13种食用菌对稻草生物降解能力的研究

通过对13种食用菌对稻草生物降解能力的研究,结果表明除蒙古白蘑(Tricholamamongolicum)外,其他12菌株对稻草中的木素及纤维素均有一定的降解能力。其中侧耳(Pleurotus.ostreatus)表现出了很强的木素降解能力及较低的综纤维素降解能力,其木素降解率为17.86%,综纤维素降解率为2.44%,SF指数为7.97,为理想的木素降解菌。其他菌株木素降解率为2.30%~16.54%,综纤维素降解率为5.60%~17.32%,而SF指数均较低,介于0.14~2.24。通过线性回归得出菌落直径与变色圈直径比值(d1/d2)和选择性指数(SF)为负相关,其相关系数r=-0.1476,相关性不大。表5参9。     

Characteristics of senescent straw cell walls of dwarf, semidwarf, and normal strains of rice (Oryza sativa) plants

A normal variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.cv. Taichung 65, T65c), its isogenic dwarf line (T65d ₁), and a semidwarf variety of a different line (Oryza sativa L.cv. IR8, IR8) were studied. The results were compared with those of an isogenic dwarf line (Rh _i) of wheat straw, which was previously reported. Expression of the dwarf gene,d ₁, on the chemical composition and the structural features of lignin present in rice internodes differs from that in an isogenic dwarf line of wheat. The differences include the lignin content, total yield of alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products, and distribution of wall-bound hydroxycinnamic acids. There was, however, no difference in the syringyl/ guaiacyl nuclei (S/V) molar ratio and neutral sugar composition. The lignin composition of rice straw cell walls, particularly that of the dwarf variety, contained more of the condensed structure and fewer syringyl nuclei than lignin in wheat straw cell walls. It is suggested that crosslinking between lignin and polysaccharides by ester-ether bridges via ferulic acid contributes to the mechanical properties of the cell walls of rice straw. Thus the chemical and structural characteristics of lignin in rice straw differ to some extent from those of other temperate grasses, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica), as reported previously. This can probably be attributed to the water environment of rapidly growing rice seedlings, but it also depends on the genetic variety of the rice plant.     

Relationship between production of hydroxyl radicals and degradation of wood, crystalline cellulose, and a lignin-related compound or accumulation of oxalic acid in cultures of brown-rot fungi

The degradation of wood, filter paper cellulose, and a lignin-substructure model, was measured in cultures of seven fungi usually regarded as brown-rot fungi. Hydroxyl radical production and the accumulation of oxalic acid in the cultures were also measured. Four of the fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Tyromyces palustris, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Postia placenta, were typical brown-rot fungi, in that they preferentially degraded and eliminated the polysaccharides in wood and produced large amounts of hydroxyl radical. The rates of hydroxyl radical generation in cultures of the four fungi were directly proportional to the degradation rates of wood, cellulose, and the lignin-related compound, and inversely proportional to the amount of oxalic acid in the cultures. Two of the fungi, Daedalea dickinsii and Lentinus lepideus, did not degrade any of the substrates significantly and produced very little hydroxyl radical. Coniophora puteana had the highest rate of cellulose degradation, but did not degrade wood or the lignin model significantly and produced only negligible amounts of hydroxyl radical. These results indicate that brown-rot fungi produce large amounts of hydroxyl radical for the degradation of wood and crystalline cellulose.     

Relationship between degradation of wood and production of H2O2-producing or one-electron oxidases by brown-rot fungi

Summary The one-electron oxidation activity of brown-rot fungi was determined by measuring ethylene production from KTBA. Ethylene production was related to degradation of lignin, cellulose, and wood itself. Extracellular protein that catalyzed oxidation of KTBA was isolated from wood-containing cultures. This protein required H₂O₂ for KTBA oxidation. It was also found to oxidize NADH, producing H₂O₂ via in the presence of O₂. The protein showed little phenol-oxidase activity under conditions giving high activity against KTBA. The results indicate that partially reduced oxygen may play a role in the initial degradation of the cellulose and lignin in wood in cultures of brown-rot fungi.     

木本植物叶片热值测试和分析

[目的]本研究致力于探讨木本植物叶片的热值分布规律及其与化学组成的内在联系,相应为科学评估其火灾危险性以及能源利用提供基础数据和工程计算方法。[方法]选取27种不同科属的木本植物叶样,开展工业分析、元素分析及热值测试。[结果]表明,植物叶样的干基高位热值HHVd在17.48~24.01 MJ·kg-1之间变化,平均值为21.16 MJ·kg-1。同科属的植物叶片热值一般较为接近,样品自身灰分含量对干基高位热值的影响可以忽略。分析证实,干基高位热值的变化与样品挥发分和固定碳含量分布密切相关。植物叶片中挥发分和固定碳含量比值随着其化学组成中氧碳摩尔比增加而增大,并且固定碳在可燃组分中的相对含量反映样品木质素含量水平。[结论]样品氧碳摩尔比和氢碳摩尔比的增加意味着其木质素含量降低,使得其干基高位热值减小。对于所涉木本植物叶片来说,其干基高位热值可以分别由经验式HHVd=0.189 3VMd+0.369 5FCd和HHVd=0.447 8Cd+1.4072Hd-0.283 7Od准确计算获得,还可以据此迅速确定样品收到基热值。     

Synthesis of β-O-4 type oligomeric lignin model compound by the nucleophilic addition of carbanion to the aldehyde group

A synthetic method for obtaining lignin oligomer that contains only the β-O-4 structure is described in detail. This method consists of three reaction steps: (1) the synthesis of t-butoxycarbonylmethyl vanillin (2), (2) the nucleophilic addition oligomerization of compound 2, and (3) the reduction of the oligomeric β-hydroxyl ester. In the first step, compound 2 was synthesized from vanillin in 96.8% yield. In the second step, compound 2 was oligomerized with commercial lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to obtain oligomeric β-hydroxyl ester (3) in 87.2% yield; the repeating units of this oligomer were joined only by β-O-4 linkages as confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In the third step, the oligomeric β-hydroxyl ester (3) was reduced with LiAlH₄ to give compound 4 in 42.4% yield. On the basis of NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography analyses of compound 4, it was concluded that compound 4 was an oligomeric lignin model compound containing only β-O-4 interunit linkages. The number average degree of polymerization (DPn) of obtained compound 4 was about 7.0 (M _w/M _n = 1.42). Using this oligomeric lignin model compound, conventional degradation and analytical methods will give new information.     

A histological investigation of Oriental beech wood decayed by Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor

Chemical, light and electron microscopic studies were carried out on wood of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) decayed by the white‐rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor for 30, 60 and 120 days according to the modified European standard EN 113. Mass loss as well as lignin, cellulose and carbohydrate content were determined before and after fungal attack. There were no significant differences of wood mass loss and chemical composition between both fungi at the end of incubation. After each incubation period, small specimens were stained for microscopic studies. The micromorphology of fungal cell wall degradation was rather similar for both fungi. Both decreased the cell wall thickness to the same extent. The accumulation of hyphae as well as the rupture of cell walls was also similar. The occurrence of hyphae, cavities in the pits and vessel walls followed nearly the same patterns. The parenchyma cells were completely destroyed. Altogether, both fungi produced a simultaneous white rot in Oriental beech wood.     

Lignin-degrading activity of edible mushroom <Emphasis Type="Italic">Strobilurus ohshimae</Emphasis> that forms fruiting bodies on buried sugi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>) twigs

Strobilurus ohshimae is an edible mushroom, and it specifically forms its fruiting bodies on buried sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) twigs. In this research, we studied lignindegrading activity of S. ohshimae. We isolated 18 strains of S. ohshimae from various regions of Japan, and determined their lignin degradation rates on sugi wood meal medium. All the strains of S. ohshimae degraded approximately 6%–12% of sugi lignin in 30 days, and these lignin degradation rates were 1.5–3 times higher than those of Trametes versicolor, which is a typical lignin-degrading fungus. Among the three main lignin-degrading enzymes, activity of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase was not observed, while 4340U/g of laccase was produced in 30 days. To investigate the effect of wood species on lignin degradation by S. ohshimae, the lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity on sugi wood meal medium were compared with those on beech (Fagus crenata). In T. versicolor, both lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity were higher on beech than on sugi. Conversely, in S. ohshimae, lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity were higher on sugi than on beech. Therefore, it was suggested that coniferous lignin is not always difficult to degrade for the fungi that inhabit softwood. Part of this article presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Sapporo, August 2004     

Effect of nitrogen and carbon sources on lignin and cellulose degradation by Armillaria ostoyae

Lignin has been hypothesized to be the primary mechanism of resistance to fungal pathogens in plant tissue. Degradation of lignin and cellulose by Armillaria ostoyae cultured for six weeks in Melin-Norkrans medium containing various nitrogen and carbon sources was measured radiometrically. No consistent pattern of lignin or cellulose degradation was found, regardless of A. ostoyae isolate, nitrogen source and concentration, or carbon concentration. More lignin was degraded as the concentration of glucose and fructose increased but not when the concentration of sucrose increased.     

Impact of anthocyanin from Malva sylvestris on plasma lipids and free radical

The effects of anthocyanin fromMalva sylvestris on plasma lipids and free radical were investigated by Reagent Kit method and in vitro assay. High fat model was set up with albino rats that were fed with different dosages of anthocyanin fromMalva sylvestris (0.03 g·d⁻¹, 0.04 g·d⁻¹ and 0.05 g·d⁻¹). The results showed that the total cholesterol was decreased by 19.7% at an anthocyanin of 0.04 g·d⁻¹ and triglyceride was decreased by 34.4% at an anthocyanin of 0.05 g·d⁻¹. In vitro assay, some indexes of anthocyanin were measured including the capability of scavenging free radical, reducing force and the capability of anti-lipid peroxidation by orthophenanthroline Fe⁺² oxidation-reduction method. The results indicated that the clearance rate of free radical reached to 43.46% when the content of anthocyanin was 0.20 mg·mL⁻¹ and the inhibition ratio of lipid peroxidation reached 18.82% when the content was 0.5 mg·mL⁻¹. Therefore anthocyanin is a kind of natural and effective free radical remover and antioxidant and can prevent from the formation of the thrombus and reduced the emergence of the cardiovascular disease. Biography: Wang Zhen-yu (1957-), male, Prof. in Forestry College, Northeast Forestry University and Food Science Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Acetic acid pulping of wheat straw under atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric acetic acid pulping of wheat straw was carried out. Pulping conditions and their effects on pulp properties were investigated in detail, and a comparison between acetic acid (AcOH) pulp and soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulps of wheat straw was made of the chemical composition, strength, and fiber morphology of the pulps. Wheat straw was successfully pulped and fractionated into pulp (cellulose), acetic acid lignin, and sugars (monosaccharides from hemicellulose), making it easy to utilize them. It was found that among the pulping conditions the dosage of H₂SO₄ as catalyst was the most notable, and the extent and rate of delignification could be controlled by varying the amount of the catalyst. The results also showed that acetic acid pulp was quite different from soda-AQ pulp. About 70% of the ash or 90% of the silica in wheat straw were kept in AcOH pulp. The ash might function as filler and be beneficial to the printability of paper. It was known that many epidermal cells existed in AcOH pulp in bundles or in single cells. These ash-rich nonfiber cells seemed to hinder the bonding between fibers. AcOH pulp had lower strength than soda-AQ pulp, which might result mainly from the chemical damage of fibers caused by acid, not from the depolymerization of cellulose.Part of this paper was presented at the 65th Pulp and Paper Research Conference of Japan TAPPI, Tokyo, June 1998     

Wettability changes of wheat straw treated with chemicals and enzymes

A study was conducted to test wettability changes of the wheat straw treated with different methods for the preparation of wheat straw particle board. The wheat straws were separately sprayed with two chemicals (0.6% NaOH, 0.3% H2O2) and three enzymes (lipase, xylanase, cellulase). The contact angle between water and the surface of wheat straw was measured and the spreading-penetration parameters (K-values) were also calculated with wetting model. The surfaces of treated wheat straw and control sample were scanned by means of Micro-FTIR, and their peaks arrangements were analyzed. The surface morphologies of treated wheat straw and control sample were also observed by SEM. Chemical etching was found on the exterior surfaces of the straws treated separately with 0.6% NaOH and 0.3% H2O2; furthermore, the spreading-penetration parameters (K-values) of the distilled water on the exterior surfaces of the treated wheat straw along the grain were higher than that of control. The wettability of exterior surfaces of the wheat straws treated separately with lipase, xylanase and cellulose were improved after treating for seven days, and among the three enzymes treatments, the lipase treatment showed best result. The lipase treatment and NaOH treatment were determined as better methods for improving the wettability of wheat straw surfaces. However, in the economic aspect, NaOH treatment was more practical and easier in the pretreatment for the manufacture of straw particle board.     

杨树冰核活性细菌溃疡病的病理和生理机制(英文)

在1997-1999年间,利用Bier, X.H、波钦诺克、王敬文、史瑞和等人的研究方法,分别对不同品种杨树如:美×青、A100、小黑14、黑小2、613、北京605等接种冰核活性细菌,并对接种前后树皮含水量、相对膨胀度、木质素、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、电解质渗出率以及无机元素等进行了测定。结果表明:冰核细菌溃疡病发生后,树皮含水率降低,而膨胀度(RT值)升高;树皮内电解质渗出率增加,而在-4 C和5 C时渗出率最高;木质素的含量也有所增加,且与品种的抗病性呈正相关;苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性也有所增加,且与品种的抗病性呈正相关;Cu、Fe含量显著下降,K、Zn含量显著增加,但Mn、Ca、Mg含量变化不大。     

Identification and partial characterization of an extracellular manganese-dependent peroxidase in Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria mellea

Laccase and manganese-dependent peroxidase (Mn peroxidase) activities were detected in the culture media of Armillaria ostoyae and A. mellea. Mn peroxidase was produced in significantly higher quantity by the A. ostoyae isolates and was purified by chromatography from one isolate of this species. Some properties of the purified enzyme were examined (absorption spectrum, H₂O₂ and MnSO₄ optimal concentrations, pH optimum and lactate stimulation). Enzymes of potential importance in the lignin degradation (especially Mn peroxidase) by Armillaria sp. are compared to those of other root-rotting fungi. The possible role of Mn peroxidase in modulating the pathogenicity of Armillaria sp. is discussed.     

木材白腐菌对木质素生物降解机制的初步研究

通过测定6种白腐菌火木层孔菌Phellinus igniarius及粗毛盖菌Funalia gallica、三色革裥菌Lenzites tricolor、冬拟多孔菌Polyporellus brumalis、偏肿拟栓菌Pseudotrametes gibbosa和血红密孔菌Pycnoporus sanguineus分解山杨材一定时间后的木质素含量，研究木材白腐菌对山杨材木质素生物降解机制。测定结果表明，按照木质素的减少百分率，这6种白腐菌对山杨材木质素的分解能力依次为血红密孔菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌、冬拟多孔菌、火木层孔菌；6种白腐菌对山杨材木质素及综纤维素的分解量X1、X2及分解时间Y这3个量之间存在多元回归关系；冬拟多孔菌是较多分解木质素、较少分解纤维素的木材白腐菌。     

Influences of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on polyphenol oxidase activity in a forested Andisol

Increased atmospheric N deposition could suppress plant litter decomposition, due to the P limitation for soil microorganisms in Japanese forested Andisols with a high P sorption capacity. To explore this possibility, we used a laboratory incubation experiment to study the influence of N addition on β-d-glucosidase and polyphenol oxidase activities, which are important for cellulose and lignin degradation, respectively, in an Andisol with larch (Larix kaempferi) leaf litter. The addition of N increased the β-d-glucosidase activity, whereas it decreased the polyphenol oxidase activity in the soil. However, the addition of both N and P increased the polyphenol oxidase activity in the soil, suggesting the possibility of; (1) an inferior competitive ability of polyphenol oxidase-producing microorganisms under nutrient-rich conditions and; of (2) their P limitation through competition in the Andisol.     

竹伐桩促腐微生物的分离筛选

以不同腐朽程度的毛竹伐桩为样品,对其中的具有降解纤维素或木质素的竹腐微生物进行富集、分离、纯化.通过定性和定量筛选共得到16株具有较好纤维素降解能力或木质素降解能力的菌株,包括8株真菌,5株细菌和3株放线菌.采用固态竹屑培养基测定各菌株对毛竹纤维素和木质素的降解能力,真菌菌株F2和F10的降解效果最好,15 d对纤维素的降解率分别为23.96%和24.31%,优于参照菌株绿色木霉YJ-3的19.59%;对木质素的降解率分别为16.92%和19.15%,优于参照菌株黄孢原毛平革菌ME-446的16.53%.     

Histological changes in the cell wall structure during wood decay by Trametes hirsuta and Trametes versicolor in neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss)

ABSTRACT

Structural alterations in the wood cell walls of neem inoculated with by Trametes hirsuta and T. versicolor were studied by microscopic methods. In vitro decayed wood showed extensive weight loss of test blocks (26.7 and 41.38% by T. versicolor and T. hirsuta, respectively) at the end of 3 months. Selective delignification in the initial phase followed by simultaneous removal of lignin was evident in test blocks inoculated with both the species. The separation of middle lamellae and patches of cellulosic polysaccharides stained blue with Astra blue in the delignified region of the fiber wall during early stages indicates selective mode of decay. In contrast, the occurrence of erosion troughs with characteristic U-notch in tangential sections is a characteristic feature of simultaneous rot that was apparent after 3 months of incubation. The decay pattern occurred concomitantly in all the xylem elements irrespective of general resistance pattern shown by vessel and axial parenchyma cells. At an advance stage, both species of Trametes showed formation of erosion channels along the microfibrils angle of cellulose which is considered as characteristics of soft rot decay type. The sharing of white rot and soft rot decay pattern by both the fungi suggest a phylogenetic link between both groups of fungi.     

New piezoelectric moduli of wood: <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis><Subscript>31</Subscript> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis><Subscript>32</Subscript>

This article reports the piezoelectric moduli of wood d ₃₁, d ₃₂, and d ₃₆. The piezoelectric moduli of wood d ₃₁ and d ₃₂ have not been previously reported, although there has been much research on the d ₁₄ and d ₂₅ moduli of wood. The moduli d ₃₁, d ₃₂, and d ₃₆ were measured carefully because their absolute values were considerably smaller than those of d ₁₄ and d ₂₅. For Softwoods, d ₃₆ values were mostly negative, whereas the values for hardwoods had either positive or negative values. The other moduli, d ₃₁ and d ₃₂, were a mixture of positive and negative values in softwoods and hardwoods. The existence of d ₃₁ and d ₃₂ suggests the presence of an electrical polarity of the cellulose crystal in the fiber direction of the wood. The polarities of d ₃₁ and d ₃₂ became clear from wood in the outer part of the trunk, where the crystallinity of cellulose is large and the alignment of the crystals becomes parallel to the fiber direction.     

白腐菌在木质纤维素降解中的应用进展

木质素由于具有各种生物学稳定的复杂键型而不易被微生物降解,进而阻碍了纤维素的降解利用,而纤维素是重要的能源性物质,同时又是纸浆的主要成分,因此有效利用木质纤维素的关键是木质素的去除。本文总结白腐菌在生物制浆、乙醇制备的预处理、堆肥和饲料的制备方面的应用,概括提高白腐菌利用效率的方法,并对使用白腐菌处理木质纤维素材料进行展望。