立木整枝技术及设备研究

整枝是林木抚育的重要内容。通过对立木进行整枝,可以促进林木生长、减少节子、改善树干形态、减少病虫害和风雪害。本文介绍立木整枝的作用以及国内外立木整枝技术的现状与发展,重点介绍在引进技术基础上,创新研究开发的遥控自动立木整枝机,为我国人工林整枝抚育提供技术支撑。     

5ZDB-185A型便携式电动园林整枝机

５ＺＤＢ－１８５Ａ型便携式电动园林整枝机（以下简称整枝机），主要用于城市园林树木、公路两旁绿化树木、果树、森林种子园母树及人工林立木的整枝。它是“便携式人工林立木电动整枝机”的增型产品（已获国家专利，专利号：ＺＬ９８２４５４８５、６）。本机在工作头和杆的连接结构上做了改进和完善，是我国园林作业中比较适用的设备。１结构与特点１．１结构 整枝机由锯片、防护罩、电动机、卡锁连接机构、伸缩杆、接头套、活接头、发电机组等组成，其结构如图所示。１．２工作原理 该整枝机的动力源采用汽油发电机组，机组设计成小车式…     

基于EDA技术的自动立木整枝机无线遥控发射系统

立木整枝是优质工业用材林定向抚育的重要环节,采用自动立木整枝机是实现高效、高质量和安全可靠整枝的有效途径。本文综合运用电子电路设计及优化技术、无线遥控及通信编解码技术,创造性地研制了基于CPLD的无线数字编码抗干扰自动立木整枝机无线遥控发射系统,通过优化CPLD内部逻辑电路有效消除了逻辑竞争冒险、降低了噪声干扰,确保了系统逻辑设计的正确性。该系统具有可靠、节能、抗干扰、工作效率高等优点。本研究成果及方法为推进其他林业机械的自动化与智能化进程提供了一种有效的新思路。     

遥控自动立木整枝机避让机构曲臂上摆运动仿真的研究

避让机构是自动立木整枝机切削机构上的一个重要装置。在树枝位于锯导板尖端部位时,树枝不宜切削,该装置能自动使切削机构避开该树枝,当整枝机螺旋上升一周,再到该树枝位置时,保证锯切结构能顺利地进行切削。本文研究遥控自动立木整枝机采用避让机构的必要性,对避让机构的曲臂上摆进行运动分析,并利用SimMechanics软件对该运动进行仿真。     

基于虚拟仪器技术的自动立木整枝机离合弹簧性能测试系统的设计

离合弹簧在自动立木整枝机变速换向过程中起着重要的作用.本文分别从硬件设计和软件设计两方面介绍了基于虚拟仪器技术开发的自动立木整枝机离合弹簧性能测试系统,该测试系统支持不同类型信号的多通道数据采集和处理,能够实现信号的产生、数据实时采集、数据处理、分析、显示及存储等功能,并通过多次测试离合弹簧的实验,验证了该测试系统的实用性和可靠性.     

日本的整枝机具

目前,由于日本人工林面积达1千万公顷,使得人工林的抚育工作成为日本整个林业生产的重要组成部份。作为抚育作业中培育优质树木必不可少的整枝工序,也随之经历了手工工具——手持机械——自动爬树机械的发展过程,技术水平也有了相应的提高。现将其有关情况综述如下: 一、手工工具手工工具是日本的传统整枝机具,直到现在仍然是日本整枝作业中的主力机具。主要有以下几种。1、树上型这类工具是爬到树上进行整枝的工具。有手斧、砍刀、手锯,整枝镰等。为减轻体力消耗,更适于长时间连续作业,手斧和砍刀均特制成轻型,一般手斧重约0.6kg,砍刀重约0.5kg。同时从适于整枝作业考虑,     

日本森林集约经营中的立木培育和处理措施

林木在立木状态下的培育和处理措施,如定期在一定高处砍去树冠的头木林作业、修枝、摘芽整枝、目伤(割伤)和泡桐的接干法等应用历史由来已久,有着明显的经济和社会效益。随着森林集约经营程度的不断提高,这类措施又有新的发展。1 伐前修枝间伐作业存在着保留木周围常出现搭挂木、间伐木倒向难控、伤亡事故较频等     

5XB—6型便携式人工林立木整枝机的研究

介绍了一种新型的用人工林立木整枝的５ＸＢ－６型便携式整枝机，并就其结构，工作原理，特点和应用前景进行了论述。     

油橄榄科技文摘译文(四则)

<正> 油橄榄树机械整枝的初步研究①关于不同机械整枝试验与手工操作整枝的结果有报道。除了少量过当的机械整枝方法外(这一方法能相对减少生产面积的20％),虽然,整枝使当年产量减少,但采用这二种整枝方法,第二年能恢复生产并能获得连年丰收。建议采用这种机械整枝方法和机械设备,使植株成为理想的形状。株行距与产量的关系②从1978—1982年这5年的累积产量数据表中分析:1975年,以不同的株行距种植了一批油橄榄(每公顷100—400株)。在最低的种植     

人工工业用材林整枝机器人无线电遥控系统的研制

人工工业用材林是解决工业、建筑、家具和家庭装饰等用材的主要途径，整枝是人工工业用材林培育必不可少的环节。传统的整枝机效率低、伤亡率高，难以适应我国大面积工业用材林抚育的需要，而优质、安全和高效的自动化整枝技术是解决问题的关键措施。笔者在参照国外先进整枝技术的基础上，采用遥控、无线电波传播、遥控编解码、系统加密等技术，自行设计研制了一套立木整枝机器人无线电遥控系统。本文重点阐述了该系统的遥控指令输入电路、HS2262／HS2272编解码电路、315MHz无线电发射电路、RX3310A无线接收电路、接口电路等的组成及技术要点。其电路结构简单，工作可靠，抗干扰能力强。     

遥控自动整枝机机械运动分析

通过对遥控自动整枝机的组成和工作循环、动力传递元件和动力传递路线、整枝机的变速原理及过程以及树枝避让机构进行分析和研究表明:现代一般机械制造技术完全可以满足整枝机各个零件的制造要求;遥控自动整枝机满足人机工程学的要求,整枝机作业较安全;遥控自动整枝机在爬树和下降过程中锯木链锯远离树干,所以不会损伤树干,而在整枝切削时,锯木链锯又贴向树干,使整枝后的树干表面非常平整,有利于提高树干成材质量;遥控整枝机速比的选择和排列合理,既满足打枝的要求,又节约了辅助时间,有利于生产率的提高;树枝避让机构避免了导向轮在恶劣条件下工作,从而可防止导向轮的损坏,延长其工作寿命。由此看出,遥控自动整枝机值得推广使用。     

A carbon balance model of peach tree growth and development for studying the pruning response

We modeled tree responses to pruning on the basis of growth rules established on unpruned trees and a simple principle governing root-shoot interactions. The model, which integrates architectural and ecophysiological approaches, distinguishes four types of anatomical organs in a tree: rootstock, main axis, secondary axes and new roots. Tree structure is described by the position of secondary axes on the main axis. The main processes considered are plastochronal activity, branching, assimilate production, respiration and assimilate partitioning. Growth and development rules were based on measurements of two unpruned trees. The model was used to simulate growth of peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) in their first growing season. Assuming that the equilibrium between roots and shoots tends to be restored after pruning, the response to removal of the main axis above the twentieth internode in mid-July was simulated and compared to the response measured in three pruned trees. The model fit the unpruned tree data reasonably well and predicted the main traits of tree behavior after pruning. Dry matter growth of the secondary axes of pruned trees was increased so that shoot seasonal carbon balance was hardly modified by pruning. Rhythmicity of growth was enhanced by pruning, and might result from variations induced in the root:shoot ratio. Variation in pruning severity had greater effects than variation in pruning date. A sensitivity analysis indicated that: (1) root-shoot partitioning was a critical process of the model; (2) tree growth was mainly dependent on assimilate availability; and (3) tree shape was highly dependent on the branching process.     

Effect of pruning severity and timing of treatment on epicormic sprout development in giant sequoia

Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.) treeswere pruned monthly over a 12-month period to assess the effectsof timing of pruning operations on epicormic sprout development.Trees were pruned to three pruning heights in each month. Periodiccounts of total sprouts and measurement of the length of thelongest sprout were used to assess sprout development followingpruning. Sprouting was initially delayed following pruning duringgrowing season months as compared with non-growing season months.Six years after study initiation, greater numbers of sproutsand larger maximum branch lengths were found from pruning outsidethe May through September growing season. These differenceswere most pronounced in the first years following treatmentbut differences diminished markedly after 6 years. However,a logistic model to predict the probability of sprouting indicatesthat pruning severity was a much more significant explanatoryvariable than season of pruning. Seasonal differences in epicormicsprout development may be temporary and are of less importancein affecting sprout development than pruning severity. Epicormicsprouts also occurred with greater frequency on the south orexposed side of pruned tree boles.     

修枝对华北落叶松人工林分生长的初期影响

以河北省围场县木兰林管局管辖区的新丰林场试验林为基础,分析了修枝强度以及修枝剩余物的不同处理对华北落叶松人工林生长及冠层变化的影响。修枝强度设置3种,强(冠高比4/5)、中(冠高比7/10)、弱(冠高比3/5);对修枝剩余物处理分别为放置、清理、粉碎,并设置对照。结果表明:不同程度的修枝对林木的胸径生长率均有一定的提高作用,其中,中度修枝对林木胸径、树高生长率的促进和Vissky系数的提高较为明显;针对修枝剩余物不同处理试验的初期结果显示,粉碎处理和清理处理的林分,有利于林木胸径生长率的提高,放置处理的林分更有利于提高林木树高生长率。     

林木修枝研究进展

作为一种传统森林经营措施,人工修枝具有悠久历史。合理修枝不仅可调控林木生长,还可改善林木干形,控制病虫害,在无节材培育实践中发挥着重要作用。文中从修枝的理论基础、修枝技术以及修枝效应等方面评述了当前国内外修枝研究进展,并指出当前我国林木修枝工作的不足,对今后人工修枝研究进行了展望。     

Response to the interaction of thinning and pruning of pine species in Mediterranean mountains

Pruning allows knot-free timber to be obtained, thereby increasing the value of the highest-value wood products. However, the effect of pruning on growth is under discussion, and knowledge about the tree response to the simultaneous development of thinning and pruning is scarce. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the interaction of thinning and pruning on tree and stand level and the annual radial growth of two pine species native to Mediterranean mountains. We used long-term data of three trials installed in pine stands where several combinations of pruning and thinning were developed. Five inventories were carried out for each trial, and the mean dasometric features of the different treatments were compared using linear mixed models including a competition index. In addition, we collected cores from ten trees per plot in order to evaluate the annual response of trees to the thinning and pruning. We analyzed the annual radial growth using a semiparametric approach through a smooth penalized spline including rainfall and temperature covariates. Pruning did not show any effect on growth. However, larger diameter and increased annual radial growth were found in thinned plots, both with and without pruning, as compared to unthinned plots. Also, we found significant effects of climate on annual radial growth. We recommend the application of thinning and pruning in stands of Mediterranean mountains in order to get knot-free timber since growth reduction was not found in thinned stands.     

油茶树体培育修剪试验

通过对油茶优良无性系进行不同程度的修剪试验发现,修剪对油茶产量均有不同程度的促进作用．树体开张茂密的树形经中度修剪,产果量的增长幅度为107．2%;树体直立茂密的树形经重度修剪,增产达99．4%．油茶树体修剪,对油茶成林果实主要经济性状也产生一定的影响,中度和重度修剪可以适当提高鲜果出籽率并使油茶果实增大．结合增产情况,对于树体开张茂密的树形,中度修剪有利,而对直立茂密的树形则以重度修剪较有利．     

人工剪梢防治微红梢斑螟对松树生长的影响评价

为了评价人工剪梢防治微红梢斑螟对松树生长的影响,分别在当年5月份和7月份对微红梢斑螟危害过的马尾松、湿地松幼林实施人工剪梢防治微红梢斑螟幼虫.结果表明:人工剪梢防治微红梢斑螟对松树生长的影响与剪梢时间和树种有关.人工剪梢防治对马尾松、湿地松地径生长均有一定的促进作用,其中5月份剪梢的马尾松地径增长最明显,达14.87%...