甘草叶片光合生理特征分析

通过对乾安地区人工栽培的甘草其叶片光合作用日变化曲线变化情况的测算研究,表明甘草叶片净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,日间最大值出现在正午前后,平均净光合速率10.46±0.25μmol·m-2s-1左右;计算得知,甘草叶片光补偿点(LCP)=722.61μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点(LSP)=53.22μmol·m-2s-1,光合速率最大值(Pmax)=20.7516μmol·m-2s-1,表观量子效率(Q)=0.031。     

短梗大参光合作用光响应曲线及模型拟合

为了探讨不同光合作用光响应模型对短梗大参光合特性的适用性,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪分别观测了全光照和荫蔽环境下的5年生短梗大参叶片的光响应曲线;并应用二次多项式模型、分段函数、直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型拟合短梗大参的光响应曲线,根据拟合效果筛选不同光照环境下短梗大参合适的光响应模型。结果表明:1在全光照环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线属于饱和趋近型;直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型无法直接求取其最大净光合速率和光饱和点的解析解;二次多项式回归模型拟合的光合参数值与实测值相差很大;分段函数为全光照下短梗大参光响应曲线最适用的分析模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.047,最大净光合速率为10.70μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为1 333.33μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为10.43μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.48μmol·m-2s-1。2在荫蔽环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线为中度抑制型;二次多项式拟合的光合参数值与实测值差异明显;分段函数拟合的光合参数值则比实测值要低;直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型拟合的光饱和点均明显低于实测值;修正的直角双曲线模型为荫蔽环境下短梗大参光响应曲线分析的最适用模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.076,最大净光合速率为5.07μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为449.60μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为2.79μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.21μmol·m-2s-1。     

杂种榛子不同方位叶片光合作用的日变化

以平欧110号和平欧349号为试材,研究了榛子不同方位叶片的光合特性,并对影响光合作用的因子进行了分析, 结果表明:榛子南、北面叶片光合速率(Pn)的日变化为双峰曲线,西面叶片为单峰曲线,高峰出现在上午的7:00-8:00,东面叶片的光合速率的变化较平稳,无明显的高峰,不同方位叶片光合速率午间变化主要受到非气孔的限制作用; 不同方位叶片的平均光合速率和CO2同化量有一定的差异,以南面叶片为最高,其次为西、北面叶片,以东面叶片为最低; 平欧110号和平欧349号的光饱和点大约分别为691～724 μmol·m-2s-1和464～505 μmol·m-2s-1,其光补偿点分别为10～26 μmol·m-2s-1和8～21 μmol·m-2s-1,均较常见的落叶果树低; 采用逐步回归分析表明,水汽饱和差(VPD)和光量子通量密度(PFD)是影响光合速率的主导因子.     

光皮树无性系光响应特性研究

对光皮树(Cornus wilsoniana)3个无性系GY8040、JX3、JX7的6 a生植株开展光响应测定,利用直角双曲线修正模型及非直角双曲线模型分别进行模拟.结果表明,两种模型模拟符合度高,直角双曲线修正模型参数与实测值误差较小,且能直接模拟饱和光强,具较强的适用性.3个光皮树无性系光补偿点分别为24.98,17.27,20.21μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点分别为1 649.02,2 692.32,1 533.69 μmol·m-2·s-1,最大净光合速率分别为15.43,21.70,14.21 μmol·m-2·s-1,JX3光补偿点最低,光饱和点最高,具有较高的光能利用效率.     

樟树幼树光合特性及其对CO2浓度和温度升高的响应

用Li COR 6 4 0 0便携式光合作用测定系统对亚热带常绿阔叶树种樟树幼树的光合特性及其对CO2 升高的响应进行了研究。结果表明 :樟树叶片光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线 ,最高峰出现在 10 :0 0 ,次高峰出现在 14 :0 0 ,午间有明显的“午休”现象 ,气孔因素是导致午休的主要原因。中午光照强度大 ,叶片与空气之间的水汽压差达到最大值 ,相对湿度、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度达到最小值 ,诱导叶片光合午休。正常大气条件下 ,樟树叶片光饱和点为 12 5 0 μmol·m- 2 s- 1 ,光补偿点 4 0 6 μmol·m- 2 s- 1 ,在 10 0 0 μmol·m- 2 s- 1 光强下CO2 饱和点为 12 0 0 μmol·mol- 1 ,CO2 补偿点为 5 0 μmol·mol- 1 。水分利用效率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率在不同的CO2 浓度梯度下 ,随着光强的增加而增加。在 2 4～ 35℃时 ,随着光合有效辐射的增加 ,温度升高导致樟树光合速率降低。     

江淮地区引种楸树光合生理特性的比较研究

对江淮地区引种的4种楸树生长初期的光合生理特性研究结果表明,长果楸、密毛灰楸、灰楸和光叶楸叶片的光饱和点均为1 200 μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点分别为53.34、64.82、66.74、98.91 μmol·m-2·s-1.光合表观量子产量(AQY)分别为0.427、0.393、0.354、0.349.当PAR≥1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,4种楸树叶片的Pn、Tr、Cs值,长果楸最高,灰楸和密毛灰楸次之,光叶楸最低.随着PAR的增加,4种楸树叶片Ci均呈逐渐下降趋势,相同的光照强度下,长果楸叶片Ci最低,灰楸和密毛灰楸次之,光叶楸叶片的Ci最大.同时,对生态因子的相关分析可以得出,长果楸具有较高的光合特性,很合适长江以北至淮河以南等地区大面积栽植.     

果桑的光合特性

叶片是果树光合作用的主要器官.在云南省草坝农场果桑试验示范园对果桑的光合作用进行了测定.结果表明:果桑净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度的日变化均呈双峰曲线,且在1 d内的变化趋势类似;光合有效辐射以及温度的走势也极为相似;气孔导度随光合有效辐射的增加和随胞间CO2浓度的增加而减少;果桑的光饱和点为1 841.1μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点为34.8μmol.m-2.s-1.     

在CO2浓度加富条件下马尾松针叶的生理生态响应

研究了在3种不同CO2浓度(360 μmol·mol-1、800 μmol·mol-1、1 200 μmol·mol-1)下马尾松针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在当前CO2(360 μmol·mol-1)浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别为3.46 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.273 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.0254 mmol·m-2·s-1,针叶的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为:(1 800±2) μmol·m-2·s-1和(24±2) μmol·m-2·s-1.当CO2加富到1 200 μmol·mol-1时,针叶的光饱和点降低了200 μmol·m-2·s-1,而光补偿点增加了4 μmol·m-2·s-1.在光照强度为50～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,不同CO2浓度下的水分利用率平均值分别为:1 200 μmol·mol-1浓度下的19.163 μmol·mmol-1,800 μmol·mol-1浓度下的12.912 μmol·mmol-1,360 μmol·mol-1浓度下的11.192 μmol·mmol-1.短期的CO2加富降低了植物叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度,而植物的水分利用效率则上升.     

香椿幼树光合作用及其影响因子研究

香椿叶片光合速率季节性变化为双峰曲线 ,最高峰出现在 6月 ,次高峰出现在 8月。日变化也呈双峰曲线 ,最高峰出现在 9:30 ,次高峰出现在 16 :30 ,午间有明显的“午休”现象 ,叶片光合能力等非气孔因素是导致午休的主要原因。香椿光合作用的光饱和点为 110 0 μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1,补偿点为 5 3.9μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1。光合作用最适温度为 35 .8℃。     

黑莓幼树光合特性的研究

为探索美国黑莓优质、丰产栽培技术,对黑莓的光合特性进行了研究。结果表明,在河北省文安县栽培的黑莓叶片光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,最高峰在9时,次高峰在13时,存在“午休”现象。光合速率的季节变化亦呈双峰曲线,最高峰在6月份,次高峰在8月份。光合速率的光补偿点和饱和点分别为60μmol.m-2.s-1和1 380μmol.m-2.s-1。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.