黄土高原不同水分生态区刺槐细根垂直分布的差异

以生长在陕西黄土高原半干旱气候区安塞县和半湿润气候区长武县的刺槐人工林为研究对象,采用土钻法获取根样,研究不同气候区刺槐细根的垂直分布特征.结果表明:两地刺槐细根分布差异较大,安塞县刺槐细根平均分布深度为250 cm,长武为200 cm;安塞阴、阳坡立地上刺槐细根表面积特征值分别是长武的5.06和8.29倍.无论是在阴坡还是阳坡立地上,安塞刺槐细根表面积特征值均在土壤表层0～20 cm处达到最大值,且随土层加深逐渐减小;长武刺槐细根表面积特征值峰值出现在较深的土层,阴、阳坡均在60 cm左右.安塞刺槐细根约80%分布于0～150 cm土层中,长武集中在0～100 cm土层.此外,两地刺槐细根表面积特征值阴坡大于阳坡.水分条件不同是造成这种差异的主要原因.模型S＝AhB(C Dh Eh2 Fh3)可以较好地拟合两地刺槐细根的垂直分布特征,安塞县不同立地的拟合决定系数R2均在0.94以上,长武县在0.80以上.     

黄土高原丘陵区不同立地条件下柠条根系研究

对黄土高原丘陵区不同立地条件下3年生柠条的根系作了初步研究,结果表明:柠条侧根发生的主要部位在距地表0～20 cm的土层中,除在阳坡、半阳坡分布的植株外,其它的在50 cm以下没有侧根发生,侧根总数以阳坡最多,半阴坡最少;不同立地下根系生物量的垂直分布,均表现为从土壤表层到深层逐次递减;在各土层中,0～60cm土层中分布的根系生物量所占的比重最大,超过了总量的80%.不同立地条件下单株根系生物量以阳坡最大,为66.63 g,阴坡最低,仅为6.69 g.不同立地条件下柠条的地上部分差异显著,阳坡、半阳坡的株高、生物量等都高于阴坡和半阴坡的.柠条在幼龄期适宜生长的立地类型为阳坡和半阳坡.     

黄土高原刺槐根系垂直分布特征研究

在中国西北黄土高原地区，水分是树木生长发育的主要限制因子。根系分布特征由于反映了树木对环境条件的利用程度而具有更加特殊的生态意义。本研究选择阳坡和阴坡不同立地上年龄一致的刺槐林调查了根系分布特征。根系垂直分布特征的调查结果表明，在所有立地上，根系生物量随着深度的增加而降低，其中细根的分布深度大于粗根的分布深度。方差分析结果表明：不同立地上不同径级根系的分布特征也有明显的差别，粗根是差异存在的主要原因，阴坡立地上的根系生物量，特别是细根生物量大于阳坡立地上的。对根系消弱系数的分析结果表明，阴坡立地上的根系消弱系数大于0．982，而阳坡立地上的根系消弱系数小于0．982，说明阴坡市地上刺槐根系的生物量在深层土壤中的分布相对量更大一些。其中细根的根系消弱系数大于粗根的，这种根系分布特征有利于根系对深层土壤水分养分的吸收利用，进而促进树木地上部分的生长发育。图3表3参15。     

渭北主要造林树种细根生长及分布与土壤密度关系

采用野外样地调查和盆栽试验的方法 ,研究了土壤密度对渭北主要造林树种细根生长及分布特征的影响。结果表明 ,在 0～ 10 0cm的深度内 ,不论是阴坡还是阳坡 ,油松林地的土壤密度均表现出随土层的加深逐渐增大的趋势 ;刺槐林地的土壤密度大于油松林地 ,且各土层间的差异不大。油松林地各土层土壤密度与不同径级根系长度存在显著的负相关关系。盆栽基质密度对不同树种苗木根系的生长和发育的影响虽各异 ,但在基质密度和孔隙度适中的条件下均生长良好 ,生物量达到最大。盆栽基质的密度对刺槐和油松根系的生长和发育的影响最显著 ;侧柏和山杏的细根生长发育受土壤密度的影响较小 ,其根系生物量在不同密度的基质中没有明显变化。     

刺槐细根面积的动态变化研究

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区的安塞县,采用生长季内连续钻取土芯法进行根系调查取样,研究刺槐细根面积的动态变化,结果表明:东南坡与西北坡刺槐累积细根面积存在显著差异。西北坡刺槐累积细根面积大于东南坡,分别为东南坡的1.58倍(4月)、1.86倍(7月)和1.24倍(10月)。同时,东南坡与西北坡刺槐累积细根面积都表现出10月>4月>7月的动态变化。东南坡与西北坡刺槐细根面积在各土层所占比例具有一定的差异。但是,不同坡向刺槐细根垂直分布的动态变化趋势基本相同。无论在东南坡还是西北坡4月和10月约70%的细根分布在0～150cm土层,30%分布在160～250cm土层。7月约80%的细根分布在0～150cm土层,20%分布在160～250cm土层。不同月份间,刺槐细根面积在0～40cm土层所占比例变动较大,而40～150cm土层变动较小。刺槐细根面积垂直分布的动态变化与剖面土壤水分的动态变化相吻合。     

江南油杉细根生物量空间分布及其对土壤水分的响应

【目的】探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制。【方法】以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征。【结果】1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0~90 cm土层中,且0~60 cm范围内的细根生物量占总量的81.83%,细根生物量随土层深度的增加呈升高—降低—再升高的趋势。细根生物量在水平方向上主要分布在距树干0~100 cm范围内,其中0~50 cm细根生物量占总量的87.40%。综合不同径级根长密度和根表面积密度分析结果表明,d <5 mm径级细根是江南油杉幼树占主导地位的吸收根系,其中0.5 mm≤d <2 mm径级细根在不同样地以及不同土层中的根长密度值最大,是决定江南油杉幼树根长密度分布特征的主要根系。2)江南油杉细根总生物量、根系长度、根表面积与土壤水分含量呈显著的相关性,表明江南油杉细根分布对土壤水分含量的响应敏感。【结论】江南油杉细根生物量垂直分布的"双峰"特征有利于根系对表层土壤水分在下渗过程中的二次吸收利用。0~60 cm土层是江南油杉幼树根系发挥生理功能的主要土层,可作为该树种水肥管理的重要区域。     

干热河谷阴坡和阳坡土壤水分动态研究

采用对比法,分析了干热河谷阴坡和阳坡土壤水分动态特征.结果表明：旱季干旱指数大、持续时间长是干旱河谷土壤水分严重亏损及植被恢复困难的直接原因;旱季阳坡水面蒸发总量较阴坡高18.04%;地表30cm土层的水分变化最剧烈,变异系数超过0.6,该层次的土壤水分含量阳坡和阴坡差异不明显;但随土层厚度的增加,两者差异逐渐增大,至60 cm土层达3.84%;在70 cm土层内,阳坡无水分调节层,而阴坡水分调节层厚度达30 cm.     

用根箱法研究毛竹实生苗根系构型

运用根箱法研究了毛竹实生苗的根系构型特征,结果表明:毛竹实生苗没有明显主根,基部形成4~5条不定根;根宽深比为0.682,根宽小于根深;根长、根系数量、根表面积、根体积与根系平均直径在不同土层中的分布存在极显著差异,根长、根系数量、根表面积与根体积集中分布在0~20 cm土层,占总量64.2%~71.66%,随土层加深,各指标均下降,根系平均直径最大值、最小值分别出现在0~10 cm、20~30cm土层;水平方向毛竹实生苗根系干重的最大值出现在以竹苗为中心0~5 cm范围土层内,随着距离的增加逐渐减少;垂直方向上,84.6%根系干重集中分布在0~20 cm土层,随土层加深,根量减少,呈"T"形分布状态。     

窄冠刺槐根系的研究

2006年10月用全挖法和分层分段挖掘法,研究了窄冠刺槐根系的分布特征、根系生物量以及不同密度林分根系空间分布特征.结果表明:窄冠刺槐个体根系水平分布在株间可达到6.6 m,在行间可达到5.0 m;主根可深达2 m以上,侧根垂直分布集中在10～40 cm土层内.窄冠刺槐根系生物量占全株生物量的16.82％,主根、侧根的生物量在根系生物量中分别占87.13％、12.87％.窄冠刺槐林分根系生物总量和根总长分别为6 160.2～10 940.55kg·hm-2和970.35～1 607.4 km·hm-2,并呈现出根系生物总量和根总长与林分密度成正相关的规律.在垂直方向上,林分根系中直径D<15 mm的根主要分布在地下0～20 cm土层内,而直径D≥15 mm的根主要分布在地下20～40 cm土层内;在水平方向上,直径D≥5 mm的根数量随距树干距离增加而减少,而直径D<1 mm的根数量则随距树干距离增大而增大,主要集中分布在距树干0.5～1.5 m范围内.     

四川卧龙岷江冷杉林小流域土壤水分的时空分布特征及变异性

本文应用CNC503DR型中子土壤水分仪,在四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林生态系统定位站,研究了林分和小流域尺度上岷江冷杉林土壤水分的时空分布特征及变异性。结果表明：研究期间,小流域土壤平均容积含水量在0.59~0.66之间,不同群落类型之间,差异比较明显,且随时间的变化规律不同;小流域内土壤剖面的平均容积含水量在0.52~0.77之间,平均值为0.60,土壤表层最高,45 cm深度最低;随着海拔升高,土壤含水量增加,但超过3 700 m则减少;不同坡向,土壤含水量在0~30 cm土层半阴坡高于半阳坡,30 cm以下土层则相反;不同坡位,土壤含水量下坡最高,其次是中坡,上坡最低;小流域土壤水分变异系数在0.217 6~0.409 8之间,不同群落类型之间差异显著,随着土层剖面深度增加而减小,随着海拔升高而减小,半阴坡高于半阳坡,下坡大于中坡和上坡。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.