关键参数对大豆胶桉木刨花板性能的影响

研究了刨花板密度、施胶量、施胶后含水率、增黏剂用量等参数对大豆胶刨花板各项性能的影响。结果表明:大豆胶刨花板的弹性模量和静曲强度随着密度的增大而增大;随着施胶量的增大,静曲强度、弹性模量和内结合强度呈上升趋势,而2h吸水厚度膨胀率基本没有变化;随着表层施胶后含水率的增大,静曲强度、弹性模量和内结合强度呈上升趋势,而2h吸水厚度膨胀率变小;增黏剂的加入显著改善了刨花板制备时的预成型性,提升了力学强度。     

纤维板喷蒸热压传热传质规律研究

采用喷蒸热压方式对中低密度纤维板坯进行热压,测定并记录热压过程中板坯中心层开始升温的时间、达到100℃的时间、稳定温度及达到稳定温度的时间、热压结束后板坯的含水率;分析蒸汽压力、目标厚度、目标密度、热压温度及板坯含水率对其影响,得出了中低密度纤维板喷蒸热压传热传质的基本规律.     

单宁改性双组份豆粕胶制备中密度纤维板的工艺优化

采用单宁基固化交联剂改性的双组份豆粕胶制备中密度纤维板(MDF)。结果显示,MDF的力学性能随热压时间、热压温度、板坯含水率及密度的提高而逐渐升高,24 h吸水厚度膨胀率(TS)呈相反的趋势。在热压时间330s、热压温度190～200℃,板坯含水率7%～9%,密度750～840 kg/m~3的条件下,制备的MDF性能指标满足GB/T 11718—2009《中密度纤维板》中普通型中密度纤维板的要求。     

芦苇中(高)密度纤维板的研究

对芦苇的特性进行了分析。研究了板的密度、胶黏剂用量对芦苇中密度纤维板(MDF)物理力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:芦苇纤维得率达到了87.4%;芦苇MDF的物理力学性能随密度的增大而增强,24h吸水厚度膨胀率随密度的增大而呈上升的趋势;当密度≥0.85g/cm~3,脲醛树脂胶的用量为12%和14%时,芦苇纤维板具有很好的力学性能。     

制板工艺因子对异氰酸酯超低密度阻燃纤维板性能的影响

采用异氰酸酯胶(PMDI)制备超低密度阻燃纤维板,考察工艺因子对试板性能的影响。结果表明:随着热压温度升高、热压时间延长、PMDI用量增加,板材的力学性能及耐水性能均呈上升趋势,阻燃性能基本不变;而阻燃剂用量增加,使得板材阻燃性能增强,但耐水性能和力学性能有所降低。按优化工艺制备的板材,耐水性和力学性能满足LY/T 1718-2017干状家具型超低密度纤维板的要求,阻燃性能达到GB 8624-2012的难燃B_1-C级。     

浅议配料比对木纤维／聚丙烯复合材料性能的影响

本文研究了配料比对木纤维／聚丙烯复合材料物理力学性能的影响,研究结果表明：随着聚丙烯用量的增加,木纤维／聚丙烯复合材料的弹性模量、静曲强度呈先上升后下降趋势。当聚丙烯用量为25％左右时,弹性模量和静曲强度均达到较大值;随着聚丙烯用量的增加,吸水厚度膨胀率呈下降趋势,而密度略呈上升趋势。     

吸湿范围内毛白杨木材径向透气性的研究

文章利用自行研制的木材透气性实验装置,探讨了木材含水率、厚度和压力对毛白杨透气性的影响。实验证明：实验装置结构合理,气密性较高,操作方便,满足测量要求;在吸湿范围内：木材透气性与含水率呈负二次曲线关系,含水率为10％左右透气性最大;透气性随着压力差的增加而增加,并呈直线上升趋势;透气性随着厚度的增加而减少,并呈指数下降趋势;在本实验探讨的影响因素中,含水率和厚度对透气性的影响显著。     

干法低密度纤维板常规热压传热研究

采用常规热压方式对干法低密度纤维板进行热压传热研究,通过测定其热压过程中板坯中心层的温度,分析了热压温度、板坯含水率、板材厚度及板材密度与低密度纤维板中心层升温速度的关系,得出了干法低密度纤维板常规热压传热的基本规律。     

中密度纤维板的密度稳定性分析——以广西三威林产岑溪市人造板有限公司为例

以广西三威林产岑溪市人造板有限公司为例,通过人员操作、原料属性和配比、设备精度以及热压工艺等4个方面探究分析广西三威岑溪厂中密度纤维板产品密度稳定性差的缘由,并根据试验结果采取相应改进措施。结果显示,原料含水率波动、原料材种混杂配比不均以及铺装精度和压机精度误差是导致产品密度稳定性差的主要原因,通过相应调整后板坯的质量和含水率稳定性提高,热压试验后产品厚度偏差由最大1 mm降低到0.5 mm,最终产品的密度最大负偏差值由36.96 kg/m~3降低至9.56 kg/m~3,实现了中密度纤维板的密度稳定性控制。     

人造板热压应力研究

在不同的制板工艺条件下压制纤维板和刨花板,并在线记录热压过程中的油压力.通过比较分析不同板材密度和厚度、板坯含水率及热压温度时,试板在热压过程中的油压力-时间曲线,总结人造板在热压过程中热压应力的变化规律.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.