyperbolically with decreasing irradiance to improve quantum use efficiency for incident irradiance. The effect of irradiance on P(L) was of the same order as its effect in the opposite direction on M(A), leading to either a constant model estimate of leaf absorptance with I(sum) or a slightly positive correlation. We conclude that leaf morphological plasticity is a more relevant determinant of foliage adaptation to high irradiance than foliage biochemical properties, whereas biochemical adaptation to low irradiance is of the same magnitude as the anatomical adjustments. Although shade-tolerant species did not have greater chlorophyll concentrations and P(L) than shade-intolerant species, they possessed lower M(A), and could maintain a more extensive foliar display for light capture with constant biomass investment in leaves.     

An evaluation of agriculture, forestry and agroforestry practices in a moderately alkali soil in northwestern India

Productivity, sustainability and economics of agriculture, forestry and agroforestry land use practices were compared over a six year period in a split plot experiment on a moderately alkali soil of the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India. Three commercial trees of the area formed the main plot treatments and four crop sequences were the sub-plots. The trees were: poplar (Populus deltoides), Acacia (Acacia nilotica) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis), and the crop sequences were (1) rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) for four years followed by guinea grass (Panicum maximum)-oats (Avena sativa) for two years; (2) rice-Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) for four years followed by cowpea (Vigna unquiculata)-Berseem for two years; (3) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)/sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)-mustard (Brassica juncea) for three years followed by turmeric (Curcuma longa) for three years and (4) no intercrops (only trees). Eucalyptus and poplar gained maximum height, girth and woody biomass in six years when they were intercropped with rice crops in sequences 1 and 2. Acacia attained maximum growth in the absence of intercrops. Protein content in guinea grass was more under tree canopies than in the open. Soil amelioration during five years followed the order: Acacia based system > poplar > Eucalyptus > sole crops. The benefit-cost ratio was heighest (2.88) in poplar based system and minimum (1.86) in Acacia based system. The study indicated that growing trees and agricultural crops together is a better land use option in terms of productivity, maintenance of soil conditions and economics. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Flavonoids with DNA strand-scission activity from Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana

The flavonoids isolated from the stems of Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana, taxifolin (1), fisetin (2), fustin (3), 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone (4) and 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (5) caused breakage of supercoiled plasmid pBR322 DNA in the presence of Cu(II). Cu(I) was shown to be an essential intermediate by using the Cu(I)-specific sequestering reagent neocuproine. The Cu(II)-mediated DNA scissions induced by 1, 2, 3 and 5 were inhibited by the addition of catalase and exhibited DNA strand break by the addition of KI and superoxide dimutase (SOD), while in the Cu(II)-mediated DNA scissions induced by 4 was inhibited by the addition of KI, SOD, and catalase. It is concluded that 1, 2, 3, and 5 can induce H(2)O(2) and superoxide anion, while 4 can induce OH() and H(2)O(2) and subsequent oxidative damage of DNA in the presence of Cu(II).     

火炬松人工林抚育间伐效果的研究

对广东省英德县桥头镇低丘台地上，初植密度为１２３０株／ｈｍ＾２的７年生火炬松人工林进行了不同间伐强度的试验，间伐２年后的结果表明：不同间伐强度对火炬松人工林的胞径、树高、单株材积和单位面积蓄积量均有显著影响，对单位面积积蓄积总量则无显著影响。     

浙江省食用菌重金属背景值及质量安全评价

在浙江食用菌生产基地、超市和农贸市场实地抽样检测,对数据进行统计分析,提出浙江省食用菌重金属背景值.研究结果显示:浙江省鲜食用菌重金属元素背景值为铅0.078 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.036 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),干食用菌重金属背景值为铅0.452 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.254 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.044 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.150 mg·kg~(-1),鲜香菇重金属背景值为铅0.074 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.122 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.030 mg·kg~(-1),鲜平菇重金属背景值为铅0.068 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.026 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),鲜蘑菇重金属背景值为铅0.149 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.019 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.038 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.094 mg·kg~(-1),鲜金针菇重金属背景值为铅0.083 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.013 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.020 mg·kg~(-1).经与相关标准进行比较,浙江省食用菌重金属含量处于相对较低的水平.鲜食用菌中平菇与金针菇的4种重金属元素背景值非常相近,并且都处于很低的水平.与鲜食用菌相比,干食用菌重金属含量是鲜食用菌的4.9～7.1倍.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷含量明显高于其他食用菌,与鲜食用菌平均值比较,铅高出91.0%、汞高出322.2%,砷高出224.1%;香菇中镉含量明显高于其他品种食用菌,高出鲜食用菌平均值238.9%.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷和香菇的镉含量在生产栽培中要得到特别关注,应作为质量安全控制的重点.     

Absorption and assimilation of nitrate and ammonium ions by jack pine seedlings

Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in a shaded or unshaded light regime with either NO(3) (-)- or NH(4) (+)-N as the sole N source. After three months, seedlings grown with NH(4) (+)-N were larger than seedlings grown with NO(3) (-)-N. Irradiance had a greater effect on growth of ammonium-fed seedlings than on growth of nitrate-fed seedlings.At all times from 6 to 24 h following incorporation of (15)N, soluble, insoluble, and total (15)N contents of shoots and roots were higher in ammonium-fed seedlings than in nitrate-fed seedlings. The pattern of (15)N accumulation in shoots was similar to that in roots. After 6 and 24 h of (15)N incorporation, unshaded, ammonium-fed seedlings had 8.8 and 2.8 times greater total (15)N contents, respectively, than unshaded, nitrate-fed seedlings. In response to shading, ammonium-fed seedlings increased their total uptake of (15)N per unit root weight, whereas nitrate-fed seedlings did not. No nitrate or (15)NO(3) (-) was detected in any plant tissue. Nitrate-fed plants had higher NH(4) (+), Asp, and Gln concentrations in needles and higher gamma-aminobutyric acid and Arg concentrations in stems. Accumulation of (15)N in roots was not affected by the pH of the (15)N solution or by the N source fed to the seedlings before the period of (15)N incorporation. Thus NO(3) (-) transport into roots, rather than its reduction or transport within the plant, seems to be the factor limiting the growth of jack pine supplied with NO(3) (-)-N as the sole N source.     

Biophysical controls on rhizospheric and heterotrophic components of soil respiration in a boreal black spruce stand

We conducted a root-exclusion experiment in a 125-year-old boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stand in 2004 to quantify the physical and biological controls on temporal dynamics of the rhizospheric (R(r)) and heterotrophic (R(h)) components of soil respiration (R(s)). Annual R(r), R(h) and estimated moss respiration were 285, 269 and 57 g C m(-2) year(-1), respectively, which accounted for 47, 44 and 9% of R(s) (611 g C m(-2) year(-1)), respectively. A gradual transition from R(h)-dominated (winter, spring and fall) to R(r)-dominated (summer) respiration was observed during the year. Soil thawing in spring and the subsequent increase in soil water content (theta) induced a small and sustained increase in R(h) but had no effect on R(r). During the remainder of the growing season, no effect of theta was observed on either component of R(s). Both components increased exponentially with soil temperature (T(s)) during the growing season, but R(r) showed greater temperature sensitivity than R(h) (Q(10) of 4.0 and 3.0, respectively). Temperature-normalized variations in R(r) were highly correlated with eddy covariance estimates of gross ecosystem photosynthesis, and the correlation was greatest when R(r) was lagged by 24 days. Within diurnal cycles, variations in T(s) were highly coupled to variations in R(h) but were significantly decoupled from R(r). The patterns observed at both time scales strongly suggest that the flow of photosynthates to the rhizosphere is a key driver of belowground respiration processes but that photosynthate supply may control these processes in several ways.     

Responses of foliar gas exchange to long-term elevated CO(2) concentrations in mature loblolly pine trees

Branches of field-grown mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees were exposed for 2 years (1992 and 1993) to ambient or elevated CO(2) concentrations (ambient + 165 micro mol mol(-1) or ambient + 330 micro mol mol(-1) CO(2)). Exposure to elevated CO(2) concentrations enhanced rates of net photosynthesis (P(n)) by 53-111% compared to P(n) of foliage exposed to ambient CO(2). At the same CO(2) measurement concentration, the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO(2) concentration (C(i)/C(a)) and stomatal conductance to water vapor did not differ among foliage grown in an ambient or enriched CO(2) concentration. Analysis of the relationship between P(n) and C(i) indicated no significant change in carboxylation efficiency of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase during growth in elevated CO(2) concentrations. Based on estimates derived from P(n)/C(i) curves, there were no apparent treatment differences in dark respiration, CO(2) compensation point or P(n) at the mean C(i). In 1992, foliage in the three CO(2) treatments yielded similar estimates of CO(2)-saturated P(n) (P(max)), whereas in 1993, estimates of P(max) were higher for branches grown in elevated CO(2) than in ambient CO(2). We conclude that field-grown loblolly pine trees do not exhibit downward acclimation of leaf-level photosynthesis in their long-term response to elevated CO(2) concentrations.     

Seasonal acclimation of photosystem II in Pinus sylvestris. I. Estimating the rate constants of sustained thermal energy dissipation and photochemistry

Acclimation of the partitioning of absorbed light energy in Photosystem II (PSII) between photochemical and non-photochemical processes includes short-term adjustments that are rapidly reversed in the dark and seasonal acclimation processes that are unaffected by dark acclimation. Thus, by using dark-acclimated leaves to study the seasonal acclimation of PSII, the confounding effect of short-term adjustments is eliminated. The maximum quantum yield of photochemistry, estimated by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis as F(v)/F(m), where F(v) = (F(m) - F(o)), and F(m) and F(o) are maximum and minimum chlorophyll fluorescence, respectively, has been widely used to follow the seasonal acclimation of PSII, because it is measured in dark-acclimated leaves. Seasonal changes in F(v)/F(m) can be caused by adjustments in either the photochemical capacity in PSII, or the capacity of thermal dissipation in PSII, or both. However, there is a lack of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters that can distinguish between these processes. In this study, we introduce two new parameters: the rate constants of sustained thermal energy dissipation (k(NPQ)) and of photochemistry (k(P)). We estimated k(NPQ) and k(P) from dark-acclimated F(o) and F(m) measured during spring recovery of photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. We suggest that k(NPQ) and k(P) be used to study the mechanisms underlying the observed seasonal acclimation in PSII, because these parameters provide quantitative data that complement and extend F(v)/F(m) measurements.