增强-阻燃处理改善柳杉木材的性能研究

采用不同质量分数的低分子量三聚氰胺-脲醛树脂(MUF),及其与硼酸、硼砂复配的改性液,分别对柳杉木材进行浸渍处理。结果表明:树脂溶液和复配改性液均对木材具有良好的渗透性,且木材增重率随改性液质量分数的增大而增加,两种改性液均能有效提高柳杉的物理、力学和阻燃性能。     

三聚氰胺脲醛树脂复配硼化物改性杨木的性能

采用硼酸、硼砂混合液,三聚氰胺脲醛(MUF)树脂及MUF树脂与硼酸、硼砂的复配改性剂处理人工林杨木,并对处理材的各项性能进行评价.结果表明:MUF树脂和MUF树脂复配硼化物的处理,均可显著降低木材的吸湿率,提高抗胀率、弹性模量和抗弯强度;3种改性材的氧指数均提高,点燃时间延迟,热释放速率、总热释放量、总烟释放量及CO产率均降低.以MUF树脂复配硼化物处理杨木的效果最优,杨木各项性能可全面改善.     

多胺基聚合物改性室温固化型MUF树脂胶黏剂

为解决三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(MUF)树脂作为室外级结构集成材胶黏剂时存在的脆性大、易开裂的问题,得到韧性优秀且综合性能满足室外级结构集成材标准的室温固化型MUF树脂胶黏剂,本研究在MUF树脂合成中使用两种改性剂尿素-乙二胺(UE)、尿素-三(2-氨基乙基)胺(UD)分别替代部分三聚氰胺合成了 MUF-UE、MUF-UD...     

表面涂布型阻燃树脂及其在中纤板的应用

开发由聚磷酸铵(APP)、季戊四醇(PER)和三聚氰胺脲醛(MUF)树脂合成的表面涂布型氨基阻燃树脂,并将其应用于中密度纤维板的阻燃处理,探讨树脂体系的构成及涂布量对板材阻燃性能的影响。研究表明:1)氨基树脂受热形成膨胀炭质层,可阻碍热量和氧气传递,延长引燃时间,释热速率、释热总量大幅降低;2)随阻燃剂比例和树脂涂布量增加,板材的阻燃能力逐渐增高;3)处理15 mm厚MDF,每m3板材阻燃剂的涂布量仅为传统施胶过程添加阻燃剂用量的1/6,处理板材的火势增长指数FGI下降94.7%,在抑制火势扩大和蔓延速度方面更具优势。     

磷酸三聚氰胺复配硼酸锌阻燃中密度纤维板的燃烧性能

选用磷酸三聚氰胺与硼酸锌复配,制备阻燃中密度纤维板(MDF),并采用锥形量热仪测试其燃烧性能,分析复配阻燃剂对板材燃烧性能的影响.结果表明:复配阻燃剂可有效提高MDF试材的阻燃抑烟性能,降低其热释放速率、总热释放量、产烟速率、总产烟量、CO及CO2生成速率,以磷酸三聚氰胺和硼酸锌等质量复配时,MDF试材的阻燃效果最优.     

阻燃剂WFRJ1改性木材的体积稳定性和涂饰性能

用阻燃剂ＷＦＲＪ１处理大青杨木材并对处理材的阻燃性能、涂饰性能和体积稳定性进行测定。结果表明：ＷＦＲＪ１可用于木制品的阻燃处理。当ＷＦＲＪ１浓度为１０％时,氧指数可达到５０％以上,与水溶性ＲＦ树脂复配,可大幅度提高处理材的抗胀缩率和阻湿率,增加体积稳定性。经ＷＦＲＪ１处理后杨木单板的涂饰性能未受影响。     

二乙二醇醚增韧改性三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂的性能

三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂(MUF)相比脲醛树脂(UF)具有低甲醛释放和高耐水的优点,被广泛用于制造环保和防潮胶合板、刨花板和纤维板。但是,增加三聚氰胺含量会导致MUF树脂脆性变大。制备了二乙二醇醚增韧改性MUF树脂,研究了二乙二醇醚添加量对胶合板胶合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性的影响。结果表明:添加MUF胶液质量2%~8%的二乙二醇醚可延长MUF树脂的固化时间,降低胶合板的胶合强度,而胶合板的抗弯破坏由脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变。与对照组对比,二乙二醇醚改性MUF树脂可明显提高所制胶合板的弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性。较优的二乙二醇醚添加量为MUF胶液质量的2%,此时,胶合板弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性相比对照组分别提高了66.7%,71.1%和100%。     

低分子量酚醛树脂与阻燃剂复配改性大青杨木材的研究

用低分子量酚醛树脂分别与阻燃剂ＦＲＤＬ－１１２或硼酸复配改性大青杨木材的研究表明,ＰＦ树脂与ＦＲＤＬ－１１２复配使用时的渗透性优于与硼酸复配;对处理材的顺纹抗压强度和硬度有降低作用,但与未处理素材相比仍有提高,与硼酸复配对处理材的阻湿性和抗胀缩性能有较大负面影响。阻燃效果是ＦＲＤＬ－１１２明显优于硼酸;与ＦＲＤＬ０－１１２复配可处理材的防腐能力下降,与硼酸复配处理材的防腐效果优于单纯的酚醛树脂处理     

改性三聚氰胺脲醛树脂增强人工林杉木的性能

采用改性三聚氰胺脲醛(MUF)树脂和递进式逐级渗透处理工艺,对人工林杉木进行浸渍处理,制备增强改性杉木木材,并与未改性素材进行物理化学性能的对比分析。结果表明:改性材的绝干密度、抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量均有所提高,吸水率降低,热稳定性提高;FTIR和SEM分析显示,改性剂被成功引入、填充,并固化于木材管胞和纹孔等孔隙中。     

磷氮硼复配阻燃剂处理竹材的热降解及燃烧性能

采用3种磷酸铵盐(APP、DAP、MAP)分别与硼酸/硼砂复配化合物(SBX)进行复配,对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)竹条进行加压浸渍处理,利用热重分析仪、锥形量热仪比较分析了阻燃剂对竹材的热解行为及燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:阻燃处理竹材的热降解过程发生改变,起始降解温度降低,高温热解区间缩短,残余质量分数增加58%~74%。3种复配阻燃剂处理竹材燃烧后都能形成致密炭层,具有良好的阻燃和抑烟性能,其中MAP/SBX复配阻燃剂的阻燃效果最佳,阻燃处理竹材的热释放速率和发烟速率大幅度降低,热释放总量降低48.49%,发烟总量降低84.92%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.