谈谈松茸及其栽培

松茸[Tricholoma matsutake (S.Ito et Imai)Sing.(Armillaria matsutake S.Ito et Imai)]又名松菇、松蕈、松口蘑、鸡丝菌。为担子菌纲口蘑属的真菌,是一种极其名贵的野生食用蘑菇,堪称“仙人的食品”。然而,由于人们不太了解松茸的特性,盲目采收,造成松茸资源严重枯竭。据说前几年在辽宁省宽     

姬松茸"岩出101株"与其他菌株的对比试验

姬松茸(Agaricus blazei)原产于巴西.日本岩出菌学研究所最早将姬松茸驯化栽培成功,其所育姬松茸(岩出101株)可调整人的机体平衡,具有很好的营养价值和食疗功效,尤其具有抗肿瘤活性,被称为"神奇之菇".日本确定姬松茸已有多个栽培品种,但唯有"岩出101株"是经科学研究证明的姬松茸注册药用菌株[1,3,4,6].现将黑龙江省林副特产研究所引进的姬松茸"岩出101株"与其他菌株的对比试验结果报道如下.     

松茸菌塘出茸规律的研究

在云南保山市海棠村连续对松茸菌塘进行定点调查研究的结果表明：实施“土山育茸”为主的人工促繁措施明显促进菌塘的发展，促进菌塘内松茸数量的增加达110.64%，而松茸损失则下降12.6%；出茸菌塘可分为两种情况，一种是常规时间出茸，另一种是后期才出茸，二者分别点菌塘总数的58.6%和41.4%，常规出茸一般时间早，出茸时期较长，产量分布较平均，而后期才出茸的一般时间迟，出茸期较短；6个松茸菌塘连续3a观测结果表明，菌塘中收获的松茸数量提高了102.6%，产量增加达112.5%；在该林地所有菌塘中，最高年产量可达1.28kg；利用松茸开伞的方法可以形成新的菌塘，2－3a后可产出松茸。     

赤松茸资源的开发与经营利用

赤松茸Tricholoma matsutake是与赤松Pinus densiflora共生的一种野生食用菌。近年来,随着食用菌研究领域的不断扩大,人们对赤松茸的认识也越来越重视。1 资源分布与开发利用概况早在一千年前的日本古籍《枕草子》、《紫式部日记》《土佐日记》(934～935年)中,就有关于赤松茸风味的记载。日本人食用松茸的习惯一直流传至今。我国东北三省和山东半鸟的赤松林下都自然生长着大量松茸。     

松茸资源限制因子分析

分析了松茸[Tricholoma matsutake(S.Ito.et Imai)Sing.]的分类地位、地理分布和生态环境及其影响,以及影响松茸资源量的生态环境主要有立地条件和气候因子。立地条件包括森林植被、林地土壤和落叶腐殖层,气候因子主要为温度和湿度。分析表明:森林的破坏、气候的干旱以及无序采集的是松茸资源量减少的主要原因,并为松茸资源有效保护和持续利用提供了合理建议。     

关于松茸主要生态因子的调查报告：赤松的生长与植被

作为松茸主要生态因子的基础调查之一,现分别在松茸发生衰退、松茸发生旺盛和未发生松茸的三种林分类型的试验地中,对赤松的生长情况和植被状况进行了调查。这一调查结果对摸清松茸的发生、生态条件以及为松茸制订增产技术措施都提供了依据,并具有重要的意义。1 试验地本调查在松茸发生衰退的筒江试验地设     

姬松茸出菇异常的主要原因及对策

姬松茸（Agaricus blazei Murrill）又名小松菇、巴西蘑菇或柏拉氏蘑菇、ABM菇,属蘑菇（黑伞）科蘑菇（黑伞）属,原产于巴西、秘鲁.1965年,日裔巴西人将其孢子菌种送给日本,经蕈菌工作者数年的试验性栽培,获得成功,10多年后开始进行商业性栽培,并按照日本人喜爱的松茸而命之以“姬松茸”的美名.实际上,姬松茸是白蘑菇的近亲,与松茸无论从分类地位和性状风味上都有很大差别.     

松茸速溶茶配方设计研究

松茸在防癌、抗肿瘤、降低血糖、提高机体免疫力、防治心血管疾病等方面效果显著;绿茶中营养成分众多,也具有很好的保健功能。以绿茶和松茸为原料研究的松茸速溶茶,既具有松茸的营养功效,又保留了绿茶的清香高爽,饮用方便。结果表明：确定绿茶浸提的最佳参数为：料液比1∶13,温度为65℃,浸提时间为40min;松茸速溶茶的最佳配方为：松茸多糖浸提液与绿茶浸提液比例为1∶5,柠檬酸为0．04％,甜味剂为10％（白砂糖∶蜂蜜＝3∶2）,产品为浅棕色、颜色发亮,具有松茸和绿茶特有的香味,酸甜可口,感官评定得分为92．1。     

浅谈姬松茸的药效

姬松茸（Agaricus blazi Murrill)，属担子菌亚门，层菌纲、伞菌目、蘑菇科、蘑菇属。原产于巴西，美国、秘鲁也有分布。中国未发现这种野生菇，现使用菌种引自日本。这种野生菇来自巴西，故商品名又称为巴西菇。姬松茸味道鲜美，具有浓郁的苦杏仁香味，蛋白质和糖的含量为香菇的二倍以上。提取物中所含的甘露聚糖对肿瘤，特别是腹水瘤、痔疾、增强机体免疫力等具有神奇的功效。并因具有味美的果肉和细嫩的纤维组织而有较高的食用价值、药用价值及自身的特色深受美食、保健和医学、药学界的极大关注，深受日本、中国及西方国家的欢迎。下面谈一谈姬松茸的药效。     

舌尖上的“森林食品”

①松茸：松茸是一种纯天然的珍稀名贵食用菌类，被誉为“菌中之王”。相传1945年8月日本广岛遭原子弹袭击后，唯一存活的植物只有松茸，目前全世界都不能人工培植。松茸长在寒温带海拔3500米以上的高山林地，有特别的浓香，口感如鲍鱼，极润滑爽口。     

不同培养基对松口蘑及栎松口蘑不同菌株菌丝生长的影响

不同培养基对3个来源不同的松口蘑菌株和1个栎松口蘑菌株菌丝生长影响的研究结果表明,在不同培养基上,各菌株之间在菌丝生长速度、菌丝干重和菌落形态上表现出一定的差异。     

与地被菊株型匍匐性连锁RAPD标记的SCAR转化

地被菊(Dendranthema grandiflorum)是20世纪80年代由陈俊愉院士首先提出的菊花新品种群(王彭伟等,1990;Chen et al.,1995),因株型低矮或匍匐、多分枝、抗性强、适应性广、成型快、覆盖能力强、着花繁密,同时具备绿化、美化、彩化和香化功能,园林应用前景广阔(于忠香,2004).     

A male-specific SCAR DNA marker and sex ratio of seedlings in salak(Salacca zalacca var.zalacca)

A male-specific SCAR DNA marker was developed using a RAPD DNA marker specific for male plants of Salacca zalacca var. zalacca(salak palm). The marker is 1579 bp long and has a GC content of 38.5 %. Its sequence contains 1 or 2 open reading frames, indicating the marker is probably a coding region. No highly similar sequences were found in a search of the Gen Bank database.Sexes were identified using the SCAR DNA marker for three kinds of seedlings grouped by the number of seeds per fruit(1, 2 or 3). The sex ratio of female to male did not differ significantly from 1:1 for the three kinds of seedlings, implying that the number of seeds per fruit is not a reliable index to identify the sex of a seedling.     

保护松茸生态环境促进松茸可持续发展——关于恢复与发展云南松茸的探讨

针对云南省松茸产量连年锐减的严重现实 ,通过对松茸产区及市场的深入了解 ,结合在林间试验地的研究和观测调查 ,提出一系列促进松茸可持续发展的途径。禁止采收和收购占松茸总量约36 .4 %的未成熟幼茸 ,可使云南松茸在现有基础上增产 1.96倍 ;在保持现有松茸生态环境条件下 ,采用科学的采收方法 ,实施一系列有关的科学技术措施 ,在 2 7hm2 范围内松茸产量连年成倍增加 ;在 1hm2试验林范围内 ,松茸个数增加 4 5.2 8% ,产量增加 4 8% ,而有关鸟害等损失则降低 ,森林生态环境得到改善 ,土壤营养条件也不同程度得到改善。因此 ,恢复和保护松茸生态环境并配合适当的技术措施与科学的采集方法 ,更适合当前云南松茸的发展以及经济效益的进一步提高。     

The Swedish matsutake (Tricholoma nauseosum syn. T. matsutake): Distribution,Abundance and Ecology

The commercially important mushroom matsutake has been considered uncommon in Sweden by most mycologists and has been unknown to the Swedish public. Between 1849 and 1997, 81 matsutake reports were registered in Sweden. A field study in 1998 resulted in 121 matsutake localities, of which at least 30% were prolific, producing 30-200 fruit bodies ha^-1 in the far north of Sweden. Using DNA sequencing of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) it was shown that Japanese and Swedish matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake and T. nauseosum) should be treated as the same species. The oldest name is T. nauseosum, but it is suggested that the name T. matsutake should be conserved. This study has stimulated private companies to investigate possibilities for commercial export to Japan.     

Rapid detection of self-biting disease of mink by specific sequence-characterized amplified regions

Self-biting disease occurred in most farmed fur animals in the world. The mechanism and rapid detection method of this disease has not been reported. We applied bulked sergeant analysis (BSA) in combination with RAPD method to analyze a molecular genetic marker linked with self-biting trait in mink group. The molecular marker was converted into sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCAR) marker for rapid detection of this disease. A single RAPD marker A8 amplified a specific band of 263bp in self-biting minks, which was designated as SRA8-250, and non-specific band of 315bp in both self-biting and healthy minks. The sequences of the bands exhibited 75% and 88% similarity to Canis familiarizes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region and Macaca mulatta MHC class I region, respectively. A SCAR marker SCAR-A8 was designed for the specific fragment SRA8-250 and validated in 30 self-biting minks and 30 healthy minks. Positive amplification of SCAR-A8 was detected in 24 self-biting minks and 12 healthy minks. χ2 test showed significant difference (p<0.01) in the detection rate between the two groups. This indicated that SRA8-250 can be used as a positive marker to detect self-biting disease in minks. Furthermore, the finding that self-biting disease links with MHC genes has significant implications for the mechanism of the disease.     

A male-specific SCAR DNA marker and sex ratio of seedlings in salak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salacca zalacca</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">zalacca</Emphasis>)

A male-specific SCAR DNA marker was developed using a RAPD DNA marker specific for male plants of Salacca zalacca var. zalacca (salak palm). The marker is 1579 bp long and has a GC content of 38.5 %. Its sequence contains 1 or 2 open reading frames, indicating the marker is probably a coding region. No highly similar sequences were found in a search of the GenBank database. Sexes were identified using the SCAR DNA marker for three kinds of seedlings grouped by the number of seeds per fruit (1, 2 or 3). The sex ratio of female to male did not differ significantly from 1:1 for the three kinds of seedlings, implying that the number of seeds per fruit is not a reliable index to identify the sex of a seedling.     

Fruiting pattern of Tricholoma matsutake in Southern Finland

Commercial harvesting of matsutake in Finland has driven the need to understand how fruiting is affected by climate and habitat. A productive site in Finland was studied in this respect. Productivity, duration, and early onset of fruiting were examined in relation to mean air temperature, soil temperature, accumulated degree-days, and precipitation. We monitored the fruiting of matsutake and other macrofungi during 2008–2013. As a pilot study, our results showed the timing and yield of the annual fruiting of Tricholoma matsutake varies in Southern Finland and can occur from the middle of July to middle of September; although we did not find a clear and simple correlation between fruiting and rainfall, an average amount of precipitation (i.e. 90–110% of the long-term average precipitation) prior to the first fruiting was associated with high yield; we did not identify any threshold soil temperature associated with the onset of fruiting, however, we found that soil temperature might provide a means to monitor the end of the matsutake fruiting period, and late onset or higher soil temperatures prior to the first fruiting were associated with shorter fruiting periods. These results can be further utilized for developing a model to predict the yield of T. matsutake in Nordic regions.     

Conservation and Development of Forest Mushrooms: A Case Study on Song Rong (Tricholoma matsutake) from China

Song Rong (i.e. Matsutake, Tricholoma matsutake) is the most favorite edible mushroom in Japan and restrictedly distributes in forests in East Asia. The yield of Song Rong, however, has been extremely dropping since 1940 's in the region due to changes of environmental ecology of nature forests. As a compensation for consumption, Japan imported products of T. matsutake from Korea and China, and T. magnivelare from North America since mid-1970s, but T. matsutake stili accounts for a large portion of the import components. About 6,000 to 7,000 ton of fresh Matsutake mushrooms were transported to Japanese markets, one fourth of these were harvested from uplandforests in Yunnan Province, southwest China. On the basis ofa case study of Song Rong in the Zixi Mountain Area of Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, this paper pays great attention to the sodai, economical and ecological aspects and issues relative to the production and sustainable management are addressed.     

云南省巍山县集体商品林林权改革与松茸的人工促繁栽培技术

目前随着市场对松茸的需求越来越大,松茸价格持续上涨,但由于对松茸的掠夺式采摘和无序利用,使松茸天然资源不断下降,而且使松茸资源受到严重威胁。因此,做好集体林权改革,实施推广松茸的人工促繁栽培技术,是保护松茸资源和持续利用松茸的关键,从而实现松茸资源的有效保护和持续发展。