不同种源柔枝松组织培养苗移栽后的成活率及生长情况比较

对5种不同种源柔枝松经过组织培养后获得组培苗,之后选取长势良好的健壮组培苗100株进行炼苗并移栽,分别在移栽1、3、5个月后对苗木成活率及苗木生长情况进行调查。综合以上调查结果得出:柔枝松1成活率较高、苗高最高、地径最大、主根最长、侧根数量最多,为适应性最强的种源。     

Climate impacts on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) radial growth in a provenance experiment

A potentially confounding radial-growth interaction exists at the intersection of two well-known principles, one in the field of dendrochronology and the other in quantitative genetics. From a dendrochronology perspective, tree populations growing in climatically marginal environments are expected to be more sensitive to seasonal and annual climate than those growing in optimal climate zones. From a genetics perspective, marginal populations may be adapted to grow a small amount each year and then shut down to prevent climate-induced mortality, or they may be adapted to respond to favourable climate conditions when available. We examined the relative strength of these forces using data from 12 populations of 34-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) trees growing in 16 provenance-trial sites in western Canada. Growth generally correlated positively with annual temperature and negatively with summer aridity. The sensitivity of radial-growth to interannual climate fluctuations was both site and provenance-related, with the highest sensitivities occurring among populations from warm, central provenances growing at cold, marginal sites, and among populations from cold, marginal provenances growing at warm, central sites. The correlations between climate and growth varied regionally; notably, populations from warm provenances growing at warm sites responded more strongly to summer aridity, while populations from cold provenances growing at warm sites responded more to annual temperature. Our finding that sensitivity varied among populations growing under similar climate conditions indicates that sensitivity is influenced by genetics as well as by site climate, but the regional specificity of the growth responses did not support a single hypothesis for the influence of genetics on growth among populations from marginal vs. central locations. Implications of our study for forest productivity under climate change are more positive for trees growing in cool locations, where overall warmer temperatures will lead to increased growth, than in warm locations, where the negative effects of arid summers may counteract the positive effects of warmer annual temperatures.     

木荷地理种源苗期性状遗传变异研究

对采自6省(区)37个木荷种源种子进行了苗期试验,结果表明：木荷种源间苗高、地径、生物量有着极显著的差异,且有较高的广义遗传力。木荷苗高生长以8-9月份为速生期,这时期的生长占年生长的50％～56％,苗高和地径生长与纬度呈极显著负相关,说明通过木荷种源选择,能取得较好的效果,并初步筛选出广东开平、阳山、韶关,福建华安,江西上犹等苗期生长表现突出的种源。     

Abiotic factors limiting photosynthesis in Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii seedlings below and above the alpine timberline

Most research on the occurrence and stability of alpine timberlines has focused on correlations between adult tree growth and mean temperatures rather than on specific mechanisms. Timberline migration to higher altitude is dependent on new seedling establishment in the tree-line ecotone; however, reductions in photosynthetic carbon gain in establishing seedlings have previously been interpreted solely in terms of decreased seedling survival. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of abiotic factors (temperature, light and water) on photosynthetic carbon gain in young seedlings of the two dominant conifer tree species occurring naturally above (tree-line ecotone site, TS) and below (forest site, FS) a Rocky Mountain timberline in southeastern Wyoming, USA. Coincidentally, measurements were made during an unusually dry summer. Mean daily photosynthesis in seedlings of both Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (subalpine fir) and Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (Engelmann spruce) was less at TS than at FS (19 and 29%, respectively). Minimum nighttime temperatures below 2 degrees C were more frequent at TS than at FS and were associated with reduced maximum photosynthesis the following day. Low midday water potentials were associated with a reduction in carbon gain at both sites early in the season, prior to snowmelt, as well as late in the season when soils began to dry. However, the lower photosynthetic rates at TS than at FS appeared to be unrelated to seedling water status because seedlings at both sites had similar xylem pressure potentials. Solar irradiance was highly variable at both sites as a result of uneven shading by neighboring trees, although this variation was substantially reduced on cloudy days (44% of all days observed). Compared with sunny days, cloudy days resulted in greater integrated daily carbon gain at both sites (41% increase at TS and 69% increase at FS), based on a simulated photosynthesis model. Photosynthetic responses to temperature, sunlight and water suggest that variable solar irradiance and nighttime temperatures were major abiotic factors limiting photosynthetic carbon acquisition in these young seedlings, especially for seedlings growing in the tree-line ecotone.     

Early growth differentiation among Prosopis flexuosa D.C. provenances from the Monte phytogeographic province,Argentina

Early-growth differentiation among seven provenances of Prosopis flexuosa (algarrobo dulce) from the Monte phytogeographic province, Argentina, was studied by comparing their height growth; whole-seedling dry mass gain; allocation to root, stem and leaves; leaf number and leaf area in a common garden. Differentiation among provenances was detected for all the seedling characters examined except leaf number. Family variation within provenances was significant for height growth and leaf number. Variation on the provenance level was related to the elevation, geographic location, and some abiotic conditions of the seed source such as mean annual temperature and frost free period. Latitudinal clines were evident for almost all the growth traits. They were more pronounced for height and aboveground mass, and moderate for total plant mass and leaf area per plant. In addition, a good correspondence in growth traits between young seedlings and older trees of this species (studied by others authors) was also assessed. This fact would permit an early selection and genetic advances in the short term in breeding programs.     

Genetic variation in seed and seedling traits in 12 African provenances of Faidherbia albida (del.) A. Chev. at Lodwar, Kenya

The extent of genetic variation in seed length, width, thickness, weight and germination percentage and seedling traits among and within 12 African provenances of Faidherbia albida was examined. The regional provenances showed a consistent variation in seed length, seed width and seed weight: the southern African provenances had the largest seeds and west African provenances the smallest. Seedling height, stem collar diameter and true leaf number differed (P = 0.05) among the provenances 90 days after germination. The seedlings from west Africa were shorter, had smaller stem collar diameter and fewer leaves. In contrast, the southern and east African provenances had taller seedlings with bigger seedling diameter and more leaves per seedling. Seedling traits did not show clear-cut divisions between southern and east African provenances, but the west African provenances formed a distinct group. Positive correlations were found in some of the seed characteristics and seedling height among provenances, which could be an important criterion for early provenance selection. Greater variation was observed for seed and seedling traits among than within provenances suggesting that selection among provenances might result in rapid genetic gain for the traits studied. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同种源及育苗基质的马尾松容器苗培育试验

在滇东南、滇中广大区域引种马尾松收到较好效果的前提下,开展了不同种源及育苗基质的马尾松容器苗育苗试验。通过试验评选出广西田阳、宁明两个较佳的马尾松种源,用这两种源的种子培育出的1年生马尾松容器苗,其苗高超过其他参试种源的23.1%~71.2%;通过试验还评选出了天然菌根土这一较佳的马尾松容器苗的育苗基质。其0.5年生苗木的生长量提高5%以上。以此得出了优良种源和优质育苗基质相结合培育马尾松容器苗的较佳组合。     

Tree-root influence on soil physical conditions, seedling establishment and natural thinning of Acacia seyal var. seyal on clays of Central Sudan

Acacia seyal is an important component of the agrosilvopastoral systems of the Sahelian zone of Africa. The relationships between lateral spreading of the tree roots and the establishment of the understorey vegetation are, however, little understood. The effect of the tree roots on soil bulk density, soil moisture content and understorey vegetation was studied in the Central Clay Plains of the Sudan. Three study sites were included: a forest, a-two-year-old logged-over area and a-one-year-old abandoned farm, and these sites were distributed over three different geographical locations. Roots of trees, tree seedlings and annual herbs were concentrated in the top 70 cm of soil, possibly due to compacted soil and the confinement of rain water in this layer. Soil bulk density at the 60 to90 cm layer was high in forest, low in logged-over and intermediate in farm. Soil moisture content varied in the reverse order. The low soil moisture content and the high soil bulk density reduced seedling survival. Abundant Acacia seyal seeds germinated and grew during the rainy season. During the first dry season, however, 86% of seedlings of forest died, whereas only 11% of logged-over and 14% of farm died; canopy shading did not seem to affect seedling survival. Tree seedlings and agricultural crops are not able to compete with the A. seyal trees for soil resources but appear to benefit from the ameliorated soil texture, structure and fertility following tree felling. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A leaf phosphorus assay for seedlings of Acacia mangium

Concentrations of extractable and total phosphorus in leaves, stem, root and nodules of 12-week-old seedlings of two provenances of Acacia mangium Willd. were analyzed to identify the fraction of phosphorus and the plant part most suitable for predicting the phosphorus nutritional status of the seedlings.For both provenances, concentrations of extractable phosphorus were more sensitive to changes in soil phosphorus status and varied less among different plant parts than concentrations of total phosphorus. Concentrations of extractable phosphorus in the youngest fully expanded leaf (Leaf 3 from the apex) and the next two older leaves correlated closely with seedling dry mass and may be used to assess the phosphorus nutritional status of Acacia mangium seedlings.     

南方红豆杉苗木性状种源分化和育苗环境对苗木生长的影响

利用来自10个省区27个产地的南方红豆杉种子在福建明溪和浙江淳安2个地点开展种源苗期遗传测定,系统研究苗木生长、苗高生长参数、根系特征和干物质积累等性状的种源差异及育苗环境对种源苗木生长的影响.研究结果显示:南方红豆杉苗高、地径和侧枝数存在显著的种源差异.基于苗高生长参数分析表明:种源苗高的增加主要是由于线性生长量、最高生长速率和线性生长速率的提高,而不是由于线性生长期的延长.相对于其它树种,南方红豆杉线性生长速率虽较小,但线性生长期较长.试验虽然未发现根系形态、干物质积累量的种源差异达到统计学上的显著水平,但这些性状的种源绝对值却相差较大,达20%以上.育苗环境对南方红豆杉种源生长影响较大,良好的水热资源和庇荫条件将显著促进苗木的高、径生长.苗木生长性状存在显著的种源与地点互作,但种源与遮阳处理的互作却很小.不同育苗地点南方红豆杉苗高和地径呈现出的地理变异模式是不同的:在福建明溪点,种源苗木高、径生长与产地的地理气候因子相关性较小,苗期速生种源不仅有来自自然分布区偏东部和偏北部的种源,而且还有来自偏南部和偏西部的种源;在浙江淳安点,来自偏东部和偏北部的种源苗高生长量较大,而来自偏南部和偏西部的种源生长则较慢,类似于作者对南方红豆杉有限分布区种源试验的已有研究结果.     

干旱胁迫对不同种源马尾松苗木生长的影响

对广东信宜、浙江江山、湖南汝城、重庆黔江和湖北大悟5个种源马尾松容器苗进行不同程度干旱周期性胁迫处理,测定和分析干旱胁迫对各种源马尾松苗木生长的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,各种源马尾松苗木生长均受到抑制,中度胁迫和重度胁迫下的苗高增长量、地上部分干重、地下部分干重、总干重均低于对照。胁迫后期,各种源生长指标的变化幅度不一致。综合分析得出:湖南、湖北、广东种源较为耐旱;浙江、重庆种源耐旱能力较弱。     

不同俄罗斯种源欧洲垂枝桦播种苗的生长比较研究

以引进俄罗斯不同种源欧洲垂枝桦为材料,对其播种苗生长进行了系统比较研究。结果表明:不同种源欧洲垂枝桦播种苗生长具有极显著的差异,其地径和苗高的生长量大小依次为新西伯利亚种源>巴尔瑙尔种源>阿尔泰种源>对照种源;模糊综合评价法分析表明,不同种源欧洲垂枝桦播种苗生长量排序依次为新西伯利亚种源>巴尔瑙尔种源>阿尔泰种源>对照种源,新西伯利亚种源是不同种源欧洲垂枝桦播种苗中综合生长量最大的一个种源。     

闽楠种源苗期生长性状地理变异研究

为研究不同产地闽楠（Phoebe bournei）幼苗生长性状的变异规律及其与地理、气候因子的关系,以来源于6个省区的12个种源的种子培育的幼苗为试验材料。研究分析了闽楠幼苗苗高、地径、生物量等性状的种源差异,苗期生长性状与种源产地气候或与地理因子间的相关性以及各性状的相关性。结果表明：参试种源间生长差异显著,这些差异主要由遗传因素制约;地径、地下生物量与经度呈显著负相关关系,地径与海拔呈显著正相关关系;各观测性状与无霜期呈显著或极显著相关关系;苗木苗高、地径、生物量等性状之间呈显著或极显著相关关系。根据聚类分析结果,供试的12个种源可划分为优、良、中、差4类,其中广西、贵州种源具有较明显的生长优势。综合分析结果表显示：闽楠各种源间存在明显的遗传分化,地理隔离导致幼苗的生长性状变异丰富,西南地区种源普遍生长较好。     

杉木苗期抗寒性的遗传变异和家系选择

近20年来,我国杉木遗传改良工作进展很快,但杉木育种目标多局限于速生丰产,过于单一。目前杉木的栽培区域不断从中心产区向边缘产区扩展延伸,出现了对不良气候、土壤条件的适应性问题。例如,1987年冬浙江各地苗圃遭受早霜冻害十分严重,使上百万株杉苗     

Inter- and intra-provenances variations in seed size and seedling characteristics of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss in Burkina Faso

Within- and between-provenance variations in seed and seedling traits of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss were studied at INERA in Burkina Faso. Nursery grown seedlings from four provenances in Burkina Faso were used for the study. The studies revealed significant variability in all traits evaluated. Seed length and weight significantly varied among provenances and families within provenances, where Bopiel and Koyenga had the highest mean values. Height and root collar diameter of 1 year old seedlings significantly varied among families within provenances. Except leaf biomass ratio and carbon isotope ratio which varied significantly among provenances but not among families within provenances, all other seedling biomass traits—total plant biomass, stem biomass ratio, leaf biomass ratio, root biomass ratio, root shoot ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf area ratio were significantly affected by provenances and families within provenances. The magnitude of variation due to family effect ranged from 65 to 93 % for seed size traits, and from 4.5 to 17.8 % for seedling characters. Estimates of family heritability were moderate to high (0.67–0.95) for seed traits, but low to moderate (0.19–0.59) for seedling characters, indicating that much of the total variation in seed traits is due to the genetic effect. The two most prominent provenances, Koyenga and Bopiel, with higher seed size and greater seedling growth could be considered for an eventual K. senegalensis improvement program in Burkina Faso.     

6个栓皮栎种源种子形态及其幼苗生长的比较

[Objective]To compare the differences of seed morphological characters among provinces of Quercus variabilis Bl.,and explore the adaptive growth status of seedlings growing in the central distribution area. [Method]The seeds of 6 Q. variabilis provenances from six provinceswerecollected, and the seedlings were cultivated and transplanted to experimental field in the centre of natural distribution range (Wuhan Jiufeng National Forest Park), then the seed morphology and one-year seedling growth traitswere surveyed. [Result](1)There were significantor extremely significantdifferences among provenances in seed length, seed width, seed length/width ratio and 100-seed mass, the order of seed length among provenances was Beijing Provenance (22.28 mm),Hubei Provenance (22.10 mm), He'nan Provenance (20.80 mm), Shaanxi Provenance (19.57 mm), Yunnan Provenance (18.93 mm)and Liaoning Provenance (18.81 mm), the seed width of Beijing Provenance (19.71 mm) and Hubei Provenance (19.16 mm) was higher than that of the others, the seed length/width ratio of He'nan Provenance (1.38) was extremely significantly higher than that of the others; (2)There were significant or extremely significant differences among provenances in seedling height, ground diameter, leaf number, branching number and seedling height/ground diameter, the Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance were better in seedling height and leaf number, which were respectively 19.54 cm and 20.26 cm, 8.32 leaves and 9.50 leaves; (3)A decreasing trend with time for seedling growth traits among provenances was found; (4)There was a positive relationship between seed morphological characters and seedling growth traits except seed length/width ratio; the leaf number was significantly related to ground diameter and branching number and the seedling height and leaf number were closely related to the seed morphological characters; (5)It showed a decreasing trend with the growth time in the relationship between seedling growth traits and 100-seed mass. [Conclusion]The seedlings of Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance grew better in the experimental field which might be related to their larger seed mass, and the Yunnan Provenance in the south margin and the Liaoning Provenance in the north margin of distribution area of Q. variabilis grew weaker than the provenances in the centre of distribution area.With the effect of climate change, provenances in the margin of distribution area may lose in the community competition in the seedling stage if it cannot take advantage of its dispersal and settlement and affected by the disadvantage of growth and competition, so that the distribution and population renewal would surely be affected.     

中国经济林栽培区划研究

本研究报告共划分９个气候带和１个高寒区域;在中暖温带中划分出７个湿润和干旱区（在个别省中地区分出旱、湿区未列入）。亚热带普遍湿润,因而未划分,旱湿区直接划亚区。共划分出５２个亚区,其中有经济林生林的５０个亚区。３９个小区（有的亚区未分小区）。在原研究报告第三章,各带区特征作了综述。亚区晃经济林生产单位,不仅有自然特征综述,并明确提出经济林生产项目的发展方向。     

4个红椿地理种源生长差异分析

红椿是中国珍贵乡土速生用材树种。为了研究红椿不同种源在武汉地区的适应性和生长差异,对4个红椿地理种源苗期、6 a生幼林树叶片及其生长量性状进行了观测与分析。结果表明,同一种源红椿叶片的复叶长、复叶宽、小叶长、小叶宽、小叶数这5个指标性状,6 a生幼林树的观测值皆大于苗期的观测值。苗期时不同种源间复叶长、复叶宽、小叶长、小叶宽、小叶数、复叶长宽比、小叶长宽比这7个叶片性状皆存在极显著差异;除小叶长外,红椿6 a生幼林树不同种源其他性状指标之间存在显著或极显著差异;不同种源间不同林龄红椿生长量指标之间也均存在极显著差异,且随着林龄的增加红椿不同种源生长量之间差异也随之增大。4个种源6 a生红椿生长量排序为福建来舟（LZ）>福建武夷山（WY）>江西井冈山（GS）>江西官山（JG）。相关性分析结果表明,苗期的叶片性状间相关显著性较高,6 a生幼林树的叶片性状间除极个别性状表现出显著相关外,大部分性状间相关不显著。     

木荷种源苗期干物质积累和分配差异

利用28个木荷种源的苗期测定材料,研究了不同种源的干物质积累和分配规律。结果显示:木荷苗期单株及其根、茎、叶各器官的干物质积累量在不同种源区间和种源区内不同种源间存在显著的遗传变异,这种变异主要来源于种源区内种源间,其次是来源于不同种源区间。木荷苗期单株及各器官的干物质积累量呈典型的纬向渐变模式,即南部种源区>中部种源区>北缘种源区,而与经度的相关性较小。研究发现,不同种源区间木荷干物质积累量在地下和地上部分的分配比例(即根冠比)遗传分化较小,变异主要来源于种源区内种源间,木荷种源根冠比表现为随机变异的地理模式,自然分布区内降雨量丰富,较少干旱胁迫可能是其主要的原因之一。     

乌桕不同种源苗期试验初报

乌桕27个种源85个单株子代苗期试验结果表明,不同种源1年生苗高和地径的差异均达极显著水平（P〈0.01）;种源间平均苗高和地径的变异系数分别为30.08%和25.21%;同一种源不同单株子代间乌桕的苗期生长变化明显。相关分析表明,乌桕1年生苗地径与苗高具有较高的相关性,但与年降水量、年均温度、无霜期、≥10℃年积温等因子的相关性均不明显。抗寒性调查表明,广东阳春、福建建宁、四川广元和贵州榕江4种源冬季地上部分均遭受严重冻害。