粉拟青霉南北株系和白僵菌主要生理特性及毒力的比较

在 2 5℃条件下 ,粉拟青霉 (Paecilomycesfarinosus)南北株系和白僵菌 (Beauveiabassiana)在水滴中的孢子萌发率分别为 79 8%、6 7 2 %和 78 4%。而当RH为 90 %以下时 ,孢子萌发率急剧下降 ,白僵菌分生孢子萌发最适温度为 2 5℃ ,粉拟青霉均为 2 0℃ ;15℃以上时 ,S -Pf菌株萌发率高于N -Pf菌株 ,15℃以下相反。在PDA培养基上 ,粉拟青霉南北株系产孢量基本相同 ;N -Pf最适生长温度 ;产孢温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃ ;S -Pf则为 2 0℃ ;在 2 0℃以上 ,Bb对马尾松毛虫的感染率高于粉拟青霉 ,但在 15℃以下 ,粉拟青霉则明显高于白僵菌。     

淡紫拟青霉不同菌株对南方根结线虫卵寄生率三种处理方法的比较

利用来自不同地域的淡紫拟青霉的13个菌株，分别用其孢子液处理南方根结线虫分散卵粒、菌丝处理分散卵粒、孢子液处理卵囊以评价淡紫拟青霉对南方根结线虫的寄生性。在被试所有菌株中，同一菌株三种不同方法对根结线虫卵的寄生率相比，孢子液处理卵囊均明显高于其他两种处理。不同菌株对南方根结线虫卵的寄生率有很大的差异。三种处理方法结果显示618号菌株寄生率均为最高。菌株对卵的寄生率与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。     

不同病原菌对光肩星天牛致病力测定及应用技术研究

不同病原真菌对光肩星天牛Ａｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａ ｇｌａｂｒｉｐｅｎｎｉｓ（Ｍｏｔｓｃｈ）幼虫致病力的测定表明：粉拟青霉９１０１、球孢白僵菌Ｚ２８ 和卵孢白僵菌寄生率均为１００％ ,粉拟青霉Ｚ２６为８７．５％ 。各种菌对光肩星天牛的最适致死温度是：粉拟青霉Ｚ２６ １５℃～２０℃;粉拟青霉９１０１ １５℃～２５℃;球孢白僵菌Ｚ２８ ２０℃～３０℃。用自己分离所得的球孢白僵菌Ｚ２８,粉拟青霉Ｚ２６,以含孢量４ 亿孢子／ｍ ｌ＋ ０．０２％ 增效剂做林间塞孔防治试验,每种处理与对照相比差异极显著。球孢白僵菌Ｚ２８１～３ 次／年处理间无明显差异,防治效果达９３．４４％ ～９７．２５％ 。粉拟青霉Ｚ２６１～３ 次／年处理间无明显差异,防治效果在９２．９２％ ～９６．５５％ 。两种菌混合塞孔,以１～３次／年处理间无差异,防效达９３．６４％ ～９６．４８％ 。每株树所用菌剂成本为０．０２元。     

竹织叶野螟Algedonia coclesalis Walker越冬幼虫的真菌病

粉质拟青霉Paecilomyces farinosus (Dicks.ex.Fr.)Brown et Smith是竹织叶野螟越冬幼虫的重要病原菌,林间自然发病率为23.08％～42.84％。用5.5×10~6/ml孢子悬液感染越冬幼虫,死亡率达91.7％。在24～26℃下,病程约10～14d。林间罹病虫尸上,可见粉质拟青霉被寄生黑孢壳Melanospora parasitica Tulasne寄生。本文还从病原菌的生理性质及侵染环境的角度,讨论了疾病的流行条件和病原菌利用的前景。     

应用拟青霉等真菌防治油松毛虫

本文讨论了应用粉拟青霉(Paecilomyces farinosus)以及球孢白僵菌(Be-auveria bassiana)防治越冬油松毛虫(Dendrolimus tabulaes formis)。该虫在石块下、土缝、草丛或落叶层中越冬,而这些地方具有较高的湿度,适宜真菌侵染。上述两种真菌的孢子在5℃下可以萌发,粉拟青霉比白僵菌更适宜低温,因此适宜用来防治越冬油松松毛虫。秋季施撒于林地石块下的上述真菌制剂,过冬后在次年春季采回,经平板稀释培养计数,其中活孢子含量只稍有降低。在越冬期间,施撒菌剂的林地,越冬松毛虫死亡率约为70％。     

光肩星天牛幼虫病原真菌—粉拟青霉的分离与鉴定

通过对肖肩星天牛Ａｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａ ｇｌａｂｒｉｐｅｎｎｉｓ的天敌种类和自然死亡率调查研究，从罹病死亡的幼虫虫体上分离出一种真菌菌株，做室内致病力测定，寄生死亡率达８８．８９％。再分离后，所得菌种与接种用菌种完全相同，经鉴定为粉拟青霉菌Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｆａｒｉｎｏｓｕｓ。此菌的最适生长温度是１５℃－２５℃。     

八角炭疽病菌生物学特性的初步研究

从广西八角主产区分离到7个八角炭疽病菌株,No.1菌株致病力最强。对其生物学特性测定结果表明:菌丝生长和孢子形成的最适温度为28℃;分生孢子萌发、附着胞形成的适宜温度范围为16℃~22℃;生长发育的最适pH值为5~6;孢子萌发最佳湿度为100% 水膜;黑暗条件下有利于孢子萌发,病原菌能够利用所测定的氮源和碳源。     

核桃褐斑病病原菌的分离鉴定和发病规律的调查

[目的]为了明确四川核桃褐斑病的病原菌及其发病规律。[方法]采用组织分离法,对四川中江核桃果园自然发病的核桃病原菌进行分离,并回接检测分离物的致病性;结合孢子形态学、ITS序列和gdp序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定;同时对核桃褐斑病的发病规律进行了调查。[结果]分离得到6种真菌,回接只有菌株ZJ5能使核桃发病;孢子形态和多序列比较分析将菌株ZJ5鉴定为链格孢菌;调查明确了核桃褐斑病的发病规律。[结论]本文首次报道了四川核桃褐斑病病原菌为链格孢菌,并揭示了该病原菌的发病规律。     

球孢白僵菌Bb01菌株生物学特性研究

从受侵染的美国白蛾蛹体内分离出白僵菌菌落,并对该白僵菌菌落进行纯化,获得白僵菌纯菌落。采用生长速率法和悬滴法研究了不同湿度、紫外线、营养液和不同培养基对球孢白僵菌Bb01菌株营养生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,球孢白僵菌Bb01菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度为25℃,在此温度下,15h孢子萌发率在100%;在湿度为100%的条件下菌丝生长良好,孢子萌发率高;经紫外线照射18h孢子萌发率在0%～17.00%范围内,而对菌丝生长影响不大。     

淡紫拟青霉T-DNA插入突变体的表型分析

研究淡紫拟青霉T-DNA插入突变体,鉴定突变体的表型特征,为淡紫拟青霉致病机制分析及致病相关的基因克隆奠定基础。PCR检测筛选的14株T-DNA插入突变体,观察和测定菌落形态,菌落生长速率,产孢量,孢子萌发率和菌丝干质量等生物学性状,并比较突变体致病力。结果表明突变体均含有beta-tubulin基因序列,T-DNA已整合进入野生型菌株20-7的基因组中。通过与野生型菌株对比,发现突变体菌落形态发生了不同程度的改变。菌落生长速率明显增大的菌株占全部菌株的85.71%,只有BN-11菌株的菌落生长速率降低。产孢量显著变大的菌株有BN-11和BN-12,为菌株总数的14.29%。孢子萌发率发生改变的菌株占78.57%。菌丝干质量发生明显增大和减少的菌株都占全部突变体的21.43%。筛选获得了1株致病力增强的突变体BN-11和11株致病力显著降低的突变体。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.