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黑龙江省国有林区是我国重要的商品林基地。国务院[1998]8号文件下发后,该地加快了退耕还林的步伐。但由于生物和非生物因子的影响,退耕还林地造林成活率不高。因此,必须对这一地类的生态机理进行研究。 影响退耕还林地造林成活率的生态因子很多,某些非生物因子和生物因子起着重要作用。 非生物因子包括气候(温度、湿度)、土壤(土壤结构、土壤 相似文献
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[目的]植物与环境相互作用能够形成不同的森林群落,探究森林群落类型和物种多样性与土壤理化性质的关系,有利于促进森林群落土壤养分循环,维持森林群落稳定和生物多样性保护.[方法]以甘肃裕河国家级自然保护区天然次生乔木群落为研究对象,基于样地—物种和样地—土壤数据,运用多元回归树(MRT)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,对天然... 相似文献
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指出了物种组配规律是生物多样性维持机制中的重要内容,是生物多样性研究中的热点内容之一。回顾了生物多样性维持机制研究历程,分析了不同研究方法中存在的弊端,阐述了利用植物功能性状探索生物多样性维持机制的方法,并探讨了该种方法的优势所在。提出了利用植物功能性状探索生物多样性维持机制必将成为今后生态学研究的热点之一。 相似文献
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旅游开发对生态环境的影响研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
为了研究探讨如何处理好旅游开发与资源、环境保护之间的关系,在概述国内外旅游对环境影响研究的成果及我国旅游开发现状的基础上,着重研究了旅游开发对生物环境(植被、动物)和非生物环境(土壤、大气、水体、固体废弃物、噪声等)两方面的影响,并运用大量实例对其影响因子和表现做了分析,最后对处理好合理开发旅游资源与保护生态环境之间的关系提出了一些建设性的建议和对策。 相似文献
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火是森林生态系统演替过程中的一种自然干扰因子, 在促进森林发育、维持生物多样性特别是景观多样性方面起着积极的作用。森林中的多种干扰间有关联性, 火灾、虫害和病原体之间存在着复杂的相互作用。文中综述了火干扰与森林病虫害的相互影响。火灾会引起森林组成和景观的变化, 进而影响森林病虫的生存与发生条件。病虫害通过改变可燃物特性及其分布, 影响火烧频度和强度。这一研究领域的未来发展趋势是更注重火与病虫害之间的量化关系, 研究结果将为开展科学的林火管理提供理论依据, 实现森林经营的可持续。 相似文献
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森林凋落物分解过程中酶活性研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
凋落物的分解是生态系统养分循环的重要过程.森林凋落物和土壤中的酶在森林凋落物分解过程中起着重要的作用.本文对森林凋落物分解过程中酶活性的测定方法及影响因素进行了综述,结论为:提取技术的不断提高使得对森林凋落物分解过程中的酶进行定量测定及精确测定其活性成为可能;森林凋落物分解过程中的酶活性受生物因素、非生物因素及凋落物自身化学组成的影响;微生物群落是影响酶活性的主要生物因素,土壤有机质、温度和湿度等是影响酶活性的重要非生物因素;对凋落物分解与酶系统相互作用机制的研究将成为凋落物分解过程中酶活性研究的一个发展趋势. 相似文献
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森林土壤养分空间异质性研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
森林土壤养分的空间异质性直接关系着林地生产力、生态恢复的方向与途径,是植物群落空间格局形成的重要影响因素,对生态系统的演替有重要作用,因此近年来有关土壤养分空间异质性的研究成为国内外研究的热点。文中就海拔高度、土层深度、坡向、植被类型等环境因素对森林土壤养分空间异质性的影响进行了综述,指出目前该研究领域存在的主要问题是结合多种环境因子对土壤进行季节动态变化的研究比较缺乏,基于林分或更大尺度下对森林生态系统土壤空间异质性的形成机制、土壤空间变异规律同人为干扰、物种空间分布格局等关系的研究应该得到更多重视,并提出今后研究的方向。 相似文献
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森林生物多样性保护原理概述 总被引:23,自引:2,他引:21
热点地区的分析,为我们确定生物多样性保护的策略和优先等级提供了依据;由于人类的剧烈干扰,现在地球上有许多物种和生态系统都处于濒危的境地,热带雨林的生物多样性丧失最为严重;热点地区虽然在地球上所占的面积很小,但却拥有大量的物种,这些地区的生物多样性丧失应特别引起我们注意;每个物种灭绝的难易程度不同,稀有种和长寿命种特别易于灭绝,而关键种一旦受到威胁,依赖于其生存的许多物种也会有灭绝的危险。遗传多样性的丧失也是生物多样性丧失的重要方面,种群内遗传多样性的丧失主要来源于奠基者效应、统计瓶颈效应、遗传漂变和近亲交配4种因素。物种的概念影响到对物种的保护,物种保护应包括物种内遗传多样性的保护;种群的动态调节机制和源—汇种群动态对于生物多样性保护具有重要的意义。种群生存力分析是了解物种濒危机制的崭新手段。群落中的种间关系和自然干扰体系是生物多样性保护中应考虑的重要方面。人为的生境破碎与自然景观的异质性不同,生境破碎会造成边缘效应和拥挤效应等一系列的生物学后果。 相似文献
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浅议生物多样性与森林生态系统生产力的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
生物多样性与生态系统生产力之间的关系是目前生态学界的热点问题。文中结合森林生态系统自身的特点, 针对生物多样性和森林生态系统生产力2个不同概念, 阐述了现有的生物多样性和生产力关系的若干观点, 分析了现有观点中的争议点, 并在前人实验研究的基础上, 提出了森林生态系统中其他因素对两者关系的影响。 相似文献
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Plant diversity and its maintenance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> riparian forests in the Ejina Oasis,China 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Tom BARIBAULT 《中国林学(英文版)》2010,12(2):55-61
The dynamic environments in riparian zones support a variety of life-history strategies, which constitute a fundamental mechanism for development and maintenance of biodiversity in riparian forest ecosystems. To demonstrate the effect of life-history strategies on biodiversity, we investigated community-level diversity and its relationship to environmental variability in the riparian Populus euphratica forests of the Ejina Oasis. Communities were divided into 14 associations on the basis of their species importance values. The Simpson’s index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou’s evenness index and the regional Whittaker’s index were applied to calculate community diversity. An ordination of the sample plots was carried out by correspondence analysis (CA). Biodiversity was relatively low across the entire study area, but there was high community diversity (βw = 8.09) due to the spatial heterogeneity of habitats in different plots. In addition, we investigated the relationship between biodiversity and several environmental factors, such as water availability, community components and soil conditions. We conclude that the heterogeneity of soil and water availability drives community diversity patterns in riparian zones and that community-level diversity favors the maintenance of species diversity in the P. euphratica forests in the Ejina Oasis. 相似文献
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陆域自然保护区选址与规划设计研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
人口持续增加和人类社会发展对野生动植物及其生境产生了巨大的威胁。科研人员从物种多样性维持机制、致危原因、就地保护和迁地保护等多方面开展了大量探索和研究工作,事实证明建立自然保护区是生物多样性保护最有效的途径之一。文中从自然保护区选址和规划设计2个角度,介绍了生物多样性地理分布格局、岛屿生物地理学和集合种群等相关理论,整理和总结了自然保护区选址和规划设计等方面的研究进展,分析了当前自然保护区选址和规划设计中的前沿和可能存在的问题,并对其未来可能的发展方向进行了探讨,以期为我国自然保护区选址和建设的研究及实践提供参考。 相似文献
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Tree species composition is a primary attribute of forest ecosystems, and is often manipulated by silvicultural practices. Forest management to diversify tree species is now being promoted to favor biodiversity. To assess the soundness of this policy we reviewed and analyzed the literature on the relationship between tree species composition and floristic diversity, including the mechanisms involved therein. Coniferous forests generally provide less diversified vascular understories than broadleaved forests. At the tree species scale, there are not enough reports to draw firm conclusions on the effect of any particular species. Mixing of deciduous and coniferous tree species generally affects understory diversity, but in almost all cases maximum diversity is observed in one of the pure stands, not in mixed stands. Understory vegetation is influenced by overstory composition and structure through modifications of resource availability (light, water and soil nutrients) and other effects, such as physical characteristics of the litter layer. Overstory light transmittance and diverse properties of forest litter are factors that have been most fully studied to date, but other factors such as throughfall water quantity and chemistry may also play a role. While the relative importance of mechanisms that account for the effect of overstory on understory biodiversity has often been discussed, these mechanisms have rarely been the subject of formal experiments. Overall, varying management practices and site attributes make it difficult to generalize results. They combine with the effects of tree species in influencing understory vegetation diversity, but they have been rarely considered. Future research is needed to gain a better understanding of the relationship between overstory and understory diversity and establish general laws. 相似文献
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Artemisia ordosica is an excellent sand-fixing shrub for sand stabilization in northwestern China. Sand dune stabilization, a critically important process, leads changes in abiotic factors, such as soil structure and nutrient contents. However, the effects of factors on an A. ordosica community following sand stabilization remain unclear. In this study, we used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to examine the relationships between A. ordosica communities and environmental factors at three habitats: semi-fixed dune (SF), fixed dune with low-coverage biological soil crust (F), and fixed dune with high-coverage biological soil crust (FC) in Mu Us desert. The mean height and coverage of plants increased with sand stabilization, while species diversity and richness increased initially and then reduced significantly. Correlation analysis and CCA revealed that slope, soil organic carbon, and nutrient contents, proportion of fine soil particles, soil moisture, and thickness of biological soil crust were all highly correlated with vegetation characteristics. These environmental factors could explain 40.42 % of the vegetation–environment relationships at the three habitats. The distribution of plant species was positively related to soil moisture in the SF dune. Soil moisture, soil nutrient, and fine-particle contents mainly affected plants distribution in the F dune. In the FC dune, distribution of plant species was positively and negatively correlated with the thickness of biological soil crust and soil moisture at a depth 0–20 cm, respectively. The dominance value of typical steppe species increased significantly following sand-dune stabilization and relations between species and samples in CCA ordination bi-plots showed that perennial grasses could invade the A. ordosica community on FC, indicating A. ordosica communities had a tendency to change into typical steppe vegetation with the further fixation. We conclude that the significant differentiation not only occurred in community characteristics, but also in the relationships between vegetation and environmental factors among the three stages of dune fixation. So, restoration of degraded dune ecosystems should be based on habitat conditions and ecological needs. 相似文献
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榆林沙区无排灌条件盐碱地水盐运动规律研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究分析了榆林沙区无排灌条件盐碱地水盐运动的时空变化,其水盐运行主要是随着季节、地形等因素的变化而变化。干旱季节,由于蒸发强烈,盐分随着水分的蒸发,处于上行状态,为积盐期;到了雨季,盐分又随着水分的下渗,处于下行状态,为淋溶期;由于地形的起伏变化,水盐运动也随着变化,随着地势的降低,地下水位升高,盐分含量增加。通过对榆林沙区无排灌条件盐碱地水盐运动的研究,为改良利用榆林沙区无排灌条件盐碱地提供了理论依据,奠定了一定的基础。 相似文献