香樟8个无性系叶绿素荧光特征比较

应用叶绿素荧光测定技术分别测定香樟8个无性系的叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:无性系Pc-2、Pc-1、Pc-706的叶绿素仪测定值(SPAD)、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(QY)等值均高于其它5个无性系,非光化学猝灭系数(npq)相对较低,这3个无性系具有较好的光合生理功能,是城市绿化的优良树种。相关分析表明:Fv、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、QY、qp、ΦPSⅡ与SPAD值呈正相关,npq与SPAD值及其它荧光参数均呈负相关。     

灰水胁迫对八宝景天叶绿素荧光参数的影响研究

以八宝景天为试验材料,以含有两种不同洗涤剂灰水为试验水源,研究了植株的叶片叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:灰水胁迫对八宝景天的叶绿素荧光参数影响较小,PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的实际光能转换效率(Fv′/Fm′)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)的变化幅度不大,电子传递速率(ETR)的波动范围相对其他参数较大。在两种灰水胁迫下,八宝景天的叶绿素荧光参数的总趋势呈上升状态,表明灰水胁迫对植株影响甚小,未抑制其正常生长。     

水分胁迫下柚木叶绿素荧光动力学特性

以柚木(Tectona grandis)1年生苗为材料,对柚木盆栽苗自然干旱胁迫下叶绿素、荧光参数等进行了研究。结果表明:水分胁迫引起柚木相对叶绿素含量下降,随着水分胁迫的加剧,其荧光参数的变化规律不同,柚木的Fo(初始荧光)值总体呈上升的趋势;Fm(最大荧光)和Fv(可变荧光)值呈持续下降的趋势,Fv/Fm(PSII最大光化学量子产量)、Fv/Fo(PSII潜在活性)和Fm/Fo(PSII捕获激发能的效率)值呈升-降的变化趋势。表明柚木在一定水分胁迫时间内,其光能转换效率没有受到影响,之后才被抑制,光合作用下降,PSⅡ利用光能的能力下降,PSⅡ捕获激发能和PSⅡ的潜在活性的效率最终抑制。     

铝对蚕豆叶绿素荧光和叶绿素含量影响探讨

指出了酸雨及铝工业发展导致的铝毒害是限制植物生长的重要影响因子。选取蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)为材料,测定了不同浓度Al~(3+)胁迫下蚕豆生长发育,叶绿素荧光动力学参数、光合色素含量。结果表明:Al~(3+)胁迫抑制蚕豆幼苗生长,随着处理时间的延长和处理浓度的增加,Al~(3+)毒害现象加重。蚕豆幼苗根系受Al~(3+)毒害程度大于茎叶。Al~(3+)胁迫对蚕豆叶片的色素含量和叶片的潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fm)影响不大。低浓度Al~(3+)(10μM)胁迫对叶绿素荧光参数的影响较小,高浓度Al~(3+)(100 M)胁迫则明显降低了叶片实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR),PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Fv′/Fm′)也降低,同时非光化学淬灭系数(qN)上升。     

3种引种杨树和3种乡土杨树苗叶的光合特性比较

在自然条件下,测定了3种引种杨树和3种乡土杨树苗木叶片的光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数。3种引种杨树为芬兰山杨A21、芬兰山杨16、加杨,3种乡土杨树为小青杨、小叶杨、兴安杨。其测定结果表明,3种引种杨树苗叶的净光合速率(Pn)显著高于3种乡土杨树,同时蒸腾速率(E)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)的平均值也高于3种乡土杨树的苗叶。从而说明3种引种杨树的光合能力较强,对吸收的光能和水分的利用效率较高。3种引种杨树苗叶的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ光能捕获效率(F′v/F′m)、稳定荧光(Fs)、光适应下最小荧光产量(F′o)、最大荧光产量(F′m)的平均值均高于3种乡土杨树,3种引种杨树的可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光之比(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)的平均值均低于3种乡土杨树。相关分析表明,Pn与Tr、Tr与Ci、Fm与Fo、Fv/Fo与Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ与Fo均呈极显著正相关(P0.01);ΦPSⅡ与Fm、F′v/F′m与Fv/Fo呈显著正相关(P0.05);Fv/Fo与Fo、Fv/Fm与Fo、NPQ与Fv/Fm、NPQ与Fv/Fo均呈极显著负相关(P0.01);qP与F′v/F′m呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

5种红山茶叶绿素荧光特性的比较研究

在大四条件下，通过对五种红山茶的叶绿素荧光特性研究，结果表明，不同亚组、同一亚组不同系之间的叶绿素荧光参数值存在差异．且亚组间大于亚组内。初始荧光(FO)、最大荧光(Fm)、RSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv／Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Yield／ΦPSⅡ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)的日变化与光强有关．其中，Fm、Fv／Fm、Yield随光强的变化呈相同的变化趋势，呈单谷曲线；而ETR则相反呈单峰曲线；FO呈双峰曲线。不同树种的荧光参数日变化幅度存在差异。     

不同氮素水平对桔梗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪PAM-2500测定不同氮素水平下桔梗叶片叶绿素荧光参数。测定结果表明:每次施N量为0.075 g·kg-1、每个月施用1次、连续施用4次,桔梗叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)达到最小值,PSⅡ最大量子产量(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均达最大值,最适宜桔梗的生长,施氮量过高或过低均会抑制桔梗的生长。     

5种箬竹属竹种叶绿素荧光特性的比较

利用叶绿素荧光成像技术研究了5种箬竹属（Indocalamus Nakai）竹种叶片光合作用的横向异质性,结果表明,吸光系数Abs、PSⅡ最大量子产量Fv/Fm、光化学淬灭qP的异质性较低,非光化学淬灭NPQ的异质性较高。比较稳态荧光和荧光日变化,胜利箬竹的Fv/Fm、PSⅡ实际量子产量Yield、相对电子传递速率ETR都保持相对较高水平,矮箬竹和小叶箬竹则较低。     

不同强度干旱胁迫对巨龙竹光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性影响

植物可以通过减少色素和捕光色素复合体Ⅱ的含量来降低叶片对光能的捕获。土壤水分胁迫会影响叶绿素的生物合成,促进已合成的叶绿素分解,使其含量降低,这可能是土壤水分胁迫下植物体内产生的多种活性氧使光合色素发生降解所致。为研究持续干旱对巨龙竹叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响,以巨龙竹幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟自然持续干旱,测定叶绿素荧光参数及叶绿素含量,并对其抗旱性进行综合分析。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,巨龙竹叶片叶绿素含量、最大荧光(Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)均降低;初始荧光(Fo),说明干旱胁迫伤害了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ),使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)降低,光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程受到抑制,起光保护作用的热耗散提高。     

模拟酸雨对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究模拟酸雨(pH 2.5、pH 3.0)对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:酸雨6 h胁迫引起假俭草PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ФPSⅡ)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)下降,pH 2.5处理比pH 3.0处理的下降幅度大;酸雨处理停止24 h后, Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、qP、ФPSⅡ、ETR、NPQ回升;酸雨处理停止48 h后,回升至接近对照.研究还表明,利用非损伤的叶绿素荧光技术可快速检测草对环境因子变化的响应.     

马尾松苗木叶绿素荧光参数及相对水分亏缺测定

对广东信宜、浙江江山、湖南汝城、重庆黔江和湖北大悟等5个种源的马尾松苗木进行干旱胁迫处理,并测定其叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值及相对水分亏缺。结果表明:大部分种源马尾松苗木叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值在中度或重度干旱胁迫下低于对照,相对水分亏缺在中度或重度干旱胁迫下高于对照,均表现出积极的抗旱反应。     

Photosynthetic response of white spruce families to drought stress

In the context of climate change, an increased frequency of drought stresses might occur at a regional scale in boreal forests. To assess photosynthetic responses to drought treatment, seedlings of 12 open-pollinated families of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) differing in their growth performance were grown in a controlled environment. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as shoot xylem water potential (WP) were measured for 21 successive days after watering was stopped. Net photosynthesis decreased as stomatal conductance decreased. Net photosynthesis was not affected by drought until WP reached –2.0 MPa when stomata were closed. Initial fluorescence (F and basic fluorescence after induction (F00) were not affected by drought. A progressive decrease in maximal (Fm) and variable fluorescences (Fv), maximum photosystem II (PS II) efficiency (Fv = Fm), effective quantum yield of PS II (FII), photochemical efficiency of open PS II (Fp), and photochemical quenching (qP) was observed at WP < - 1.0 MPa, whereas non-photochemical quenching (qN) remained high throughout the drought treatment. White spruce families with inferior growth performance showed higher values of Fm, Fv, Fv = Fm, Fp, and qN at WP< - 2.0MPa. The results indicated that chlorophyll fluorescence variables can be used as drought markers in relation to present or predicted climate conditions. These could be used for selecting planting stock adapted to drought periods or dry environments. These markers showed that slow-growing genotypes are better adapted to drought conditions than intermediate or fast-growing genotypes in present and predicted drought conditions.     

模拟酸雨对两种针叶植物气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为试验材料,通过盆栽的方法,研究了重度酸雨处理、中度酸雨处理和酸雨对照处理对这两种针叶植物叶片叶绿素相对含量、气体交换参数以及叶绿素荧光特性等的影响.结果表明:在pH4.0时,酸雨胁迫对马尾松和杉木幼苗的地径生长有一定的促进;在不同酸雨处理下,马尾松幼苗的最大净光合速率从大到小依次是pH5.6>pH4.0>pH2.5;杉木幼苗的最大净光合速率从大到小依次是pH2.5>pH4.0>pH5.6,说明这2种植物幼苗的光合能力受到影响;Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo随着酸雨酸度的增加而减小,变化趋势是pH5.6>pH4.0>pH2.5,说明在pH 2.5的酸雨胁迫下,两种针叶植物幼苗叶片受到胁迫,叶绿素分子捕获激发能的效率和PSⅡ潜在活性有所降低.     

Excitation energy partitioning and quenching during cold acclimation in Scots pine

We studied the influence of two irradiances on cold acclimation and recovery of photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings to assess mechanisms for quenching the excess energy captured by the photosynthetic apparatus. A shift in temperature from 20 to 5 degrees C caused a greater decrease in photosynthetic activity, measured by chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution, in plants exposed to moderate light (350 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) than in shaded plants (50 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). In response to the temperature shift, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), measured as the ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of dark-adapted samples, decreased to 70% in exposed seedlings, whereas shaded seedlings maintained Fv/Fm close to initial values. After a further temperature decrease to -5 degrees C, only 8% of initial Fv/Fm remained in exposed plants, whereas shaded plants retained 40% of initial Fv/Fm. Seven days after transfer from -5 to 20 degrees C, recovery of photochemical efficiency was more complete in the shaded plants than in the exposed plants (87 and 65% of the initial Fv/Fm value, respectively). In response to cold stress, the estimated functional absorption cross section per remaining PSII reaction center increased at both irradiances, but the increase was more pronounced in exposed seedlings. Estimates of energy partitioning in the needles showed a much higher dissipative component in the exposed seedlings at low temperatures, pointing to stronger development of non-photochemical quenching at moderate irradiances. The de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments increased in exposed seedlings at 5 degrees C, contributing to the quenching capacity, whereas significant de-epoxidation in the shaded plants was observed only when temperatures decreased to -5 degrees C. Thermoluminescence (TL) measurements of PSII revealed that charge recombinations between the second oxidation state of Mn-cluster S2 and the semireduced secondary electron acceptor quinone Q(B)- (S2Q(B)-) were shifted to lower temperatures in cold-acclimated seedlings compared with control seedlings and this effect depended on irradiance. Concomitant with this, cold-acclimated seedlings demonstrated a significant shift in the S2 recombination with primary acceptor Q(A)- (S2Q(A)-) characteristic TL emission peak to higher temperatures, thus narrowing the redox potential gap between S2Q(B)- and S2Q(A)-, which might result in increased probability for non-radiative radical pair recombination between the PSII reaction center chlorophyll a (P680+) and Q(A)- (P680+)Q(A)-) (reaction center quenching) in cold-acclimated seedlings. In Scots pine seedlings, mechanisms of quenching excess light energy in winter therefore involve light-dependent regulation of reaction center content and both reaction center-based and antenna-based quenching of excess light energy, enabling them to withstand high excitation pressure under northern winter conditions.     

干旱胁迫对杨树气体交换与荧光参数的影响

以白杨派和黑杨派杨树的盆栽苗为试材,分析了不同干旱胁迫程度对5个杨树的气体交换参数与荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fmv/Fms)的影响,并对不同树种的耐旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明:①5种杨树净光合速率与蒸腾速率均随苗木叶水势的下降而呈明显下降趋势;在水分胁迫初期,欧洲黑杨和银白杨的净光合速率呈现明显的上升趋势。②在中度干旱胁迫前,5个供试杨树的水分利用效率大部分随叶水势的下降有增大现象。③不同树种的Fv/Fm随叶水势降低总体上呈逐渐下降趋势。④与Fv/Fm相比,Fmv/Fms能更直接地反映光合机构的实际光能捕获能力。⑤当苗木叶水势为-1.5 MPa时,5个树种耐旱性的综合评价结果为:转Bt基因欧洲黑杨>欧洲黑杨>银白杨>银灰杨为欧洲山杨,综合指数评价结果与采用单一指标中的水分利用效率完全一致,与净光合速率相近;水分利用效率证明是一种较为可靠的树种耐旱性评价指标。     

Chilling-dependent photoinhibition,nutrition and growth analysis of Eucalyptus nitens seedlings during establishment

Effects of chilling-dependent photoinhibition on gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, growth and nutrition of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden seedlings were assessed for 70 weeks after transplanting 9-month-old seedlings in early winter. One month before transplanting, the seedlings were assigned to fertilized or nutrient-deprived treatments. Immediately after transplanting, half the seedlings in each nutrient treatment were placed in shadecloth tree shelters. The experimental site was at an altitude of 700 m, which is considered marginal for the establishment of E. nitens plantations in Tasmania because of low mean annual minimum temperatures. Overnight frosts followed by sunny morning conditions in the first 20 weeks after transplanting (early June to early October) caused severe photoinhibition. Predawn maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and maximum net photosynthesis (Amax) were depressed in nutrient-deprived seedlings compared with fertilized seedlings, although shading partially alleviated this difference. Neither Fv/Fm nor Amax recovered to values observed before transplanting until > 20 weeks after transplanting. During this period, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was high in seedlings in all treatments, although NPQ was lower in shaded, fertilized seedlings than in seedlings in the other treatments. Total foliar nitrogen (N) concentration increased up to 42 weeks after transplanting in the nutrient-deprived seedlings in parallel with increasing relative growth rate (RGR). Fractionation of N- and phosphorus (P)-containing compounds indicated that differences in protein N accounted for the treatment differences in total seedling N. Nucleic acid P increased and inorganic P decreased during growth periods, although total seedling P remained constant. Among treated seedlings, height growth was greatest in shaded seedlings: this was probably a result of apical dominance effects because RGR was higher in unshaded seedlings than in shaded seedlings. Thus, the shade treatment alleviated chilling-dependent photoinhibition and maximized growth during winter, but limited growth during warmer periods and therefore overall growth.     

我国南方松树杂交育种研究进展及发展趋势

经过近 30年的努力 ,广东、广西松树杂交育种和引种方面取得了较为显著的成果。选育的 PEE× PCC F1具有母本湿地松的树干通直圆满、抗风力强、分枝习性好、耐水渍和父本加勒比松的速生、树皮薄等优点。除适应性广 ,材质好外 ,其遗传增益比亲本增加 30 %以上。本文详细介绍我国南方松树杂交育种研究进展状况 ,阐明了杂交松研究今后的发展趋势     

不同种源香椿芽菜品质分析及光合特性比较

通过田间试验,以国内不同产区的9个种源的香椿1年生实生苗为试验材料,对芽菜品质进行了分析比较,测定了芽菜采摘后不同种源香椿苗木的光合特性指标。试验结果表明:(1)不同种源香椿芽菜的感官品质、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、Vc含量存在极显著差异,游离氨基酸含量存在显著差异,济南、成都和泰安种源的芽菜品质较佳。(2)不同种源香椿的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和Fv/Fm存在极显著差异,叶绿素相对浓度存在显著差异,泰安、济南、栾川、旬阳4个种源的香椿生长速度最快;(3)芽菜采摘时的一些品质指标与芽菜采摘后植株的光合特性指标存在一定的相关关系,不同种源香椿芽菜的感官品质与Vc含量、采摘后植株叶片的Fv/Fm存在显著的负相关关系,可溶性蛋白质含量与采摘后植株叶片的叶绿素浓度存在显著的正相关关系,游离氨基酸含量与采摘后植株叶片的Ci存在显著的负相关关系。     

三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳对镉胁迫的光合响应

镉是一种植物非必需元素,以毒性强、在土壤-植物系统中移动性大等特点受到广泛关注,它在生物圈中通常给生物带来有害的生态效应。土壤中过量的镉会引起植物的许多胁迫症状,研究表明:叶镉浓度超过5～10mg·kg-1(干质量)时对大多数植物都是有害的(Whiteetal.,2010);镉能抑制叶绿素的生物合成并导致叶绿素含量的下降和不同色素     

4个品种核桃砧木幼苗干旱生理响应及抗旱性评价

【目的】对4个品种核桃砧木幼苗进行抗旱性评价,旨在筛选适合干旱、半干旱核桃产区的优良抗旱核桃砧木。【方法】以4个常用核桃砧木品种为试材,研究干旱对其盆栽幼苗生长速率、水分利用效率、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用模糊数学隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合评价。【结果】干旱条件下,核桃砧木幼苗间存在显著的品种间差异,其中,‘鸡爪绵’的相对生长速率(R)、长期水分利用效率(R_LWUE)、净光合速率(P_n)和光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)最高,分别为0.92 mg/d、70.24 g/L、15.22 μmol/(m^2·s)和0.79。干旱显著降低了核桃砧木幼苗的R、P_n和F_v/F_m,其中‘鸡爪绵’的降低幅度最小,分别为30.30%、22.78%和7.06%。干旱显著提高了核桃砧木幼苗的R_LWUE和瞬时水分利用效率(R_IWUE)。‘核桃楸’的R_LWUE增幅最大,为16.20%,其次是‘鸡爪绵’,为15.70%。‘鸡爪绵’的R_IWUE增幅最大,为16.61%。‘鸡爪绵’‘香玲’‘核桃楸’和‘黑核桃’的隶属函数平均值分别为0.99、0.68、0.48和0.07,表明核桃砧木幼苗抗旱性存在较大的品种间差异。【结论】‘鸡爪绵’和‘香玲’抗旱性强,且种子易获得,适合在干旱半干旱地区广泛应用,‘黑核桃’和‘核桃楸’抗旱性弱,且种子较难获得,不适宜在干旱地区应用。