壳聚糖铜 /锌配合物复配的防白腐效果分析

壳聚糖金属配合物(CMC)是一种环境友好的木材保护剂,根据壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)对褐腐菌(Poria placenta)的防腐效果优良,而壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)对白腐菌(Coriolous versicolor)的防腐效果好的特点,本研究将CZC与CCC复配为壳聚糖金属配合物混合液MCMC,进行防白腐试验.结果显示复配后的MCMC,提高了其对木材白腐菌的耐腐能力,防白腐效果与CCA相近.     

壳聚糖金属配合物处理后竹材的防白腐性能

以4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以白腐菌彩绒革盖菌为试菌,对壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)及相应的金属盐(氯化锌)和铜铬硼(CCB)处理材的抗流失性和耐腐性能进行试验.结果表明: 壳聚糖金属配合物在竹材中固着率略高于CCB,明显高于相应的金属盐,具有较强的抗流失性能;CCC处理的竹材对彩绒革盖菌的耐腐性能高于CCB处理材, 当CCC处理材中金属离子保持量达到6.35 kg·m-3时,腐朽后质量损失为0;CZC处理毛竹试材的耐腐效果和CCC效果相当,明显高于氯化锌处理材,当防腐剂中金属离子保持量高于2.41 kg·m-3时,CZC处理的竹材都达到最耐腐等级,且随着防腐剂中金属离子保持量的提高,处理材的质量损失率接近于0.     

壳聚糖金属配合物处理后竹材的防褐腐作用及力学性能

以4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以褐腐菌棉腐卧孔菌为试菌,对壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)及相应的金属盐(氯化锌)和铜铬硼(CCB)、ACQ处理材的耐腐性能、力学性能及胶接性能进行研究.结果表明:1) CCC处理的竹材对棉腐卧孔菌的耐腐性能不及CCB和ACQ处理材;但是,随着CCC处理浓度的增加,处理材耐褐腐性能明显增加,当处理材中金属离子保持量达到5.141 kg·m-3时,腐朽后质量损失低于6.1%.2) CZC处理毛竹试材的耐腐效果低于CCC、CCB和ACQ,略高于氯化锌处理材,当CZC中金属离子保持量高于5.091 kg·m-3时,处理材的质量损失在26.4%～29.0%之间.3) 同素材(未处理材)相比,经防腐剂处理后的竹材力学性能及胶接性能均有不同程度下降,尤其是CCB处理材.在所测指标中,抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度下降最明显,横纹抗压强度和胶接强度除CCB外变化不大.     

真空-加压防腐处理对胶合板性能的影响

采用防腐剂季铵铜(ACQ)和铜铬砷(CCA)对杨木和按木酚醛树脂胶合板进行满细胞法加压防腐处理,测试了气干后防腐处理材的物理力学性能和耐腐性能.结果表明:气干后胶合板不可逆厚度膨胀率仅为1.3％～2.0％;防腐处理对胶合强度无不良影响,但气干材的弹性模量和静曲强度较对照样平均降低了31％左右;CCA处理后胶合板受褐腐菌和白腐菌侵染后的质量损失率为2.97％ ～7.16％,达到Ⅰ级耐腐等级.     

CMC系列防腐剂对毛竹材的防霉效果

以3～4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以青霉、木霉、黑曲霉为试菌,与常用的竹材防霉剂硼酸(HBO3)、百菌清等进行比较,对壳聚糖金属配合物(CMC)系列的壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)的防霉性能进行测试.结果表明:CCC和百菌清对木霉、青霉、黑曲霉防治效果均优于CZC、壳聚糖和硼酸;相比之下,CCC对青霉防治效果优于百菌清,而百菌清对木霉防治效果优于CCC.     

5种防腐防霉剂对重组竹材抑菌效果的影响

采用氨溶季铵铜(ACQ),铜唑(Cu Az),丙环唑和戊唑醇(ZJFC-Ⅰ),壳聚糖铜配位聚合物(CCC),碘代丙炔基丁基甲胺酸酯、丙环唑、戊唑醇(PINSKAN)5种防腐防霉剂,分别调配成0.5%,1.0%和1.5%3种浓度;采用桔青霉(Penicillam citrinum)、绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)3种霉菌,绵腐卧孔菌(Poria placenta)和彩绒革盖菌(Coriolus versicolor)2种腐朽菌对毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)炭化重组竹材进行防腐防霉性能研究。结果表明:处理后的重组竹材抑菌能力明显提高,载药量随着防腐防霉剂溶液浓度的增加而增加,载药量越大,重组竹材抑菌效果越好。浓度为1.0%的ZJFC-Ⅰ和浓度为1.5%的ACQ对3种霉菌防治效力最好,均达100%;浓度为1.5%的Cu Az对桔青霉和绿色木霉的防治效力分别为81.25%和87.50%;浓度为1.5%的CCC和PINSKAN对黑曲霉的防治效力分别为87.50%和100%。处理后的重组竹材防腐能力提高60.4%以上,平均质量损失率均在3.36%以下,均达到Ⅰ级强耐腐。浓度相同时Cu Az抑制腐朽菌效果最好;未处理重组竹材防霉性能最差,对3种霉菌防治效力均为0,但具有较好的耐腐能力,平均质量损失率为8.48%,达到Ⅰ级强耐腐。     

不同药剂处理毛竹的室内耐腐性

选择ACQ、铜唑、CCA、有机酸四类13种防腐剂对毛竹材进行处理,研究竹材的室内耐腐性能.结果表明:随着吸药量的增加,药剂对腐朽菌的抑制效力明显增加.ACQ防腐剂中,综合抗菌性能依次为ACQ-B、ACQ-D,ACQ-C对白腐菌的毒性最差,失重率约6%;铜唑类防腐剂对白腐菌的抗菌性最好的是CuAz-1,最差的是CuAz-2;对褐腐菌的抗菌性相差不大.通过对比,ACQ和铜唑类防腐剂的抗菌性与CCA相当,明显优于有机酸类防腐剂.     

木材天然耐腐性室内试验标准方法的研究

采用三种培养基、两种白腐菌、两种褐腐菌对马尾松、毛白杨的天然耐腐性进行了试验。结果表明:砂子锯屑培养基法对采绒革盖菌(Corjolus versicolor)和绵腐卧孔菌(Poiraplacenta)的生长较快,对木材腐朽力,即重量损失较明显。     

芦丁及其金属配合物对木材腐朽菌的抑菌性初探

为开发新型木材防腐剂,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究天然黄酮类产物芦丁及其不同金属配合物对木材褐腐菌和白腐菌的抑制效果。结果表明:芦丁及其金属配合物对两种腐朽菌均有一定的抑制作用,且抑菌性随浓度升高逐渐增强。芦丁、芦丁-铜和芦丁-锌浓度在6.66 mg/m L时,芦丁-镁和芦丁-锰在9.99 mg/mL时,均可抑制两种腐朽菌的生长。芦丁、芦丁-铜和芦丁-锌可用于制备新型木材防腐剂。     

漆酶催化碘化竹材的防腐性能

【目的】利用漆酶催化氧化碘化物产生碘自由基的特性,将具有杀菌或抑菌作用的活性成分固着于竹材上,提高竹材的防腐性能和抑菌成分的固着性,为木竹材保护和改性提供一种环保、高效的新方法。【方法】以2,2'-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)为促进剂,采用不同酶活的漆酶催化碘化竹材,通过14天流失试验和室内耐腐性试验测试流失前后竹材的防腐性能,运用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对防腐竹材的形貌和成分进行表征。【结果】单独碘化钾处理竹材具有一定的防腐效果,但质量损失率均在10%以上。采用不同酶活的漆酶催化碘化竹材可进一步提高竹材防腐性能,酶活0.60 U·mL~(-1)的漆酶催化碘化竹材防腐效果最佳。经白腐菌腐朽3个月后,漆酶催化碘化竹材质量损失率为7.92%,流失试验后防腐竹材质量损失率增至9.85%,仍属于Ⅰ级耐腐。与白腐菌相比,褐腐菌对竹材的降解更严重,未处理竹材质量损失率高达24.95%,酶活0.60 U·mL~(-1)的漆酶催化碘化竹材质量损失率为9.44%,流失试验后防腐竹材质量损失率变化幅度小,增加0.91%,而单独碘化钾处理竹材质量损失率从流失前的14.30%增至15.34%,漆酶催化碘化竹材具有较好的防腐性能和抗流失性能。从SEM可见,未处理竹材腐朽试验后细胞壁出现明显穿孔现象,特别是褐腐菌,部分穿孔连成一片,细胞完整性已严重破坏,而酶活0.60 U·mL~(-1)的漆酶催化碘化竹材菌丝较少,细胞壁结构较完整。XPS分析表明,处理竹材经14天流失试验和3个月耐腐性测试,白腐菌和褐腐菌对其氧化降解程度均不高,漆酶催化碘化竹材不仅能抑制竹材细胞壁遭受白腐菌和褐腐菌降解,而且具有较好的抗流失性。【结论】漆酶催化碘化竹材可提高碘在竹材中的固着性,对白腐菌和褐腐菌具有较好的抵抗力,漆酶催化碘化竹材的耐腐性能高于单独碘化钾处理,是一种抗流失性强、高效且环保的新型竹材防腐技术。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Tree planting for dryland salinity control in Australia

Dryland salinity is emerging as a major form of land and water degradation in southern Australia, particularly in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, and to a lesser extent in New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland.Tree planting, in combination with other vegetation treatments, is regarded as a leading solution to dryland salinity. Research has now shown that planting trees can significantly lower groundwater tables, and thereby reverse the causal process of salinisation. Substantial progress has been made towards answering the basic questions of which species to grow, how to plant, where to plant, at what density and configuration to plant, and how much area to plant. The economic potential for commercial tree planting has given impetus to partial reforestation in higher rainfall (> 600 mm yr^–1) areas. Even so, serious constraints are apparent, relating primarily to cost, uncertainty and attitude. The future should bring increasing community input and control, technical refinement and gradual adoption, provided all aspects of the issue are well researched, relevant information is well communicated and programmes are well administered. Some specific requirements for future research are identified in this review.