林火干扰与森林群落动态研究综述

林火是森林生态系统最常见的干扰类型,在森林群落演替中起着重要的作用。本文回顾了林火对森林群落演替的影响、物种对火干扰的适应、火干扰与森林更新、火干扰与物种和景观多样性、火干扰森林群落动态的研究方法,讨论了未来研究方向。     

森林中的火干扰研究综述

介绍火灾资料分析、火疤木年轮分析等有关火干扰的研究方法.从林火干扰对森林更新、全球气候、森林景观结构维持生物多样性等几方面分析火干扰对森林的影响,认为火干扰的作用具有双重性.高强度火会导致森林生态系统内各种生物死亡,易使林木遭受病虫危害,从而破坏生态系统平衡;而低强度、小面积火的作用有利于改善森林环境,维持森林生态系统平衡,促进森林演替.     

新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林景观美学质量与自然火干扰的关系

在采用SBE法对新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林景观美学质量评价的基础上,研究其森林景观美学质量与自然火干扰之间的关系。结果表明:1)喀纳斯旅游区的森林景观美学质量整体较高,阔叶针叶树种比值大、树种丰富、林相简单整齐的森林景观受人青睐;2)喀纳斯旅游区森林景观美学质量与森林发生自然火干扰时间的早晚有关,自然火干扰发生时间越早,森林景观目前表现的美学质量越低,反之亦然。自然火干扰通过对森林群落树种结构形成的作用,进而深刻影响森林景观美学质量的具体表现,是新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林景观美学质量形成的重要源动力之一。结论为喀纳斯以森林景观美学质量为价值取向的森林景观资源的可持续经营提供科学依据。     

喜火迹地森林昆虫及林火感受器研究进展

在森林发生火灾后,一些适应火迹地的生物种类能够进行自然演替和进化。因此,在某些情况下,被火干扰过的森林呈现出比未过火的森林具有更高的生物多样性,尤其是喜迹地昆虫物种的多样性,而我国尚未对森林喜迹地昆虫进行系统研究、关注和报道。文中综述了喜迹地昆虫物种多样性、生态学特性以及红外感受器、烟雾感受器研究及其仿生学意义,并对我国喜迹地昆虫研究进行了展望。     

千岛湖区森林健康经营探析

提出了森林健康的理念及内涵,从千岛湖区的实际出发,其森林经营的功能定位为景观型水源涵养林。但目前湖区森林存在着生态系统不稳定且分割破碎、生物多样性减少、景观单调、森林病虫害及火灾时有发生等不利因素。据此提出了森林健康经营应遵循的原则及措施。     

森林也需要保健

森林病虫害是无烟火灾,不仅影响绿化景观安全,还会影响人民生活和社会安定,影响对外经济,甚至演化为国际问题。长期以来,对森林病虫害防治重要性的认识并未随着绿化发展而提高,营林管理滞后,“重造轻管”,以营林为基础得不到保障,大大降低了森林健康水平,或削弱自然调控能力、或受到伤害和威胁越来越大。森林病虫害严重是生物多样性降低的反映,标志生态环境风险加大。营造健康森林,就是营造树种多样性、生物多样性,不仅关系到病虫为害风险,而且直接关系到生态环境战略安全,因此建设和     

森林火灾统计指标的探讨

一场森林火灾所带来的损失,不仅是森林资源的破坏和扑救火灾付出的代价,即直接经济损失,还有森林生态被破坏的损失和社会秩序受到干扰以及人们心里状态的失衡等,其损失是多方面的。为了使损失的统计有一个统一标准,我们提出了一个初步设想。森林火灾统计指标体系的框架与内容 (一) 森林火灾基本情况指标体系 1.火灾原因。分人为火源和天热火源两大类。人为火源又分生产性用火、非生产性用火和外来火等;生产性和非生产性用火又可分许多细目。天然火主要是雷击火、滚石火等。 2.火灾的时间、地点。火灾发生时间包括起火时间、发现时间、扑灭(熄灭)时间、燃烧时间。     

林火管理与森林的可持续发展

森林火灾是在开放环境中的自由燃烧过程 ,由于受可燃物特征与分布、空气湿度、地形与风场分布等因素的影响 ,构成了森林火灾的复杂性与随机性。由于自燃、雷击和人为因素等火源不可能彻底排除 ,森林火灾不可避免。大面积高强度火可以烧毁森林 ,造成地面光秃和加速土壤侵蚀 ,但小面积低速度火却可以减少地面多余可燃物 ,有助于林木的火后更新和生物栖息。因此在预防森林火灾中 ,实现森林可燃物可持续管理是发展重点 ,用计划火烧减少可燃物 ,营造防火林带隔断可燃物的连续性 ,可以达到减少和控制森林火灾的目的。1　近年来林火管理面对的挑战…     

林火与可持续发展*

火是全球大多数森林生态系统中一个重要的干扰因子。它形成森林的景观模式和多样性．影响能量流动和生物化学循环．特别是影响全球碳循环。目前．多数估计表明．全球每年燃烧生物量大约92亿t(干重)。火是天气变化的一个主要原因．火、天气和人类活动是密切相关和相互作用的．这些相互作用可能会产生经济影响和生态影响。要实现可持续发展．需要建立适于社区应用的大管理系统和加强火管理培训工作。     

喀纳斯泰加林群落与环境和火干扰因子的关系

【目的】划分森林群落类型,定量分析森林群落形成与其环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,为新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营提供科学依据。【方法】以新疆喀纳斯泰加林火成演替森林群落为研究对象,基于149个森林群落样地及其火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用双向指示种分析(two-way indicator species analysis,TWINSPAN)方法对喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区处于不同演替阶段的森林群落进行群落类型划分,并采用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)方法通过对其森林群落进行排序,分析森林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子的关系,定量分离环境因子、火干扰因子及其二者的交互作用对森林群落形成的影响。【结果】 1)TWINSPAN将149个森林群落调查样地划分为16种森林群落类型;2)RDA排序结果较好地反映了喀纳斯泰加林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,环境因子中的海拔、坡位、坡度、坡向、土壤有机质和全钾含量对森林群落的形成起较大的作用,其中海拔、坡位、坡度和坡向与RDA第1排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01),土壤有机质和全钾含量与RDA第1排序轴存在显著相关性( P <0.05);火干扰因子中的火烈度对森林群落形成也起较大的作用,火烈度与RDA第2排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01);3)因子分离显示,在影响喀纳斯泰加林群落形成的因素中,环境因子解释的部分占21.96%,火干扰因子解释的部分占1.80%,二者交互作用解释的部分占49.82%,未能解释的部分占26.42%。【结论】喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区有16种森林群落类型,其森林群落形成受环境因子和火干扰因子的共同控制,并且二者的交互作用尤为突出。火干扰是新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营不可或缺的重要因素。     

火干扰对森林凋落物分解的影响研究进展

分解和火干扰是森林凋落物养分循环的重要生态过程。缓慢的凋落物分解速率会促使凋落物的累积，从而导致林火发生的概率大幅提升。火干扰会在短时间内对凋落物载量、厚度以及自身的化学组成产生较大的影响，同时对凋落物分解也会有较长时期的动态影响，可能需要几年或几十年恢复到火前的分解速率。通过查阅大量相关文献，文中从火干扰对森林凋落物分解的直接影和间接影响出发，阐述火这一干扰因子在森林凋落物分解过程中发挥的作用。并针对目前研究中存在的问题，提出今后的相关研究应从以下3个方面实现突破：1）加强火后不同恢复年限对森林凋落物分解动态变化的影响研究；2）探究火干扰后采取不同的森林恢复方式对凋落物分解的影响；3）了解火后副产物-黑碳在森林凋落物分解过程中的作用。基于这些综述，可为更好地理解和探索火干扰对森林凋落物分解的影响机制提供借鉴，以推动该领域的发展。     

燃烧概率模型在林火管理中的应用

火是多数森林生态系统中一个重要的干扰因素,影响景观结构和生态系统的稳定。利用燃烧概率（BP）模型可以模拟景观尺度上的火发生和蔓延过程,描述一个区域空间上的火发生概率和潜在的火行为特征。该模型已经成为林火管理的重要工具,也可为林火管理的规划和政策制定提供必要的信息。作为森林管理和林火扑救的一个科学工具,BP模型在林火扑救资源配置、管理策略制定、火灾风险评估等方面得到广泛应用。文中综述了BP模型在风险分析、可燃物管理、气候变化影响评估等方面的研究进展。基于BP模型模拟技术解决林火管理中的问题,可为开展有针对性的林火管理措施提供参考依据,通过林火管理降低景观尺度上的火灾风险,提高林火管理效益。     

Simulating restoration strategies for a southern boreal forest landscape with complex land ownership patterns

Restoring altered forest landscapes toward their ranges of natural variability (RNV) may enhance ecosystem sustainability and resiliency, but such efforts can be hampered by complex land ownership and management patterns. We evaluated restoration potential for southern-boreal forests in the ∼2.1 million ha Border Lakes Region of northern Minnesota (U.S.A.) and Ontario (Canada), where spatially distinct timber harvest and fire suppression histories have differentially altered forest conditions (composition, age–class distribution, and landscape structure) among major management areas, effectively resulting in forest landscape “bifurcation.” We used a forest landscape simulation model to evaluate potential for four hypothetical management and two natural disturbance scenarios to restore forest conditions and reduce bifurcation, including: (1) a current management scenario that simulated timber harvest and fire suppression practices among major landowners; (2) three restoration scenarios that simulated combinations of wildland fire use and cross-boundary timber harvest designed to emulate natural disturbance patterns; (3) a historical natural disturbance scenario that simulated pre-EuroAmerican settlement fire regimes and windthrow; and (4) a contemporary fire regime that simulated fire suppression, but no timber harvest. Forest composition and landscape structure for a 200-year model period were compared among scenarios, among major land management regions within scenarios, and to six RNV benchmarks. The current management scenario met only one RNV benchmark and did not move forest composition, age–class distribution, or landscape structures toward the RNV, and it increased forest landscape bifurcation between primarily timber-managed and wilderness areas. The historical natural disturbance scenario met five RNV benchmarks and the restoration scenarios as many as five, by generally restoring forest composition, age–class distributions, and landscape structures, and reducing bifurcation of forest conditions. The contemporary natural disturbance scenario met only one benchmark and generally created a forest landscape dominated by large patches of late-successional, fire-prone forests. Some forest types (e.g., white and red pine) declined in all scenarios, despite simulated restoration strategies. It may not be possible to achieve all objectives under a single management scenario, and complications, such as fire-risk, may limit strategies. However, our model suggests that timber harvest and fire regimes that emulate natural disturbance patterns can move forest landscapes toward the RNV.     

Disturbance history affects lightning fire initiation in the mixedwood boreal forest: Observations and simulations

The emulation of natural disturbances such as fire is a prominent harvest management strategy for ecosystems in Canada's boreal forest region, but the effect of harvesting on subsequent lightning fire occurrence has not been studied systematically in the mixedwood boreal forest. We quantified the relationship between annual patterns of lightning fire initiation, forest composition, lightning, and fire weather conditions over eight years (1994–2001) in a 60,000 km² region of actively harvested mixedwood boreal forest in western Canada. Our analyses illustrated that forest harvesting and burning had opposite effects on subsequent fire initiation, so harvest was not a surrogate for fire. Fire initiation increased in landscapes with more area harvested and decreased with area recently burned. Our data suggested that increased fire initiation was most pronounced in harvested stands up to a decade old, and there was some evidence that the effect might last as long as 30 years. We then used a dynamic fire-succession simulation model to quantify the long-term effects of these fuel-based relationships using two metrics. As expected, the first metric demonstrated that the number of years between disturbances was significantly less in stands that were harvested and then burned, than those that were burned and then burned again. However, the more revealing component of the simulations was an illustration that despite the strong, positive relationship between harvested areas and fire initiation, the area affected over the long-term by a reduced disturbance interval was relatively small. Accordingly, our study shows that spatiotemporal regulation of lightning fire initiation through harvesting activity results in a systematic accelerated frequency of disturbance that is novel to the mixedwood boreal system, but the area affected by these events amount to local peculiarities rather than broad-scaled regularities.     

基于GIS平台的林火景观格局研究构想

现代林火管理需要在整合森林防灭火信息的基础上,对林火发生、发展、蔓延以及可燃物景观格局现状进行系统深入的分析,以期对林分可燃物进行科学合理的空间布局,并实现对林火防区可燃物未来演替格局的预测。通过对相关研究的综述分析,基于地理信息系统(GIS)平台的空间直观模型模拟,是针对把林火作为驱动因子的大时空尺度森林景观变化研究的强有力工具。提出了以林火景观生态格局为核心的研究框架,具体研究成果将直接为林火防区提供灭火策略和灭火指挥辅助决策的数源基础和定量化技术支持。     

Wind disturbances shape old Norway spruce-dominated forest in Bulgaria

Correct knowledge of disturbance ecology is essential for understanding the characteristic behavior of forest ecosystems and for guiding appropriate management strategies. However, the role of natural disturbances in shaping European mountain forest ecosystems has not been adequately studied, possibly because of the perception that the development of most European forests is primarily shaped by human influences and/or fine-scale gap-phase dynamics.In the present study, we investigate the long-term disturbance history of old protected forest dominated by Norway spruce in the Parangalitsa Reserve, Bulgaria. We used aerial photo interpretation and dendroecological methods to reconstruct the history of wind, insect, and fire disturbances across a topographically complex landscape. Over the past 150 years wind has been the most important disturbance agent in this ecosystem and at least 18% of the forested area shows evidence of high-severity blowdowns. Windthrow patches ranged in size from <1 ha to >10 ha (minimum 0.11 ha, mean 0.16 ha, maximum 10 ha). Although small disturbances were much more frequent, few larger blowdowns accounted for most of the disturbed area. Pure coniferous and single-cohort coniferous forest patches were more affected by blowdowns than mixed coniferous-deciduous and multi-cohort coniferous forest patches. Although bark beetle (Ips typhographus) populations were large enough to cause mortality of some live trees, the populations did not grow to epidemic proportions during recent decades. Fire disturbance was of limited importance in the last 200 years and only two patches (4% of the study area) showed evidence of fire.The present research indicates that wind disturbances have been characteristic of these ecosystems at least over the past decades to centuries. Thus, blowdowns appear integral to the normal function and structure of the Picea-dominated mountain forests in the region and such events, in and of themselves, do not represent unhealthy forest conditions or environmental emergencies. Management strategies that aim to maintain these ecosystems within a natural range of variation should incorporate wind disturbances into the management strategy. The frequency and magnitude of future wind disturbances may be considered within the historical framework described in the current study to assess potential effects of climate change on altered disturbance regimes.     

Decreases by disturbance-dependent tree species in the eastern and central USA

Open pine and oak forest ecosystems and floodplain forests have declined because of fire and flooding suppression. I determined tree species that have contracted in area occupied (where area occupied was ≥0.5 % of total species composition) or decreased in percent composition (i.e., percentage of all stems) during recent surveys (2000–2013) to ≤85 % of area occupied or composition during older surveys (1968–1999). I then identified whether species were associated with frequent fire, flooding, wetlands, postfire conditions, or other disturbances. Of 35 species that decreased in area occupied or composition, 16 species were associated with fire or postfire disturbance and fire-dependent species decreased in composition from 20 to 14 % during tree surveys. Even though species of floodplain forests and wetlands comprise a small percent of overall tree composition, 12 decreasing species were associated with floodplain forests or wetlands. Fire maintains open oak and pine ecosystems and flooding maintains floodplain forests, generally suspending succession. Suppression of fire in upland forests and flooding in floodplain forests has allowed disturbance-sensitive species to remain established and advance successional forests throughout the USA.