崂山珍稀濒危野生植物资源调查分析

保护、发展和合理利用珍稀濒危野生植物已成为保护生物多样性的核心内容之一。崂山地处山东半岛东南沿海,是山东省生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,具有明显的南北过渡性。采用样方法对崂山进行了系统调查,发现自然分布的12种珍稀濒危野生植物,对其分布范围、依存群落、生境状况和生长现状等进行了研究,并提出了保护对策。调查表明:崂山地区珍稀濒危野生植物数量总体偏少;物种较多零星分布,跨越海拔范围较大,分布不均匀;物种群落类型相对比较复杂;生境环境大都位于阴坡,特征较明显;人为干扰主要为旅游,干扰强度中等;受保护程度差别较大。本次调查为更好地保护这些珍稀濒危野生植物提供了基础资料。     

中国南方石灰岩(喀斯特)生态系统及生物多样性特征

通过一些具体的喀斯特生态系统及其生物多样性研究案例,探讨了中国南方喀斯特生态系统及其生物多样性组成,阐明了以下特征:1. 中国南方喀斯特生态系统独特,包括地上生态系统和洞穴(地下)生态系统,地上生态系统具有独特的植被和生物多样性,洞穴生态系统具有丰富的特有动物类群;2. 喀斯特生境植被类型多样,植物群落远比同地区非喀斯特生境丰富;3. 喀斯特地区生物多样性极其丰富,其植物种类可以占到地方植物区系总种数的30%～40%;4. 喀斯特生境多珍稀濒危和保护动植物类群,特有种亦丰富;5. 喀斯特生境植物区系岩溶专有种约占10%,岩溶特征种(岩溶专有种+岩溶适宜种)可以占到其植物区系总种数的20%～30%.     

麋鹿非繁殖期生境适宜度评价指标探讨

根据麋鹿生境分布特点,将影响麋鹿生境适宜度的因素分为非生物因子、生物因子和干扰因子,运用麋鹿的生物学、生态学研究成果,对我国麋鹿生境适宜度评价指标进行了探讨。在众多影响麋鹿生存的因子中,植被、食物、水源、外界干扰、生境类型、生态安全等被确定为影响麋鹿生境适宜的主要评价因子,制定了麋鹿生境适宜度评估模型,并赋予了相应分值,可为我国麋鹿栖息地评价提供参考。     

大亮子河国家森林公园典型植物群落物种组成与结构调查

采用典型取样的方法,对大亮子河国家森林公园内9个主要森林类型植被群落的物种多样性进行了调查。结果表明：9种典型森林植被类型的空间分布结构特征明显,从主要乔木树种的空间聚集分布上可以看出,不同物种对生境具有不同的要求,它们的分布与生境紧密关联,以典型森林群落类型的垂直分布结构规律性突出。     

九龙山多脉青冈-鹅掌楸林演替过程种群生态位

浙江九龙山分布有珍稀濒危落叶树种为主要树种的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林。为探明这些落叶树种在常绿落叶阔叶混交林进展演替过程中生态位变化规律,选择该地区多脉青冈—鹅掌楸林演替过程中4个不同阶段的代表性群落,进展演替过程中,在群落垂直空间上常绿阔叶树不断挤压落叶阔叶树的生存空间,该地区常绿阔叶林顶极群落对珍稀濒危落叶树种是致危生境,不利于生物多样性保护。     

云龙天池自然保护区生物多样性特点及保护

位于云龙县境内的云龙天池自然保护区,其主要保护对象为以滇金丝猴为代表的珍稀濒危野生动植物资源及其栖息环境、天池湿地生态系统和以暖温性、寒温性针叶林为代表的原始森林生态系统。文章阐述了保护区动物、植物和植被类型多样性概况。评价其生物多样性特点,分析了生物多样性保护面临的主要威胁和限制因素,提出了社区共管、加强执法等管理措施。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化分析

生境丧失及破碎化是引起物种濒危和生物多样性降低的主要原因.基于地理信息系统和遥感技术,生成保护区丹顶鹤有无人为干扰下生境适宜性图,并选取一系列的景观格局指数,分析1992(2006年内保护区内丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化规律及其原因.结果表明,由于缺乏淡水来源,无论有无人为干扰,1999年丹顶鹤生境适宜性最差,适宜生境面积大量丧失,生境破碎化严重.14年来,保护区内的人为干扰不断加大,以道路干扰最为显著.人为干扰促使丹顶鹤生境质量下降,生境适宜性变得更差,并导致2006年生境适宜性劣于1992年.驱动保护区内丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化的主要影响因素是水源及人为活动.     

千岛湖生境片段化与生物多样性研究综述

生境片段化被认为是导致生物多样性丧失的主要因素之一。1959年因修建新安江水库大坝而形成的千岛湖是研究生境片段化和生物多样性保护的理想实验平台,吸引了国内外众多对千岛湖生境片段化研究感兴趣的生态学家和保护生物学家。基于10多年的研究,2015年5月在浙江淳安召开了"千岛湖生境片段化与生物多样性保护国际研讨会",对全球片段化研究领域内的热点科学问题进行了探讨,总结了千岛湖以往研究以及对未来的研究进行展望,进一步提升了千岛湖生境片段化与生物多样性保护研究的国际影响力。生境片段化研究中的核心问题之一是物种共存和群落聚集规律,以探讨片段化生境中生物多样性形成和维持的机制。迄今为止,在千岛湖库区已经开展鸟类、兽类、两栖爬行类、节肢动物和植物等群落和景观生物多样性的研究,并开展了千岛湖消落带植被重建的研究。随着动植物监测和研究的继续,千岛湖区域开展的科学研究工作将会得到全球更多的关注,并促进群落生态学和岛屿生物地理学等相关领域的发展。     

滇西北滇金丝猴栖息地景观格局分析及其破碎化评价

生境丧失及破碎化已成为生物多样性最主要的威胁之一,对物种栖息地的景观格局进行分析及对其破碎化进行评价显得十分必要.对滇金丝猴栖息地景观格局和破碎化进行分析评价,结果表明,包括滇金丝猴适宜生境在内的森林面积占整个研究区面积的2/3,是该地区的主导景观类型;研究区景观格局已表现出一定程度的景观破碎化.滇金丝猴适宜生境面积为308 212.44 hm2,占整个研究区面积的18.86%.目前滇金丝猴适宜生境的破碎化程度较低,但仍需控制适宜生境已出现的景观破碎化,并通过生境恢复及廊道重建等措施加强对滇金丝猴的保护.     

柏本低效防护林改造续期生境特点与土壤理水功能评价

柏本低效防护林改造续期生境特点与土壤理水功能评价周兰英，邓玉林（四川农业大学林学园艺学院）１前言生境是某地段森林类型各种自然因子的总和，包括气候、地形、地势、土壤、植被和生物因子等。对生境特点进行对比分析，同时分析防护林地土壤理水功能变化，目的在于充...     

Habitat selection of Guizhou golden monkey （Phinopithecus roxellanae brelichi）in Fanjing Mountain Biosphere Reserve, China

Guizhou golden monkey (Phinopithecus roxellanae brelichi) is a peculiar, rare and endangered species. It is distributed most narrowly and requires a rigorous habitat. In this study the habitats of Guizhou Golden Monkey were divided into three habitats: most suitable habitats, suitable habitats and marginally suitable habitats. The characteristics of the vegetation community, environmental factors and extreme environmental factors in the three habitats were systematically analyzed. The seasonal activity rule, activity area and the food characteristic of Guizhou golden monkey were also study at the same time. The results indicate that the evergreen and deciduous broadleaf mixed forest is the optimal living vegetation community for Guizhoug olden Monkey, and the suitable annual temperature is 8-15℃, the extremely lowest temperature is -2.5℃, the extremely highest temperature is 25℃, and the optimal living altitude is 1500-1700 m. In the same area, the higher the vegetation diversitythe more suitable it is for the life of Guizhou golden monkey. Temperature and food are the main habitat factors in determining the activity scope of the guizhou golden monkey community. The Altitude, temperature and the characteristics of the vegetation community are the main limitina factors for habitat selection.     

我国西南岩溶地区自然植被群落与小生境耦合关系研究

生境是植物生长的具体环境,而群落环境是有机体和生境共同作用的结果。关于岩溶地区植物对不同生境的利用已成为近年来研究的热点。文中系统地总结了岩溶地区小生境类型特征、不同石漠化等级、坡位等因素对自然植被群落分布特征的影响,结合前人研究成果进一步分析了岩溶地区不同生境条件、坡位以及石漠化等级下自然植被群落结构、优势种、物种多样性、生物量以及生活型谱结构的差异,以期为岩溶地区植被与生境耦合程度以及不同生境下植被资源的配置提供理论参考,对岩溶生态环境保护、石漠化防治和石漠化地区植被恢复具有重要意义。     

大兴安岭林区雪兔冬季生境选择研究

在冬季,雪兔在非生物环境因子的选择中,偏好山体的坡下位和谷底,坡向为阳坡,坡度较小及小于10 cm雪深的生境;在生物环境因子的选择中,偏好针阔混交林和灌丛、乔木株数较少、灌木低于2 m、灌丛隐蔽度为30%-60%、杂草高度小于50 cm和含有倒木的生境;冬季雪兔对生境选择是基于保存自身能量、获取食物和躲避天敌基础上的。     

Avian population and community processes in forest ecosystems: Long-term research in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Long-term studies in relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems, such as occur in many of the USFS’ Experimental Forests, provide valuable insight into bird population and community processes, information pertinent to forest management and bird conservation. Major findings from 40 years of research in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in north-central New Hampshire reviewed here show that the distributions and abundances of bird species are dynamic, even within well-developed and mature forests, and that species respond differently to habitat (vegetation) structure, food availability, and other features of the forest environment. At the local scale, bird population demography is most affected by factors that influence fecundity and recruitment, mainly food availability, weather, nest predators, and density dependent processes. Fecundity is strongly correlated with subsequent recruitment and is critical for maintaining breeding population size. Events in the non-breeding season, however, also influence the abundance and demography of breeding populations, indicating the need to assess factors operating throughout the species’ annual cycle. At the landscape scale, populations in temperate forests are spatially structured by each species’ response to habitat and environmental patterns, but also by social interactions such as competition and conspecific attraction. Settlement patterns and ultimately reproductive performance depend on habitat quality, based on vegetation structure, food availability and nest predator effects that vary across the landscape. Results from these long-term studies centered at Hubbard Brook provide a mechanistic understanding of avian population dynamics and community responses. The results provide a framework for predicting how future changes in habitat quality, climate, and other environmental threats may influence bird populations and communities in north-temperate forests.     

梵净山国家级自然保护区植被分布与黔金丝猴生境选择

以2004年6月份的SPOT 5 遥感影像为基础,结合野外调查数据,运用ERDAS软件对梵净山自然保护区的植被进行遥感解译,分辨出7种植被类型。然后应用ARCGIS软件进行数据合成,获得保护区各植被类型的分布范围及其他相关信息。对黔金丝猴在各种植被类型中的出现频率进行统计,结果指出中山常绿、落叶阔叶混交林和低山常绿阔叶林是黔金丝猴主要选择的植被类型。这一结果可为梵净山自然保护区的规划、管理和黔金丝猴的保护提供科学依据。     

基于MAXENT生态位模型对内蒙古根河地区驼鹿生境适宜性评价

2013～2015年冬季,综合运用动物生态调查、种群生态学和行为生态学等技术,在内蒙古根河林业局共布设71条长约2～4 km样线、调查313个10 m×10 m样方、1 489个2 m×2 m样方、共收集117份粪便,373个驼鹿出现点数据。利用驼鹿出现数据作为分布点数据,选取地形、植被类型等22种因子作为生境变量,利用MAXENT生态位模型分析了深冬时期根河地区驼鹿冬季生境适宜性分布特征和主要生境因子对驼鹿分布的影响。结果表明:模型预测结果准确性较高,平均AUC(area under the curve,受试工作者曲线下面值)值为0.92,Jackknife检验结果显示:驼鹿生境选择的主要影响因子为距道路距离、距火烧迹地距离、距农田距离、海拔、柳、距沼泽距离、距人为活动点距离、距灌丛距离。驼鹿的适宜生境在根河地区呈现连续性分布,主要分布在东部和东北部,从植被类型上看,适宜生境大部分分布于针叶林,且适宜生境的面积为1 155.8 km^2,约占根河研究区总面积的25.6%。     

滇金丝猴的生境适应对策

滇金丝猴是我国特有的灵长类之一,分布于金沙江和澜沧江间云岭山脉的一个狭小区域内。文章基于前人对不同地理种群的滇金丝猴生态方面的研究结果的分析比较,从食性、季节性垂直迁移、家域利用和日行走距离方面讨论滇金丝猴的生境适应对策,并分析了其生境适应的生态学特性对物种保护的意义。     

Relationships between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia ordosica</Emphasis> communities and environmental factors following sand-dune stabilization in the Mu Us desert,northwest China

Artemisia ordosica is an excellent sand-fixing shrub for sand stabilization in northwestern China. Sand dune stabilization, a critically important process, leads changes in abiotic factors, such as soil structure and nutrient contents. However, the effects of factors on an A. ordosica community following sand stabilization remain unclear. In this study, we used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to examine the relationships between A. ordosica communities and environmental factors at three habitats: semi-fixed dune (SF), fixed dune with low-coverage biological soil crust (F), and fixed dune with high-coverage biological soil crust (FC) in Mu Us desert. The mean height and coverage of plants increased with sand stabilization, while species diversity and richness increased initially and then reduced significantly. Correlation analysis and CCA revealed that slope, soil organic carbon, and nutrient contents, proportion of fine soil particles, soil moisture, and thickness of biological soil crust were all highly correlated with vegetation characteristics. These environmental factors could explain 40.42 % of the vegetation–environment relationships at the three habitats. The distribution of plant species was positively related to soil moisture in the SF dune. Soil moisture, soil nutrient, and fine-particle contents mainly affected plants distribution in the F dune. In the FC dune, distribution of plant species was positively and negatively correlated with the thickness of biological soil crust and soil moisture at a depth 0–20 cm, respectively. The dominance value of typical steppe species increased significantly following sand-dune stabilization and relations between species and samples in CCA ordination bi-plots showed that perennial grasses could invade the A. ordosica community on FC, indicating A. ordosica communities had a tendency to change into typical steppe vegetation with the further fixation. We conclude that the significant differentiation not only occurred in community characteristics, but also in the relationships between vegetation and environmental factors among the three stages of dune fixation. So, restoration of degraded dune ecosystems should be based on habitat conditions and ecological needs.     

四川省白河自然保护区川金丝猴生境评价

2005-2006年综合应用地理信息系统、全球定位系统、遥感技术对四川白河自然保护区内川金丝猴的栖息地进行监测评价.结果表明:在不考虑人为干扰的情况下,保护区内川金丝猴的最适宜栖息地面积为20.079 4 km2,占保护区总面积的12.39%;适宜栖息地面积为18.152 2 km2,占保护区总面积的11.20%;勉强适宜栖息地面积为64.439 3 km2,占保护区总面积的39.77%;不适宜栖息地面积为59.509 1 km2,占保护区总面积的36.72%.由于放牧、采药的影响,川金丝猴的适宜栖息地大面积丧失.在川金丝猴的实际栖息地内,最适宜栖息地面积为5.811 9 km2,仅占保护区总面积的3.59%;适宜栖息地面积为8.072 1 km2,占保护区总面积的4.98%;勉强适宜栖息地面积为46.920 4 km2,占保护区总面积的28.96%;而不适宜栖息地面积为101.235 6 km2,占保护区总面积的62.48%.     

Invertebrate abundance in different forest habitats as animal food available to capercaillie Tetrao urogallus chicks

Invertebrate abundance was estimated in 1981 and 1982 by sweep‐netting at twelve forest vegetation types in Vegårshei, Southern Norway. Invertebrates are expected to be a major determinant of habitat quality to gallinaceous birds, since animal food is considered essential to young chicks. The twelve fixed stations were chosen to illustrate poor and rich habitats and a gradient from bog to forest habitat. Rich vegetation types also had the highest abundance of invertebrates mainly due to moist and heavy soils. A comparison between a clear‐cutting and a similar vegetation type not logged, showed strong reduction in invertebrate availability after cutting. The influence of this alteration on availability of the capercaillie Tetrao urogallus chicks’ food is discussed.