应力波评价活立木材质的研究与进展

论述了应力波在活立木中传播的理论依据以及在检测活立木力学性质方面的研究进展,以一套典型的检测装置为例说明实际的检测方法,并对冲击应力波评价活立木力学性质的发展趋势进行了预测.     

基于应力波的活立木力学特性无损检测研究进展

活立木力学特性无损检测是科学评价森林质量的基础,为合理制定采伐作业时间、原木分级和木材高效利用提供有效依据.介绍应力波无损检测的基本原理以及基于应力波的活立木力学特性无损检测的研究进展,分析影响应力波在活立木中传播的因素,在此基础上阐述木材力学特性变化的原理以及基于应力波技术的木材力学特性季节动态变化检测的现状和意义,提出应力波检测活立木性质存在的问题,针对其存在的问题提出几点建议.     

樟子松活立木与原木及其板材应力波传播速度的相关性研究

对樟子松活立木、原木及其板材的应力波传播速度进行检测,得出活立木与原木的应力波传播速度非常接近;樟子松原木段与其板材的应力波传播速度具有较大的相关性,相关系数为R2=0.6,因此可以通过活立木的应力波传播速度来预测原木制成板材后的应力波传播速度。     

应力波用于木材和活立木无损检测的研究进展

在简单介绍应力波无损检测技术的基本原理、特点以及目前应力波主要的检测设备同时,对国内外应力波无损检测技术在木材和活立木领域的研究进展做了叙述,分析了现阶段应力波无损检测技术存在的问题,并对应力波无损检测技术进一步发展做了展望。     

人工林活立木材质应力波无损检测研究进展

应力波无损检测是检测和评估人工林活立木材质的主要手段之一。对该项技术的国内外研究进展情况进行了总结分析,指出这些研究主要集中在三个方面,即应力波传播机理研究、力学性能检测和预测研究,以及木材内部缺陷检测研究。     

东北林区典型树种内部心腐材积的量化检测

为分析活立木心腐材积损失变化规律及材积与胸径的关系,利用Arbotom应力波测试仪对带岭凉水国家自然保护区内红松(Pinus koraiensis)、旱柳(Salix matsudana)、山杨(Populus davidiana)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mand-schurica Rupr.)等4种活立木不同高度处144个断面的腐朽状况进行检测,获取每个断面的树干直径和应力波断层图像。根据应力波断层成像,筛选出存在心腐的断面共78个,利用Envi 5.0最大似然法对心腐断面进行分类并计算断面腐朽面积,据此模拟出活立木内部腐朽的立体模型,然后通过分区段求材积法估算其腐朽材积。在此基础上,对活立木心腐材积变化规律及材积与胸径的关系进行统计分析。结果表明:活立木心腐面积随高度的增加呈递减趋势;活立木心腐材积与胸径之间存在显著的正相关性(R=0.618,P=0.0000.01),胸径越大,活立木心腐材积比例也增大。     

木质材料无损检测的应用与研究进展

木质材料无损检测主要包括缺陷无损检测和力学性能无损检测两个方面,其无损检测基本方法主要有应力波法、机械应力变形法、振动法、微钻阻力法、射线法、雷达波法等。笔者先从检测原理入手对目前常见的木质材料内部缺陷和力学性能无损检测方法作了归纳,同时对木材和人造板内部缺陷和力学性能无损检测的应用和研究现状进行了归纳分析。木材和活立木无损检测技术发展较快,锯材和单板应力分等技术已有较为完善的检测设备,在发达国家已被广泛应用;古建筑木构件和活立木内部缺陷无损检测实际应用也较多,但在检测精度和效率提高方面仍有广阔的发展空间。人造板无损检测的研究近年来主要集中在力学性能检测方面,实际应用较少。对已经有较好应用的无损检测技术,下一步科研的目标应是进一步提高检测精度和效率;对尚处在科研探索阶段的无损检测技术,下一步仍应从基础理论完善和技术实现角度坚持工作。     

基于应力波和阻抗仪技术的旱柳内部腐朽定量检测

利用应力波和阻抗仪两种仪器对旱柳行道树内部腐朽情况进行检测,应力波法每个断面采用10~12个传感器,阻抗仪法每个断面测试2~4个方向。结果表明：由应力波断层扫描得到的二维图像和由阻抗仪得到的阻力曲线均能较准确地反映活立木内部腐朽的位置、程度等状况,两者对应关系较好;阻抗仪每个测试方向的平均阻力与相应方向应力波传播速度之间呈现一定相关性,相关系数 r ﹥0.5;每个测试断面上的整体平均阻力与应力波平均传播速度之间有显著的相关性,相关系数 r ＝0.817。这为联合两种仪器的检测结果制定一个表征立木腐朽程度的量化指标奠定了基础。     

电阻断层成像、应力波及阻抗仪3种无损检测方法对活立木腐朽程度的定量检测

【目的】应用电阻断层成像法、应力波断层成像法和阻抗仪法对活立木树干腐朽程度进行检测和定量表征,判断3种方法的可靠性,为野外立木健康情况检测提供基础数据和理论依据。【方法】在黑龙江省哈尔滨市东北林业大学试验林场内,选取水曲柳和北京杨各25株(15株腐朽,10株健康)共50株100个截面,采用PICUS Tree Tronic型树木电阻断层成像仪、Arbotom应力波断层成像系统和Resistograph针式阻抗仪检测及木芯质量损失率估测4种方法对断面腐朽程度进行检测和定量表征。以木芯质量损失率计算的样木腐朽程度(E_s)为真值,利用最小二乘法分别建立电阻测定的腐朽程度(E_d)、应力波测定的腐朽程度(E_y)及阻抗仪测定的腐朽程度(E_z)与真值(E_s)之间的线性关系。【结果】电阻断层成像、应力波和阻抗仪3种无损检测方法能在不同腐朽程度上表征活立木木材质量损失率;从整体上来看,电阻检测和应力波检测结果与腐朽程度真值的拟合程度低于阻抗仪检测结果与腐朽程度真值的拟合程度;从不同腐朽阶段来看,在E_s30%时,E_d和E_s的相关系数最高(R=0.823,P0.01);在30%≤E_s50%时,E_y和E_s的相关系数最高(R=0.658,P0.01);在E_s≥50%时,E_z和E_s的相关系数最高(R=0.914,P0.01)。【结论】电阻断层成像法对木材早期腐朽的检测比较敏感,而应力波断层成像法则相对在木材腐朽稍严重时更准确,阻抗仪法在腐朽各个阶段的检测结果都较为准确,且在腐朽严重时最准确,但会对木材造成微损伤。3种无损检测方法均能有效检测活立木腐朽,并有各自的特点,在实际腐朽检测中应根据实际检测需要来选择。     

弹性波层析成像技术检测活立木腐朽

介绍弹性波层析成像技术应用于活立木内部缺陷检测的研究现状,阐述弹性波的产生、传播途径和成像原理,总结该技术在应用中出现的问题.并使用弹性波层析成像技术对美国林务局纳西比特营地脂松活立木进行检测.结果表明:弹性波层析成像技术能够模拟出不规则树干形状并以二维图像方式直观地显示立木腐朽部位、程度、大小及形状等情况.基于此方法发展的设备,具有检测方便、有效、实用性强等特点.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.