纤维素前驱物6-~(13)C标记示踪研究纤维素与木质素连接方式

从细胞壁多糖的角度分析糖单元与木质素苯丙烷结构单元之间的共价键连接方式,合成了带6-13C标记的纤维素前驱物尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖,并将其与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的抑制剂L-2-氨氧基-3-苯基丙酸(AOPP)及外源性木质素前驱物松柏醇-β-D-葡萄糖苷一起投入生长中的银杏植物体内,分析结果证明了(6-13C)尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖是对植物中纤维素进行选择性13C标记的合适的前驱物。从正常生长的银杏新生木质部组织提取木质素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC),并用纤维素酶和半纤维素酶酶解LCC得LCC酶解产物(EDLCC)。红外光谱及13C NMR检测LCC和EDLCC,分析证实了纤维素6位碳与木质素以苯甲醚键方式连接。     

C同位素标记法研究木质素与木聚糖的连接

以带13C标记的松柏醇葡萄糖苷作为木质素的前驱物,在β-葡萄糖苷酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、过氧化物酶的酶体系中,向木聚糖胶体中滴加松柏醇葡萄糖苷的溶液,得到木质素脱氢聚合物(DHP)与木聚糖的复合体,并用FT-IR、13CNMR对DHP-木聚糖复合体(DHPXC)进行分析。结果表明,DHPXC中,木质素结构单元之间主要通过β-O-4、β-β、β-5和β-1方式连接,而木质素与木聚糖之间可能通过苯甲酯键和苯甲醚键相连。     

多糖存在下异丁香酚的脱氢聚合及LCC的形成

以异丁香酚为木质素生物合成的前驱物,采用混合法合成了木质素脱氢聚合物(DHP)和木质素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC),同时采用红外光谱、13C NMR波谱分析聚合产物的结构,探讨了漆酶催化脱氢聚合过程中形成的DHP与多糖(阿拉伯半乳聚糖)的聚合反应机理。结果表明:在漆酶的催化作用下,异丁香酚与阿拉伯半乳聚糖发生聚合形成了DHP与LCC,13C NMR波谱结果证实DHP中以β-O-4,β-β,β-5和β-1等结构为主,而LCC的13C NMR谱图中既有来自木质素的芳香族碳原子的信息,也有来自阿拉伯半乳聚糖的共振信号。     

磨木木质素在硫酸盐法蒸煮过程中的降解及与木糖的缩合

在木糖存在的条件下,采用硫酸盐法蒸煮对蓝花楹磨木木质素(MWL)进行处理,然后对处理后的产物进行红外光谱和13 CNMR分析,研究蓝花楹MWL的结构变化,探讨在硫酸盐法蒸煮过程中木质素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC)的形成情况.研究发现:蓝花楹MWL结构单元之间的α-烷基芳基醚键、β-O-4型连接键很容易发生断裂,而在这些连接键发生断裂的同时,形成的木质素中间体与木糖通过化学键的结合,形成新的LCC结构.这种新形成的LCC结构主要是由β-O-4型木质素结构和5-5′缩合型木质素结构与木糖形成的以苯甲醚键连接的LCC,这种新形成的LCC结构对碱非常稳定.     

假木质素沉积及对纤维素酶解的影响研究进展

木质纤维素类生物质是地球上最丰富的可再生资源。为提高木质纤维素类生物质的转化率,提升纤维素酶的水解效率和可发酵性糖产量,降低纤维素酶的使用量和生物质转化成本,对木质纤维素类生物质进行预处理十分必要;然而,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素之间的天然屏障限制了纤维素酶对纤维素组分的酶解。木质纤维素类生物质预处理主要有物理法、化学法、物理化学法和生物法,目前更多采用质量分数小于4%的稀酸法(如盐酸、硫酸和硝酸等,120～210℃)、高温热水法、蒸汽爆破法和液相水热法等,不同预处理方法对木质素或大部分半纤维素的溶解和去除有利于提高纤维素酶的可及性。木质素对纤维素酶解具有明显抑制作用,通过预处理降低木质素含量有利于提高纤维素酶解效率。木质纤维经稀酸或高温热水等预处理后,Klason木质素相对含量反而会增加。在木质纤维素类生物质预处理过程中,木质素液滴可能以假木质素形式沉积于纤维素表面,使其比天然木质素更加抑制纤维素酶解。本研究首先概述生物质预处理过程中木质素液滴和假木质素的形成过程,提出假木质素产生的可能机制,并对其组成和性质进行综述;然后阐述木质素液滴和假木质素对木质纤维酶解的影响;最后总结假木质素形成的调控策略。假木质素的形成过程属于非均相反应过程,受传质扩散(分子水平)和流动(宏观统计水平)的影响,可从介尺度行为研究假木质素的形成机制,同时建立相关模型和理论实现其科学的定量描述和定向调控,这不仅有利于木质纤维素类生物质炼制工艺的发展,也有利于促进跨学科科学规模的形成。     

C NMR分析

以侧链α位带^13C同位素标记的柏松醇葡萄糖苷作为起始物，在实验室中模拟木质素生物合成过程人工合成脱氢聚合物（DHP），得到带^13C标记的DHP。用高分辨率固体^13CNMR和红外光谱对DHP进行了分析。红外分析结果显示：该实验条件下用松柏醇葡萄糖苷的合成的DHP同天然银杏木材的磨木木质素（MWL）在组成和结构上有较好的相似性，613CNMR证明了β－O－4、β－β、β－5和松柏醇结构为DHP的主要结构，另有少量香兰素结构和α－位亚甲基结构。     

草木半纤维素的研究进展

结合前人的研究成果综述了各种草木原料中半纤维素的类型、结构形式及制备方法,特别指出在造纸原料和纸浆中存在部分半纤维素与木质素发生化学键连接形成了木质素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC),还对纸浆中的半纤维素对浆性能所产生的影响加以阐述,针对半纤维素在造纸工业中所引起的"假木质素"问题总结出相应的应对策略.此外,还概述了从草木原料中制备粗半纤维素的分离方法以及对其进一步纯化的技术,对半纤维素的检测手段也做了介绍.     

低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯的工艺研究

以脱除木质素,降解半纤维素为木糖,提高纤维素酶解得率为目的,研究了低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯的效果,考察了乙酸质量分数、预处理温度和时间对预处理的影响。研究结果表明:质量分数5%乙酸预处理玉米芯可以脱除大部分的半纤维素和少部分木质素,预处理后的玉米芯具有较好的水解效果。低浓度乙酸预处理玉米芯最优条件为:预处理温度160℃,保温时间60 min,乙酸质量分数5%,固液比1∶8(g∶mL)。在此条件下,玉米芯固体渣回收率为53.75%,固体渣中纤维素保留率93.17%,半纤维素脱除率87.36%,木质素脱除率25.04%,预处理液中木糖质量浓度15.56 g/L。预处理后的玉米芯固体经72 h酶解,酶解得率为92.69%。     

热水预处理生物质原料及其生物转化研究进展

在能源问题日益紧张的时局下,寻求可再生清洁能源是亟待解决的关键问题。由农林废弃物转化获得新能源、新材料已经成为重要的发展趋势,其中生物乙醇作为环保、可持续的新型能源得到了广泛关注。预处理作为生物乙醇制备的第一个重要环节备受重视,传统化学预处理技术能量消耗大、对设备要求高、半纤维素降解严重且对环境造成污染,没有充分考虑半纤维素和木质素的高值化回收利用,单一化降解纤维素使得经济利用价值很低;生物预处理作为一种环境友好和低成本的预处理技术,也存在着转化效率低、作用周期长和碳水化合物损失严重的缺点。热水预处理通过条件参数优化可在尽量保留天然大分子原位结构的基础上,一定程度地破坏植物细胞壁的致密结构,且仅利用水作为反应试剂,具有无化学药剂使用、对环境友好、操作成本低等优点,其对生物质细胞壁的主要作用为使木素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC)连接键断裂并除去部分半纤维素,使木质素性质发生改变并进行再分配,且在一定程度上降低了纤维素的聚合度。热水预处理过程中生成的糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛、甲酸、乙酸等产物,会对生物降解产生抑制作用,可以通过优化条件来控制其含量。酶解过程是指利用纤维素酶及其辅助酶将预处理后的纤维素降解为可发酵单糖,若直接将预处理后的产物进行发酵则需要较长时间且仅能获得极低浓度的乙醇。酶水解过程中由于半纤维素和木质素的保护作用,阻碍了纤维素酶与纤维素底物的接触,而预处理过程则会削弱或完全破坏这种阻碍作用,增大酶与纤维素的接触面积使酶解效率提高。提高预处理温度会使乙醇发酵得率提高,但是预处理温度过高会导致纤维素降解从而使乙醇得率降低。本文对热水预处理过程中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素物理化学性质的改变和处理过程中抑制物的转化生成进行总结,分析比较在不同预处理条件下生物质中各主要组分和降解产物不同程度的变化及其对后续酶水解、酵母发酵的影响。     

组合预处理对橡实壳组成及酶解转化的影响

为脱除果壳类原料中的半纤维素和木质素,减少其对纤维素酶的无效吸附,提高酶解转化率。采用蒸汽爆破、Na OH、碱性H2O2及其组合预处理方法,研究不同方法对橡实(蒙古栎种子)壳组成及酶解转化的影响。结果表明,经过2.25 MPa蒸汽爆破预处理后,橡实壳半纤维素由26.81%降低至5.79%,半纤维素脱除率达87.28%,酶水解120 h后葡萄糖得率由10.32%提高至38.36%。橡实壳蒸汽爆破组合氢氧化钠处理后,木质素脱除率可达54.29%。而蒸汽爆破组合碱性H2O2处理后,酶解120 h葡萄糖得率可达76.65%,是未处理橡实壳的7.4倍。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.