紫椴不同造林密度的生长效应

对林龄20年生6种造林密度的紫椴人工林固定试验样地调查数据分析表明,造林密度对保存率、树高、直径、直径分布、材积、蓄积均有明显影响。相同造林方式中,1.5m×1.5m株行距的中等密度保存率均高于其它两种密度,林分蓄积最大。研究结果表明,1.5m×1.5m株行距单株栽植是适宜的造林密度。     

泗阳县南方型杨树林分栽植密度调查研究

根据对泗阳县南方型杨树林分调查结果表明 ,栽植密度对杨树生长量的影响十分明显 ,经济效益差异也很显著 ,建议对林龄 (或树龄 )未超过 4a的栽植密度不合理的林地进行密度调整。具体做法 :对 4m× 7m的成片林 ,每隔 3株间伐 1株 ;对小片林 ,若栽植的是 3行 ,将其株距进行调整 ,保持每株营养面积 30m2 左右 ;若栽植的是 3行以上 ,对密度为 1 5m× 1 5m和 2m× 2m的进行间伐 ,使其成为 6m× 6m的株行距 ,对密度为 2 5m× 2 5m的进行隔株隔行间伐 ,将其调整为 5m× 5m呈三角形的配置模式。对双行杨树 ,尽量将其株行距调整接近 4m。对林龄超过 5a以上 ,栽植密度不合理、生长又较差的林地或“四旁”林 ,可在采伐后按适宜密度重新栽植     

不同密度4年生大叶相思萌芽更新试验

不同密度4年生大叶相思更新试验,经3年萌芽生长观测,结果表明:不同密度3年生的萌芽林与原林分(未更新的林分,下同)径、高生长相接近,而材积和生物量(鲜重,下同)生长,萌芽林则比原林分分别增长3.11 m~3/ha和6.31 t/ha。且萌芽林林分材积和生物量生长均比原林分同期生长量(3年)显著提高,1.0m×1.5m 密度的林分材积和生物量分别提高44.7％和133.8％,1.0m×2.0m 的分别提高40.8％和63.9％,1.5m×1.5m 的分别提高43.0％和80.6％。作为薪炭林经营的大叶相思造林密度以1.0m×1.5m为宜,并且4年生时采伐更新其萌芽率和萌芽条数最高,分别达到93.9％和平均每桩萌条11.6条。     

不同造林密度对培育马尾松造纸工艺林生长的影响

采用1.4m×1.4m、1.1m×1.2m、1m×1m、0.5m×0.5m等4种株行距进行马尾松造纸工艺林造林,通过7年的定位观测表明,1.1m×1.2m的造林株行距是定向培育马尾松造纸工艺林的较适合密度。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐能源林造林试验研究

本文采用正交试验设计方法,研究了刺槐能源林培育中的几个关键技术问题。结果表明,不同品种、不同栽植密度和不同覆盖措施对苗木成活率、苗木质量指标影响显著。在四个供试品种中,普通刺槐、四倍体刺槐和速生槐在当地均有较好的生长适宜性,但以普通刺槐,采用1.0 m×1.5 m的栽植密度,并用塑料薄膜覆盖为最佳培育方案,苗木成活率最高,质量最好。     

尾叶桉造林密度与配置试验

对4年7个月生三种密度(1666/株hm~2、2222株/hm~2和3333株/hm~2)两种配置(1666株/hm~2,株行距分别为2m×3m、1m×6m)尾叶桉试验林的分析结果是:密度越大的林分,,其冠幅、胸径、树高、单株材积、蓄积量就越小。方差分析表明,密度间除保存率、林分蓄积量差异不显著外,其余性状的生长量均有显著的差异,每公顷3333株的林分生长量明显低于其它两种密度。在每公顷同时是1666株的情况下,株行距2m×3m的配置明显优于1m×6m的配置。本试验结果以每公顷1666株,株行距2m×3m的密度配置最好,4年7个月生每公顷林分蓄积量达107.024m~3。     

雷林1号桉生长表现、产量与密度的关系

为研究雷林1号桉作为短轮伐期人工林经营的适宜密度,1984年在海南省东部滨海丘陵台地区采用1.0m×1.0m、1.0m×1.5m、1.0m×2.0m和1.5m×1.5m等4种密度进行试验研究。经9年观测,结果表明:前两种密度经营适于短轮伐期薪材林,首采年龄为4~5年;若经营短轮伐期用材林,宜采用1.5m×1.5m或1.0m×2.0m的密度,植后8年左右采收。雷林1号桉(Eucalyptus leizhou No.1)是雷州林业局在生产中选育成功的天然杂交种,已在华南平原台地和低山丘陵地区大面积发展,造林面积已达20余万hm~2。作为用材林经营已有成套经营技术,然而作为短轮伐期人工林(薪材林、木片或浆粕林等)经营,则缺乏经验和技术。为此,1984年在海南省滨海台地区开展了不同密度的造林试验。经9年观测研究,结果分薪材林和用材林两部分论述。     

栀子生长与结实习性调查分析

通过对1994年栽植的栀子林调查发现:栀子群体产量结构呈两头小、中间大分布,且单株间差异显著;立地条件对栀子的生长有一定的影响,土层深厚,栀子营养生长旺盛,则栀子产量较高;不同树形之间除树高呈极显著差异外,其他经济指标无显著差异;不同栽植密度对栀子产量有一定的影响,中等肥力的立地条件,以1.0 m×1.2 m或1.0 m×1.5 m的栽植密度为宜。     

火炬松种子园栽植密度的试验研究

在英德火炬松种子园进行了 6m× 6m、8m× 8m和 1 0m× 1 0m等 3种栽植密度试验 ,1 3a结果表明 ,不同栽植密度的高、径、冠幅及产果量差异显著 ,以 8m× 8m密度能发挥个体与群体作用 ,产果量最高 ,6m× 6m次之 ,1 0m× 1 0m最差 ;在郁闭度进入 0 6以后 ,便逐渐抑制产果量上升 ,需及时疏伐 ;6m× 6m密度因单位面积株数多 ,早期较高产 ,适于早期丰产栽培 ,且因树体较小 ,便于采果。8m× 8m密度适于中长期经营 (1 3a以上 ) ,如需二者兼取 ,则可采用 4m×8m或 4 5m× 9m密度 ,中期疏伐 1次 ,这 2种栽植形式利于疏伐与机耕     

华北地区沙兰杨密度试验研究

对华北地区6年生沙兰杨丰产林测试分析表明,不同造林密度4年生时胸径、材积及高径比差异显著;林分结构亦有不同分化,3m×6m的集中分布在16～18cm径阶,4m×6m的集中分布在18～20cm,6m×6m的则集中在20～22cm,且这种差异逐年增大。3m×6m密度林分4年生时达到国家檩材林的标准,6m×6m的6年生时达到柁材标准。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.