蒙古栎间伐林分和未间伐林分生长模型研究

以Richards和Schumacher模型为原型,利用地位级指数代替地位指数来反映林分的立地质量,通过选取不同的密度指标,分别拟合蒙古栎间伐、未间伐林分的断面积、蓄积量生长模型。结果表明:选用不同的密度指标直接影响着模型的预估效果,林分断面积生长模型选用林分密度指数作为密度指标时预估效果更好,且Schumacher模型要优于Richards模型;林分蓄积量生长模型选用林分断面积作为密度指标时预估效果更好,当认为模型中的渐近值参数只与立地质量相关、而与密度无关时,选用林分断面积作为密度指标的Richards模型要优于Schumacher模型,而在Schumacher模型渐近值参数中引入密度指标后,对林分蓄积量的预估精度又要略优于Richards模型。建议在研究蒙古栎断面积、蓄积量生长模型时,分别选用林分密度指数和林分断面积作为密度指标较好。     

林分密度指数研究现状

林分密度指数是基于林分层次,对于量化林分密度与生长情况所提出的一项指标,其研究的核心是掌握林分的自然稀疏规律。在森林决策经营问题上,林分生长收获预估研究是最重要的一环,但其中林分生长收获模型的建立及预测的准确性一直是个难题,考虑众多林分生长指标后,林分密度成为了林分生长预估模型的核心问题。对于多种多样的林木种类和复杂的林分立地条件,林分密度指数的应用范围也受到限制,本文将就林分密度指数研究现状展开论述。     

浙江开化杉木人工林可变密度收获表的编制

采用扩展Richards生长函数的方法编制了开化杉木人工林可变密度收获表,并对林分株距指数和密度指数两种密度指标进行了分析,结果认为开化杉木人工林用株距指数这一指标较好。     

造林密度对林下经济作物的影响研究 ——以茶树菇为例

在造林密度为1 000、1 500、2 000、2 500、3 000株/hm2的林下对茶树菇的生长高度和生长胸径进行调查并对比分析,同时对其生长因子进行估值比对。研究结果表明:造林密度为1 000株/hm2林下的茶树菇生长高度和生长胸径均处于整体数值的高值段位,且茶树菇环境综合指数、温度指数、土壤湿度、土壤营养要素指标较高,存在一定空间和适宜度。     

昆明地区针叶混交林林木竞争指标研究

林木竞争对林木个体生长和森林群落的结构以及种群动态有着重要影响,因此研究林木竞争指标,了解林分内林木的竞争关系,是制定合理的森林经营措施的重要依据之一。文章以昆明地区针叶混交林为研究对象,根据16块标准地中的每木调查数据,用9种反映林木竞争状况的指标,对林木间的生长竞争指标进行计算和分析研究,最后采用主成分分析方法对9个指标进行了主成分分析和指标选择。研究结果表明:相对胸径、相对树高、相对冠幅这三个指标较为稳定,几乎不受林分密度影响,对林分蓄积量影响较小;树冠伸展度、圆满度、投影比、生长空间指数、树冠体积等指标与林分密度和蓄积量关系密切。而在所有指标中,最能较好地反映林木竞争状况的主要指标是投影比、圆满度、生长空间指数、伸展度。     

利用树冠竞争因子确定同龄间伐林分的断面积生长过程

断面积生长预估是林分生长和收获预估体系中的核心因子和基础。本文选用了包含林分密度指标、年龄和立地质量指标的Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ 模型作为断面积生长模型。利用树冠竞争因子（ ＣＣＦ） 能稳定反映林分竞争水平的特性,建立了ＣＣＦ 与林分密度指数和单位面积林木株数之间的函数关系式,并对长白落叶松和杉木得出：（１） ＣＣＦ＜ ２００ ,林分为等株数生长;（２）２００ ≤ＣＣＦ≤３００ 时,为等株数生长向自然稀疏生长的过渡期,该期间林分密度指数的变化可用等株数生长和自然稀疏生长的线性组合来表达;（３） ＣＣＦ＞ ３００ 时,林分为完全的自然稀疏生长     

土壤线虫对深圳梧桐山毛棉杜鹃林生长的影响

文章通过线虫群落结构和生态指数分析方法,研究了深圳梧桐山土壤线虫种类组成和群落结构对毛棉杜鹃Rhododendron moulmainense生长的影响。结果显示:(1)从梧桐山土壤中分离出线虫5 213头,隶属于30科56属,线虫群落结构对梧桐山毛棉杜鹃生长有重要影响;(2)辛普森优势度、密度-类群指数、香农多样性指数和均匀度指数4项指标均表明毛棉杜鹃生长状况与土壤线虫多样性显著相关;(3)瓦斯勒斯卡指数和线虫通路指数均表明毛棉杜鹃生长与土壤环境以及分解主导者相关不显著;(4)土壤生态系统成熟度是影响毛棉杜鹃生长的一个重要指标。研究表明,当食微线虫与植食性、捕食性线虫之和的比例控制在合理范围时,毛棉杜鹃生长良好,而当植食性和捕食性线虫占据主导时,毛棉杜鹃生长不良。     

杉木定量抚育间伐技术研究

根据杉木林木胸径生长规律和林分分化特征，确定了间伐起始期和间隔期。利用优势高与平均高、年龄关系建立了杉木立地指数模型。通过对胸径与冠幅关系的研究，得到不同立地指数睛的杉木基本经营密度Ｎ０及饱和密度Ｎｋ模型。根据立地指数等确定经营密度指标ｕ得到间伐后保留密度计算模型，并籍以计算间伐强度。提出了利用计算器编程进行间伐设计的新方法，只要输入胸径、部分树高和林龄，各林分因子及间伐技术指标就可从计算器中读出     

用动态规划方法确定华北落叶松最优轮伐期及最佳林分密度

本文采用Richards函数的修正式拟合林分胸高断面积生长方程,并考虑株数密度对断面积生长的影响;用每公顷胸高断面积和每公顷株数作为状态变量,用森林纯收益作为指标函数,建立了离散确定性动态规划模型,确定了塞罕坝林场华北落叶松人工林的最优轮伐期,并为各地位指数及不同年龄、不同初始状态的林分提供了确定最适经营密度的方法。     

福建杉木人工林生长模型的研究

利用福建省杉木产区的材料 ,根据相对生长理论 ,选用Richards一般化的Bertalanffy模型为福建省杉木人工林生长的基本模型 ,并将地位指数和密度指数引入该模型 ,形成以地位指数、密度和年龄为自变量的多形生长模型。分析结果表明 ,该多形生长模型具有较高的精度 ,对指导闽西北杉木营林生产提供了有效的依据和信息 ,对杉木速生丰产林的进一步深入研究起到了积极的作用     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.